From 80e99153dcbeb30ac1c3c1301e7c530cf8de53da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jan 2021 10:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 001/171] Use Compact Container in DCEL base instead of in
 place list

---
 .../include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h              | 106 +++++++-----------
 .../include/CGAL/Compact_container.h          |   2 +
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h
index 16a15d7ea56..e4bae24bf7e 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include <list>
 #include <map>
 #include <CGAL/N_step_adaptor_derived.h>
-#include <CGAL/In_place_list.h>
+#include <CGAL/Compact_container.h>
 #include <CGAL/function_objects.h>
 #include <CGAL/Iterator_project.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arrangement_2/Arrangement_2_iterators.h>
@@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ public:
   /*! Destructor. */
   virtual ~Arr_vertex_base() {}
 
+  void* for_compact_container() const { return static_cast<void*>(p_pt); }
+  void for_compact_container(void* ptr) { p_pt = static_cast<Point*>(ptr); }
+
   // Access/modification for pointer squatting
   void* inc() const { return p_inc; }
   void set_inc(void * inc) const
@@ -183,6 +186,9 @@ public:
   /*! Destructor. */
   virtual ~Arr_halfedge_base() {}
 
+  void* for_compact_container() const { return static_cast<void*>(p_cv); }
+  void for_compact_container(void* ptr) { p_cv = static_cast<X_monotone_curve*>(ptr); }
+
   /*! Check if the curve pointer is nullptr. */
   bool has_null_curve() const { return (p_cv == nullptr); }
 
@@ -284,7 +290,7 @@ template <class V, class H, class F> class Arr_isolated_vertex;
  * The default arrangement DCEL vertex class.
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F>
-class Arr_vertex : public V, public In_place_list_base<Arr_vertex<V,H,F> >
+class Arr_vertex : public V
 {
 public:
 
@@ -351,8 +357,7 @@ public:
  * The default arrangement DCEL halfedge class.
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F>
-class Arr_halfedge : public H,
-                     public In_place_list_base<Arr_halfedge<V,H,F> >
+class Arr_halfedge : public H
 {
 public:
   typedef H                     Base;
@@ -504,7 +509,7 @@ public:
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F>
 class Arr_face : public F,
-                 public In_place_list_base<Arr_face<V,H,F> >
+                 public Compact_container_base
 {
 public:
   typedef F                            Base;
@@ -695,7 +700,7 @@ public:
  * Representation of an outer CCB.
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F>
-class Arr_outer_ccb : public In_place_list_base<Arr_outer_ccb<V,H,F> > {
+class Arr_outer_ccb {
 public:
   typedef Arr_outer_ccb<V,H,F>               Self;
   typedef Arr_halfedge<V,H,F>                Halfedge;
@@ -716,6 +721,9 @@ public:
     p_f(other.p_f), iter_is_not_singular(other.iter_is_not_singular)
   { if (other.iter_is_not_singular) iter = other.iter; }
 
+  void* for_compact_container() const { return static_cast<void*>(p_f); }
+  void for_compact_container(void* ptr) { p_f = static_cast<Face*>(ptr); }
+
   /*! Get a halfedge along the component (const version). */
   const Halfedge* halfedge() const { return (*iter); }
 
@@ -760,7 +768,7 @@ public:
  * Representation of an inner CCB.
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F>
-class Arr_inner_ccb : public In_place_list_base<Arr_inner_ccb<V,H,F> >
+class Arr_inner_ccb : public Compact_container_base
 {
 public:
   typedef Arr_inner_ccb<V,H,F>               Self;
@@ -826,8 +834,7 @@ public:
  * Representation of an isolated vertex.
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F>
-class Arr_isolated_vertex :
-public In_place_list_base<Arr_isolated_vertex<V,H,F> > {
+class Arr_isolated_vertex {
 public:
   typedef Arr_isolated_vertex<V,H,F>                Self;
   typedef Arr_face<V,H,F>                           Face;
@@ -847,6 +854,9 @@ public:
     p_f(other.p_f), iter_is_not_singular(other.iter_is_not_singular)
   { if (other.iter_is_not_singular) iv_it = other.iv_it; }
 
+  void* for_compact_container() const { return static_cast<void*>(p_f); }
+  void for_compact_container(void* ptr) { p_f = static_cast<Face*>(ptr); }
+
   /*! Get the containing face (const version). */
   const Face* face() const { return (p_f); }
 
@@ -882,7 +892,8 @@ public:
  * The arrangement DCEL class.
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F,
-          class Allocator = boost::fast_pool_allocator<int> >
+//          class Allocator = boost::fast_pool_allocator<int> >
+          class Allocator = CGAL_ALLOCATOR(int)>
 class Arr_dcel_base {
 public:
   // Define the vertex, halfedge and face types.
@@ -897,13 +908,6 @@ public:
   typedef Inner_ccb                   Hole;
 
 protected:
-  // The vetices, halfedges and faces are stored in three in-place lists.
-  typedef In_place_list<Vertex, false>           Vertex_list;
-  typedef In_place_list<Halfedge, false>         Halfedge_list;
-  typedef In_place_list<Face, false>             Face_list;
-  typedef In_place_list<Outer_ccb, false>        Outer_ccb_list;
-  typedef In_place_list<Inner_ccb, false>        Inner_ccb_list;
-  typedef In_place_list<Isolated_vertex, false>  Iso_vert_list;
 
     typedef std::allocator_traits<Allocator> Allocator_traits;
     typedef typename Allocator_traits::template rebind_alloc<Vertex>          Vertex_allocator;
@@ -913,6 +917,13 @@ protected:
     typedef typename Allocator_traits::template rebind_alloc<Inner_ccb>       Inner_ccb_allocator;
     typedef typename Allocator_traits::template rebind_alloc<Isolated_vertex> Iso_vert_allocator;
 
+  typedef Compact_container<Vertex, Vertex_allocator>             Vertex_list;
+  typedef Compact_container<Halfedge, Halfedge_allocator>         Halfedge_list;
+  typedef Compact_container<Face, Face_allocator>                 Face_list;
+  typedef Compact_container<Outer_ccb, Outer_ccb_allocator>       Outer_ccb_list;
+  typedef Compact_container<Inner_ccb, Inner_ccb_allocator>       Inner_ccb_list;
+  typedef Compact_container<Isolated_vertex, Iso_vert_allocator>  Iso_vert_list;
+
 public:
   typedef typename Halfedge_list::size_type              Size;
   typedef typename Halfedge_list::size_type              size_type;
@@ -929,13 +940,6 @@ protected:
   Inner_ccb_list      in_ccbs;              // The inner CCBs.
   Iso_vert_list       iso_verts;            // The isolated vertices.
 
-  Vertex_allocator    vertex_alloc;         // An allocator for vertices.
-  Halfedge_allocator  halfedge_alloc;       // An allocator for halfedges.
-  Face_allocator      face_alloc;           // An allocator for faces.
-  Outer_ccb_allocator out_ccb_alloc;        // An allocator for outer CCBs.
-  Inner_ccb_allocator in_ccb_alloc;         // An allocator for inner CCBs.
-  Iso_vert_allocator  iso_vert_alloc;       // Allocator for isolated vertices.
-
 public:
   // Definitions of iterators.
   typedef typename Vertex_list::iterator              Vertex_iterator;
@@ -1058,10 +1062,7 @@ public:
   /*! Create a new vertex. */
   Vertex* new_vertex()
   {
-    Vertex* v = vertex_alloc.allocate(1);
-    std::allocator_traits<Vertex_allocator>::construct(vertex_alloc,v);
-    vertices.push_back(*v);
-    return v;
+    return &*vertices.emplace();
   }
 
   /*! Create a new pair of opposite halfedges. */
@@ -1081,37 +1082,25 @@ public:
   /*! Create a new face. */
   Face* new_face()
   {
-    Face* f = face_alloc.allocate(1);
-    std::allocator_traits<Face_allocator>::construct(face_alloc, f);
-    faces.push_back (*f);
-    return(f);
+    return &*faces.emplace();
   }
 
   /*! Create a new outer CCB. */
   Outer_ccb* new_outer_ccb()
   {
-    Outer_ccb* oc = out_ccb_alloc.allocate(1);
-    std::allocator_traits<Outer_ccb_allocator>::construct(out_ccb_alloc, oc);
-    out_ccbs.push_back(*oc);
-    return (oc);
+    return &*out_ccbs.emplace();
   }
 
   /*! Create a new inner CCB. */
   Inner_ccb* new_inner_ccb()
   {
-    Inner_ccb* ic = in_ccb_alloc.allocate(1);
-    std::allocator_traits<Inner_ccb_allocator>::construct(in_ccb_alloc, ic);
-    in_ccbs.push_back(*ic);
-    return (ic);
+    return &*in_ccbs.emplace();
   }
 
   /*! Create a new isolated vertex. */
   Isolated_vertex* new_isolated_vertex()
   {
-    Isolated_vertex* iv = iso_vert_alloc.allocate(1);
-    std::allocator_traits<Iso_vert_allocator>::construct(iso_vert_alloc, iv);
-    iso_verts.push_back(*iv);
-    return (iv);
+    return &*iso_verts.emplace();
   }
   //@}
 
@@ -1120,9 +1109,7 @@ public:
   /*! Delete an existing vertex. */
   void delete_vertex(Vertex* v)
   {
-    vertices.erase(v);
-    std::allocator_traits<Vertex_allocator>::destroy(vertex_alloc, v);
-    vertex_alloc.deallocate(v,1);
+    vertices.erase (vertices.iterator_to(*v));
   }
 
   /*! Delete an existing pair of opposite halfedges. */
@@ -1136,33 +1123,25 @@ public:
   /*! Delete an existing face. */
   void delete_face(Face* f)
   {
-    faces.erase(f);
-    std::allocator_traits<Face_allocator>::destroy(face_alloc, f);
-    face_alloc.deallocate(f, 1);
+    faces.erase (faces.iterator_to(*f));
   }
 
   /*! Delete an existing outer CCB. */
   void delete_outer_ccb(Outer_ccb* oc)
   {
-    out_ccbs.erase(oc);
-    std::allocator_traits<Outer_ccb_allocator>::destroy(out_ccb_alloc, oc);
-    out_ccb_alloc.deallocate(oc, 1);
+    out_ccbs.erase (out_ccbs.iterator_to(*oc));
   }
 
   /*! Delete an existing inner CCB. */
   void delete_inner_ccb(Inner_ccb* ic)
   {
-    in_ccbs.erase(ic);
-    std::allocator_traits<Inner_ccb_allocator>::destroy(in_ccb_alloc, ic);
-    in_ccb_alloc.deallocate(ic, 1);
+    in_ccbs.erase (in_ccbs.iterator_to(*ic));
   }
 
   /*! Delete an existing isolated vertex. */
   void delete_isolated_vertex(Isolated_vertex* iv)
   {
-    iso_verts.erase(iv);
-    std::allocator_traits<Iso_vert_allocator>::destroy(iso_vert_alloc, iv);
-    iso_vert_alloc.deallocate(iv, 1);
+    iso_verts.erase (iso_verts.iterator_to(*iv));
   }
 
   /*! Delete all DCEL features. */
@@ -1421,18 +1400,13 @@ protected:
   /*! Create a new halfedge. */
   Halfedge* _new_halfedge()
   {
-    Halfedge* h = halfedge_alloc.allocate(1);
-    std::allocator_traits<Halfedge_allocator>::construct(halfedge_alloc, h);
-    halfedges.push_back(*h);
-    return (h);
+    return &*halfedges.emplace();
   }
 
   /*! Delete an existing halfedge. */
   void _delete_halfedge(Halfedge* h)
   {
-    halfedges.erase(h);
-    std::allocator_traits<Halfedge_allocator>::destroy(halfedge_alloc,h);
-    halfedge_alloc.deallocate(h, 1);
+    halfedges.erase (halfedges.iterator_to(*h));
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h
index 62751003b5a..9273df1556e 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h
@@ -875,6 +875,8 @@ namespace internal {
       m_ptr = nullptr;
     }
 
+    CC_iterator(pointer ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) { }
+
     // Converting constructor from mutable to constant iterator
     template <bool OtherConst>
     CC_iterator(const CC_iterator<

From 2e98995b29e8c010ad94831394f093b506b4cb69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jan 2021 14:24:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 002/171] Clean up and use fast pool allocator (faster)

---
 Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h
index e4bae24bf7e..4945a52adeb 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_dcel_base.h
@@ -892,8 +892,7 @@ public:
  * The arrangement DCEL class.
  */
 template <class V, class H, class F,
-//          class Allocator = boost::fast_pool_allocator<int> >
-          class Allocator = CGAL_ALLOCATOR(int)>
+          class Allocator = boost::fast_pool_allocator<int> >
 class Arr_dcel_base {
 public:
   // Define the vertex, halfedge and face types.

From 6bbd72cfde33f76eba3cf692ba969ad3735d802c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jan 2021 14:50:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 003/171] Fix default constructor of iterators

---
 HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
index 23d1a135eea..e5aa9493fbf 100644
--- a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
+++ b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public:
 // CREATION
 // --------
 
-    _HalfedgeDS_facet_circ() : It(0) {}
+    _HalfedgeDS_facet_circ() : It(nullptr) {}
     //_HalfedgeDS_facet_circ( pointer p) : It(p) {}
     _HalfedgeDS_facet_circ( It i) : It(i) {}
 
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ public:
 // CREATION
 // --------
 
-    _HalfedgeDS_facet_const_circ() : It(0) {}
+    _HalfedgeDS_facet_const_circ() : It(nullptr) {}
     _HalfedgeDS_facet_const_circ( pointer p) : It(p) {}
     _HalfedgeDS_facet_const_circ( It i) : It(i) {}
 
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public:
 // CREATION
 // --------
 
-    _HalfedgeDS_vertex_circ() : It(0) {}
+    _HalfedgeDS_vertex_circ() : It(nullptr) {}
     //_HalfedgeDS_vertex_circ( pointer p) : It(p) {}
     _HalfedgeDS_vertex_circ( It i) : It(i) {}
 
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ public:
 // CREATION
 // --------
 
-    _HalfedgeDS_vertex_const_circ() : It(0) {}
+    _HalfedgeDS_vertex_const_circ() : It(nullptr) {}
     _HalfedgeDS_vertex_const_circ( pointer p) : It(p) {}
     _HalfedgeDS_vertex_const_circ( It i) : It(i) {}
 

From cf547ecd2e5c50fdc6951fa2a9b367f189b372bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jane Tournois <jane.tournois@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Feb 2021 17:12:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 004/171] add a bash script for cygwin that collects all needed
 dlls to run the demo on Windows

---
 .../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh         | 37 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4d7040bee69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+#use this script from inside the build directory of the Polyhedron demo
+
+declare config="Release"
+
+declare target_directory="CGAL_demo_with_dlls"
+if [[ ! -d "$target_directory" ]]
+then
+  mkdir $target_directory
+fi
+
+copy_dll()
+{
+  local dll_full_path="`cygpath --unix --absolute $1`"
+  echo "copy " $dll_full_path " to " $2
+  cp $dll_full_path $2
+}
+
+
+files=($config/*.exe)
+files+=($config/*.dll)
+files+=(Plugins/*/$config/*.dll)
+
+for file in "${files[@]}"; do
+
+  # copy exe or dll
+  copy_dll $file $target_directory
+
+  # list and copy dependencies
+  cygcheck $file | while read -r dll ; do
+  
+    copy_dll $dll $target_directory
+  
+  done; #check dependencies
+    
+done #loop over directories

From d39744380e1747f9677444cca2f1bdbec40f940f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Feb 2021 15:05:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 005/171] Fix script

---
 .../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh                | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
index 4d7040bee69..0b1aecf7fad 100644
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ fi
 
 copy_dll()
 {
-  local dll_full_path="`cygpath --unix --absolute $1`"
-  echo "copy " $dll_full_path " to " $2
-  cp $dll_full_path $2
+  local dll_full_path=$(cygpath --unix --absolute "$1")
+  echo "copy $dll_full_path to $2"
+  cp "$dll_full_path" "$2"
 }
 
 
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ files+=(Plugins/*/$config/*.dll)
 for file in "${files[@]}"; do
 
   # copy exe or dll
-  copy_dll $file $target_directory
+  copy_dll "$file" "$target_directory"
 
   # list and copy dependencies
-  cygcheck $file | while read -r dll ; do
+  cygcheck "$file" | while read -r dll ; do
   
-    copy_dll $dll $target_directory
+    copy_dll "$dll" "$target_directory"
   
   done; #check dependencies
     

From 5bbc5f0d6f6f9352dabde896e97fdb7b497a40a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Feb 2021 09:18:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 006/171] Add platforms/qwindows.dll management

---
 .../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh   | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
index 0b1aecf7fad..61de43c3945 100644
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
 #use this script from inside the build directory of the Polyhedron demo
+#Needs the Qt5_DIR env variable set to <Qt5_ROOT>/lib/cmake/Qt5
 
 declare config="Release"
 
@@ -29,9 +30,10 @@ for file in "${files[@]}"; do
 
   # list and copy dependencies
   cygcheck "$file" | while read -r dll ; do
-  
+
     copy_dll "$dll" "$target_directory"
-  
+
   done; #check dependencies
-    
 done #loop over directories
+mkdir -p "$target_directory/platforms"
+cp "$Qt5_DIR/../../../plugins/platforms/qwindows.dll" "$target_directory/platforms"

From 7b23a8f8f18a4788caa163e8be720fe0ca7d4c4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Feb 2021 14:42:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 007/171] WIP

---
 Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal       | 39 +++++++++++++++----
 .../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh         | 12 ++++--
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
index 70830eb86c9..3965f3df616 100755
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
@@ -624,9 +624,9 @@ if [ -f '${LIST_TEST_PACKAGES}' ]; then
 
   mkdir '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
 
-  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake' '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
-  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/makefile2'                           '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
-  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/run_testsuite_with_cmake'            '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
+  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake'  '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
+  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/makefile2'                            '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
+  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/run_testsuite_with_cmake'             '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
 
   for PACKAGE in \`source '${LIST_TEST_PACKAGES}' '${CGAL_ROOT}'\`; do
 
@@ -649,14 +649,39 @@ else
 fi
 nice ${NICE_OPTIONS} make ${MAKE_OPTS} -k -fmakefile2;
 EOF
-    for file in "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript-redo-results-collection"; do
-      cat >> "$file" <<EOF
+for file in "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript-redo-results-collection"; do
+     cat >> "$file" <<EOF
 echo 'COLLECTING RESULTS';
 ./collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake;
 if [ -n "\$COLLECT_DEMOS_BINARIES" ]; then
-  echo 'COLLECTING DEMOS BINARIES';
-  tar czvf '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/demos_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz' *_Demo/*.exe *_Demo/*.dll *_Demo/*/*.dll *_Demo/*/*/*.dll
+ echo 'COLLECTING DEMOS BINARIES';
+ echo "cp ${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh ${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
+ cp "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
+EOF
+ cat >> "$file" <<'EOF'
+ for demo_dir in *_Demo; do
+   echo "pushd ${demo_dir}"
+   pushd "${demo_dir}"
+   bash ../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh "${demo_dir}_with_dlls"
+   mv "${demo_dir}_with_dlls" ..
+   popd
+ done
+EOF
+cat >> "$file" <<EOF
+ tar czvf "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/demos_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz" *_Demo_with_dlls/*
 fi
+echo 'COPYING RESULTS';
+cp "results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz" "results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.txt" "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}";
+cd ..;
+EOF
+   done
+   if [ -z "${KEEP_TESTS}" ]; then
+     cat >> "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript" <<EOF
+echo 'REMOVING LOCAL_TEST_DIR';
+rm -rf '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
+EOF
+fi
+
 echo 'COPYING RESULTS';
 cp 'results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz' 'results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.txt' '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}';
 cd ..;
diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
index 61de43c3945..3a6192f92ac 100644
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@
 #use this script from inside the build directory of the Polyhedron demo
 #Needs the Qt5_DIR env variable set to <Qt5_ROOT>/lib/cmake/Qt5
 
-declare config="Release"
+#No config : in autotest_cgal we use NMake as generator
+#If you are using Visual as Generator, declare config="Release"
+
+
+declare config="$PWD"
+declare target_directory="$1"
 
-declare target_directory="CGAL_demo_with_dlls"
 if [[ ! -d "$target_directory" ]]
 then
   mkdir $target_directory
@@ -34,6 +38,6 @@ for file in "${files[@]}"; do
     copy_dll "$dll" "$target_directory"
 
   done; #check dependencies
+  mkdir -p "$target_directory/platforms"
+  cp "$Qt5_DIR/../../../plugins/platforms/qwindows.dll" "$target_directory/platforms"
 done #loop over directories
-mkdir -p "$target_directory/platforms"
-cp "$Qt5_DIR/../../../plugins/platforms/qwindows.dll" "$target_directory/platforms"

From f4c049ba1ea7a334c4d49d0aeee9c749dd6b96a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Feb 2021 09:21:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 008/171] Final modifications

---
 Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal       | 46 +++++++------------
 .../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh         | 14 +++---
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
index 3965f3df616..e7c5af3c333 100755
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
@@ -624,9 +624,9 @@ if [ -f '${LIST_TEST_PACKAGES}' ]; then
 
   mkdir '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
 
-  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake'  '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
-  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/makefile2'                            '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
-  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/run_testsuite_with_cmake'             '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
+  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake' '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
+  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/makefile2'                           '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
+  cp '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/run_testsuite_with_cmake'            '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
 
   for PACKAGE in \`source '${LIST_TEST_PACKAGES}' '${CGAL_ROOT}'\`; do
 
@@ -649,39 +649,27 @@ else
 fi
 nice ${NICE_OPTIONS} make ${MAKE_OPTS} -k -fmakefile2;
 EOF
-for file in "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript-redo-results-collection"; do
-     cat >> "$file" <<EOF
+    for file in "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript-redo-results-collection"; do
+      cat >> "$file" <<EOF
 echo 'COLLECTING RESULTS';
 ./collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake;
 if [ -n "\$COLLECT_DEMOS_BINARIES" ]; then
- echo 'COLLECTING DEMOS BINARIES';
- echo "cp ${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh ${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
- cp "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
+  echo 'COLLECTING DEMOS BINARIES';
+  echo "cp ${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh ${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
+  cp "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
 EOF
- cat >> "$file" <<'EOF'
- for demo_dir in *_Demo; do
-   echo "pushd ${demo_dir}"
-   pushd "${demo_dir}"
-   bash ../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh "${demo_dir}_with_dlls"
-   mv "${demo_dir}_with_dlls" ..
-   popd
- done
+  cat >> "$file" <<'EOF'
+  for demo_dir in *_Demo; do
+    echo "pushd ${demo_dir}"
+    pushd "${demo_dir}"
+    bash ../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh "${demo_dir}_with_dlls"
+    mv "${demo_dir}_with_dlls" ..
+    popd
+  done
 EOF
 cat >> "$file" <<EOF
- tar czvf "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/demos_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz" *_Demo_with_dlls/*
+  tar czvf "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/demos_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz" *_Demo_with_dlls/*
 fi
-echo 'COPYING RESULTS';
-cp "results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz" "results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.txt" "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}";
-cd ..;
-EOF
-   done
-   if [ -z "${KEEP_TESTS}" ]; then
-     cat >> "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/localtestscript" <<EOF
-echo 'REMOVING LOCAL_TEST_DIR';
-rm -rf '${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test'
-EOF
-fi
-
 echo 'COPYING RESULTS';
 cp 'results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.tar.gz' 'results_${CGAL_TESTER}_${PLATFORM}.txt' '${CGAL_TEST_DIR}';
 cd ..;
diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
index 3a6192f92ac..d7e541b8fbc 100644
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 #Needs the Qt5_DIR env variable set to <Qt5_ROOT>/lib/cmake/Qt5
 
 #No config : in autotest_cgal we use NMake as generator
-#If you are using Visual as Generator, declare config="Release"
+#If using MSVC Generator, declare config="Release"
 
 
-declare config="$PWD"
+declare config=""
 declare target_directory="$1"
 
 if [[ ! -d "$target_directory" ]]
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ copy_dll()
 }
 
 
-files=($config/*.exe)
-files+=($config/*.dll)
-files+=(Plugins/*/$config/*.dll)
+files=($PWD/$config/*.exe)
+files+=($PWD/$config/*.dll)
+files+=($PWD/Plugins/*/$config/*.dll)
 
 for file in "${files[@]}"; do
 
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ for file in "${files[@]}"; do
     copy_dll "$dll" "$target_directory"
 
   done; #check dependencies
-  mkdir -p "$target_directory/platforms"
-  cp "$Qt5_DIR/../../../plugins/platforms/qwindows.dll" "$target_directory/platforms"
 done #loop over directories
+mkdir -p "$target_directory/platforms"
+cp "$Qt5_DIR/../../../plugins/platforms/qwindows.dll" "$target_directory/platforms"

From f1c7186c73c3e6432ccf2ef7670814f36140d562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Feb 2021 10:29:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 009/171] make config an argument

---
 Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal                     | 4 ++--
 Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
index e7c5af3c333..951af77add7 100755
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
@@ -655,8 +655,8 @@ echo 'COLLECTING RESULTS';
 ./collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake;
 if [ -n "\$COLLECT_DEMOS_BINARIES" ]; then
   echo 'COLLECTING DEMOS BINARIES';
-  echo "cp ${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh ${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
-  cp "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
+  echo "cp ${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh ${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test \"\""
+  cp "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test \"\""
 EOF
   cat >> "$file" <<'EOF'
   for demo_dir in *_Demo; do
diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
index d7e541b8fbc..610b09a9e39 100644
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #If using MSVC Generator, declare config="Release"
 
 
-declare config=""
+declare config="$2"
 declare target_directory="$1"
 
 if [[ ! -d "$target_directory" ]]

From 1de387f71d1dc8a79d3ba37a24d3f4c3dca09d0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 09:07:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 010/171] Fix \"\" (and commit it this time...)

---
 Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
index 951af77add7..9decac8ec60 100755
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
@@ -655,14 +655,14 @@ echo 'COLLECTING RESULTS';
 ./collect_cgal_testresults_from_cmake;
 if [ -n "\$COLLECT_DEMOS_BINARIES" ]; then
   echo 'COLLECTING DEMOS BINARIES';
-  echo "cp ${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh ${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test \"\""
-  cp "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test \"\""
+  echo "cp ${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh ${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
+  cp "${CGAL_TEST_DIR}/../developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh" "${CGAL_BINARY_DIR}/test"
 EOF
   cat >> "$file" <<'EOF'
   for demo_dir in *_Demo; do
     echo "pushd ${demo_dir}"
     pushd "${demo_dir}"
-    bash ../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh "${demo_dir}_with_dlls"
+    bash ../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh "${demo_dir}_with_dlls \"\""
     mv "${demo_dir}_with_dlls" ..
     popd
   done

From 047a023bc630b01033d43e1cac7e5eec6bfc9165 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime GIMENO <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 10:34:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 011/171] Update Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal

Co-authored-by: Laurent Rineau <Laurent.Rineau@cgal.org>
---
 Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
index 9decac8ec60..7b221732195 100755
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/autotest_cgal
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ EOF
   for demo_dir in *_Demo; do
     echo "pushd ${demo_dir}"
     pushd "${demo_dir}"
-    bash ../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh "${demo_dir}_with_dlls \"\""
+    bash ../cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh "${demo_dir}_with_dlls" ""
     mv "${demo_dir}_with_dlls" ..
     popd
   done

From 497a92cdf740271c2b1bcfc8c63fbf6ec351ed43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 15:56:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 012/171] Update script for packaging demos

---
 .../scripts/precompiled_demos_zips            | 66 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Maintenance/public_release/scripts/precompiled_demos_zips b/Maintenance/public_release/scripts/precompiled_demos_zips
index e733ac3b64d..71b765bc076 100755
--- a/Maintenance/public_release/scripts/precompiled_demos_zips
+++ b/Maintenance/public_release/scripts/precompiled_demos_zips
@@ -11,41 +11,41 @@ rm -rf Interpolation_Demo
 rm -rf Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos_Demo
 
 # CGAL<=3.7
-pushd AABB_tree_Demo;                   zip ../AABB_demo.zip          *    ;      popd
-pushd Alpha_shapes_3_Demo;              zip ../alpha_shape_3.zip      *    ;      popd
-pushd Bounding_volumes_Demo;            zip ../bounding_volumes_2.zip *    ;      popd
-pushd Circular_kernel_2_Demo;           zip ../circular_kernel.zip    *    ;      popd
-pushd Periodic_3_triangulation_3_Demo;  zip ../periodic_3_triangulation_3.zip *;  popd
-pushd Periodic_Lloyd_3_Demo;            zip ../periodic_3_lloyd.zip *;            popd
-pushd Polyhedron_Demo;                  zip -r ../polyhedron_3.zip *       ;      popd
-pushd Segment_Delaunay_graph_2_Demo;    zip ../segment_voronoi_diagram_2.zip *;   popd
-pushd Surface_mesher_Demo;              zip ../surface_mesher.zip *;              popd
-pushd Triangulation_2_Demo;
-  zip ../regular_triangulation_2.zip Regular_triangulation_2.exe
-  zip ../constrained_delaunay_triangulation_2.zip Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.exe
-  zip ../delaunay_triangulation_2.zip Delaunay_triangulation_2.exe
+pushd AABB_tree_Demo_with_dlls;                   zip ../AABB_demo.zip          *    ;      popd
+pushd Alpha_shapes_3_Demo_with_dlls;              zip ../alpha_shape_3.zip      *    ;      popd
+pushd Bounding_volumes_Demo_with_dlls;            zip ../bounding_volumes_2.zip *    ;      popd
+pushd Circular_kernel_2_Demo_with_dlls;           zip ../circular_kernel.zip    *    ;      popd
+pushd Periodic_3_triangulation_3_Demo_with_dlls;  zip ../periodic_3_triangulation_3.zip *;  popd
+pushd Periodic_Lloyd_3_Demo_with_dlls;            zip ../periodic_3_lloyd.zip *;            popd
+pushd Polyhedron_Demo_with_dlls;                  zip -r ../polyhedron_3.zip *       ;      popd
+pushd Segment_Delaunay_graph_2_Demo_with_dlls;    zip ../segment_voronoi_diagram_2.zip *;   popd
+pushd Surface_mesher_Demo_with_dlls;              zip ../surface_mesher.zip *;              popd
+pushd Triangulation_2_Demo_with_dlls;
+  zip ../regular_triangulation_2.zip Regular_triangulation_2.exe *.dll platforms;
+  zip ../constrained_delaunay_triangulation_2.zip Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.exe *.dll platforms;
+  zip ../delaunay_triangulation_2.zip Delaunay_triangulation_2.exe *.dll platforms;
 popd
 
 # CGAL-3.8
-pushd Largest_empty_rect_2_Demo;        zip ../largest_empty_rect_2.zip *;           popd
-pushd Apollonius_graph_2_Demo;          zip ../apollonius_graph_2.zip *;             popd
-pushd Stream_lines_2_Demo;              zip ../streamlines.zip *;                    popd
-pushd Triangulation_3_Demo;             zip ../triangulation_3.zip *;                popd
-#pushd Circular_kernel_3_Demo;           zip ../triangulation_3.zip *;                popd
-pushd Alpha_shapes_2_Demo;              zip ../alpha_shapes_2.zip *;                 popd
-pushd Generator_Demo;                   zip ../generator.zip *;                      popd
-pushd L1_Voronoi_diagram_2_Demo;        zip ../l1_voronoi_diagram_2.zip *;           popd
-pushd Snap_rounding_2_Demo;             zip ../snap_rounding_2.zip *;                popd
-pushd Spatial_searching_2_Demo;         zip ../spatial_searching.zip *;              popd
+pushd Largest_empty_rect_2_Demo_with_dlls;        zip ../largest_empty_rect_2.zip *;           popd
+pushd Apollonius_graph_2_Demo_with_dlls;          zip ../apollonius_graph_2.zip *;             popd
+pushd Stream_lines_2_Demo_with_dlls;              zip ../streamlines.zip *;                    popd
+pushd Triangulation_3_Demo_with_dlls;             zip ../triangulation_3.zip *;                popd
+#pushd Circular_kernel_3_Demo_with_dlls;           zip ../triangulation_3.zip *;                popd
+pushd Alpha_shapes_2_Demo_with_dlls;              zip ../alpha_shapes_2.zip *;                 popd
+pushd Generator_Demo_with_dlls;                   zip ../generator.zip *;                      popd
+pushd L1_Voronoi_diagram_2_Demo_with_dlls;        zip ../l1_voronoi_diagram_2.zip *;           popd
+pushd Snap_rounding_2_Demo_with_dlls;             zip ../snap_rounding_2.zip *;                popd
+pushd Spatial_searching_2_Demo_with_dlls;         zip ../spatial_searching.zip *;              popd
 
 # CGAL-4.0
-pushd Linear_cell_complex_Demo;         zip ../linear_cell_complex_3.zip *;          popd
+pushd Linear_cell_complex_Demo_with_dlls;         zip ../linear_cell_complex_3.zip *;          popd
 
 # CGAL-4.2 but was forgot -> published with 4.3
-pushd Arrangement_on_surface_2_Demo;    zip ../arrangements_2.zip *;                 popd
+pushd Arrangement_on_surface_2_Demo_with_dlls;    zip ../arrangements_2.zip *;                 popd
 
 # CGAL-4.5
-pushd Periodic_2_triangulation_2_Demo;  zip ../Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_2.zip *;
+pushd Periodic_2_triangulation_2_Demo_with_dlls;  zip ../Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_2.zip *;
                                                                                      popd
 # probably an error, in CGAL-4.5:
 rm -rf Surface_mesh_deformation_Demo
@@ -54,18 +54,18 @@ rm -rf Surface_mesh_deformation_Demo
 rm -rf Circular_kernel_3_Demo
 
 # CGAL-4.6
-pushd Polyline_simplification_2_Demo;   zip ../polyline_simplification_2.zip *;      popd
+pushd Polyline_simplification_2_Demo_with_dlls;   zip ../polyline_simplification_2.zip *;      popd
 
 # CGAL-4.7
-pushd Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2_Demo; zip ../segment_voronoi_diagram_2.zip *;    popd
+pushd Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2_Demo_with_dlls; zip ../segment_voronoi_diagram_2.zip *;    popd
 
 # CGAL-4.8
-pushd Optimal_transportation_reconstruction_2_Demo; zip ../otr2.zip *;               popd
+pushd Optimal_transportation_reconstruction_2_Demo_with_dlls; zip ../otr2.zip *;               popd
 #missing demos
-pushd Polygon_Demo; zip ../polygon.zip *;               popd
-pushd Principal_component_analysis_Demo; zip ../pca.zip *;               popd
-pushd Hyperbolic_triangulation_2_Demo; zip ../Hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.zip *;               popd
-pushd Periodic_4_hyperbolic_triangulation_2_Demo; zip ../Periodic_4_hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.zip *;               popd
+pushd Polygon_Demo_with_dlls; zip ../polygon.zip *;               popd
+pushd Principal_component_analysis_Demo_with_dlls; zip ../pca.zip *;               popd
+pushd Hyperbolic_triangulation_2_Demo_with_dlls; zip ../Hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.zip *;               popd
+pushd Periodic_4_hyperbolic_triangulation_2_Demo_with_dlls; zip ../Periodic_4_hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.zip *;               popd
 
 # check
 echo CHECK now. The following lines should be empty.

From 20dc97459475ce757597a4431b13e217dfb0a62c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Laurent Rineau <laurent.rineau@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 11:28:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 013/171] Remove operator/ from CGAL::Mpzf

The operator `operator/(Mpfz,Mpfz)` actually implements integral
division. With this commit, it is renamed `division((Mpfz,Mpfz)`
unless the macro `CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR` is defined.

I have commented the line

    #define CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR 1

and that will breaks a lot of CGAL code in this branch.
---
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
index 6e482232df0..f850010b90b 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 //
 // Author(s)        :  Marc Glisse
 
+//#define CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR 1
+
 #ifndef CGAL_MPZF_H
 #define CGAL_MPZF_H
 #include <cstdlib>
@@ -774,7 +776,11 @@ struct Mpzf {
     return res;
   }
 
+#ifndef CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
+  friend Mpzf division(Mpzf const&a, Mpzf const&b){
+#else // CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
   friend Mpzf operator/(Mpzf const&a, Mpzf const&b){
+#endif // CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
     // FIXME: Untested
     int asize=std::abs(a.size);
     int bsize=std::abs(b.size);
@@ -909,7 +915,11 @@ struct Mpzf {
   Mpzf& operator+=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=*this+x; return *this; }
   Mpzf& operator-=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=*this-x; return *this; }
   Mpzf& operator*=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=*this*x; return *this; }
+#ifdef CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
   Mpzf& operator/=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=*this/x; return *this; }
+#else // not CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
+  Mpzf& operator/=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=division(*this,x); return *this; }
+#endif // not CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
 
   bool is_canonical () const {
     if (size == 0) return true;
@@ -1096,7 +1106,11 @@ std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, Mpzf& a)
           Type operator()(
               const Type& x,
               const Type& y ) const {
+#ifdef CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
             return x / y;
+#else // not CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
+            return division(x, y);
+#endif // not CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
           }
         };
 

From b32250242a40b9acfb7eb82788387d2d30be6e39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Laurent Rineau <laurent.rineau@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 11:30:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 014/171] CGAL_Kernel_pred_RT for Do_intersect_2 and
 Do_intersect_3

The code is not ready for that. A lot of overloads of
`Do_interesect_[23]` are implemented by calling the equivalent
overloads from `Intersect_23` (that requires division of coordinates).
---
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h
index a4caf77e7be..40836bde411 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h
@@ -494,10 +494,10 @@ CGAL_Kernel_pred_RT(Coplanar_3,
                  coplanar_3_object)
 CGAL_Kernel_pred(Counterclockwise_in_between_2,
                  counterclockwise_in_between_2_object)
-CGAL_Kernel_pred(Do_intersect_2,
-                 do_intersect_2_object)
-CGAL_Kernel_pred(Do_intersect_3,
-                 do_intersect_3_object)
+CGAL_Kernel_pred_RT(Do_intersect_2,
+                    do_intersect_2_object)
+CGAL_Kernel_pred_RT(Do_intersect_3,
+                    do_intersect_3_object)
 CGAL_Kernel_pred(Equal_xy_3,
                  equal_xy_3_object)
 CGAL_Kernel_pred(Equal_x_2,

From 9c28a543c113716daf74e97fa5c0a102ab0df880 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Laurent Rineau <laurent.rineau@cgal.org>
Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 09:38:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 015/171] Remove unused CGAL::multiplies and CGAL::division

---
 NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/utils.h | 19 -------------------
 1 file changed, 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/utils.h b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/utils.h
index 3a925b3d8d6..1204e1fe669 100644
--- a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/utils.h
+++ b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/utils.h
@@ -94,25 +94,6 @@ struct Has_type_different_from <T, No, true>
                         enum { value=true };
         };
 
-        // like std::multiplies but allows mixing types
-        // in C++11 in doesn't need to be a template
-        template < class Ret >
-        struct multiplies {
-                template<class A,class B>
-                decltype(auto) operator()(A&&a,B&&b)const
-                {
-                        return std::forward<A>(a)*std::forward<B>(b);
-                }
-        };
-        template < class Ret >
-        struct division {
-                template<class A,class B>
-                decltype(auto) operator()(A&&a,B&&b)const
-                {
-                        return std::forward<A>(a)/std::forward<B>(b);
-                }
-        };
-
         using std::decay;
 
         template<class T,class U> struct Type_copy_ref { typedef U type; };

From be39ec02fa8a668ac88edfe58ea08c9ca07dd658 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 14:11:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 016/171] Add a solve that 'returns' the denominator instead of
 making the division

---
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h          | 10 +++---
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/solve.h         | 31 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h
index 2c9137f1596..81d1f422a2d 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ void solve (const VectorC3<R> &v0,
             const VectorC3<R> &v1,
             const VectorC3<R> &v2,
             const VectorC3<R> &d,
-            typename R::FT &alpha, typename R::FT &beta, typename R::FT &gamma)
+            typename R::FT &alpha, typename R::FT &beta, typename R::FT &gamma, typename R::FT &denom)
 {
   CGAL::solve(v0.x(), v0.y(), v0.z(),
-        v1.x(), v1.y(), v1.z(),
-        v2.x(), v2.y(), v2.z(),
-        d.x(),  d.y(),  d.z(),
-        alpha, beta, gamma);
+              v1.x(), v1.y(), v1.z(),
+              v2.x(), v2.y(), v2.z(),
+              d.x(),  d.y(),  d.z(),
+              alpha, beta, gamma, denom);
 }
 
 } // namespace Cartesian_internal
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/solve.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/solve.h
index f4866259898..7b915836523 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/solve.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/solve.h
@@ -58,6 +58,37 @@ void solve (const FT &a1, const FT &a2, const FT &a3,
 }
 
 
+template <class FT>
+void solve (const FT &a1, const FT &a2, const FT &a3,
+            const FT &b1, const FT &b2, const FT &b3,
+            const FT &c1, const FT &c2, const FT &c3,
+            const FT &d1, const FT &d2, const FT &d3,
+            FT &x, FT &y, FT &z, FT& denom)
+{
+  FT ab23 = a3*b2 - a2*b3;
+  FT ab13 = a3*b1 - a1*b3;
+  FT ab12 = a2*b1 - a1*b2;
+
+  denom = ab23*c1 - ab13*c2 + ab12*c3;
+
+  FT cd23 = c3*d2 - c2*d3;
+  FT cd13 = c3*d1 - c1*d3;
+  FT cd12 = c2*d1 - c1*d2;
+
+  x = (b3*cd12 - b2*cd13 + b1*cd23);
+
+  y = (a2*cd13 - cd12*a3 - cd23*a1);
+
+  z = (ab23*d1 + ab12*d3 - ab13*d2);
+  if(denom < 0){
+    denom = -denom;
+    x = -x;
+    y = -y;
+    z = -z;
+  }
+}
+
+
 // this is for a parabola c1, c2, c3 are equal to 1
 template <class FT>
 void solve_quadratic (const FT &a1, const FT &a2, const FT &a3,

From 06f625a98ef5ac4a22b96e1aa789963b10c34ab8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 14:13:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 017/171] Add a compare() for two rationals given as four
 values

---
 .../include/CGAL/number_utils.h               | 30 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
index d29434ad603..7195f057cef 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
@@ -324,6 +324,36 @@ NT approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt)
   return approximate_sqrt(nt, Sqrt());
 }
 
+template <class NT>
+Comparison_result
+compare(const NT& xnum, const NT& xden,
+        const NT& ynum, const NT& yden)
+{
+  // No assumptions on the sign of  den  are made
+
+  // code assumes that SMALLER == - 1;
+  CGAL_precondition( SMALLER == static_cast<Comparison_result>(-1) );
+
+  int xsign =  sign(xnum) *  sign(xden) ;
+  int ysign =  sign(ynum) *  sign(yden) ;
+  if (xsign == 0) return static_cast<Comparison_result>(-ysign);
+  if (ysign == 0) return static_cast<Comparison_result>(xsign);
+  // now (x != 0) && (y != 0)
+  int diff = xsign - ysign;
+  if (diff == 0)
+    {
+      int msign =  sign(xden) *  sign(yden);
+      NT leftop  = NT(xnum * yden * msign);
+      NT rightop = NT(ynum * xden * msign);
+      return  compare(leftop, rightop);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      return (xsign < ysign) ? SMALLER : LARGER;
+    }
+}
+
+
 CGAL_NTS_END_NAMESPACE
 } //namespace CGAL
 

From ae945cd329dd1faae3787fa4ea70ae37ea4fa32a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 14:14:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 018/171] Avoid division for bounded side test

---
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/function_objects.h      | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/function_objects.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/function_objects.h
index 943cc686804..1bd6debebc4 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/function_objects.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/function_objects.h
@@ -253,18 +253,18 @@ namespace CartesianKernelFunctors {
     result_type
     operator()( const Tetrahedron_3& t, const Point_3& p) const
     {
-      FT alpha, beta, gamma;
+      FT alpha, beta, gamma, denom;
 
       Cartesian_internal::solve(t.vertex(1)-t.vertex(0),
                                 t.vertex(2)-t.vertex(0),
                                 t.vertex(3)-t.vertex(0),
-                                p - t.vertex(0), alpha, beta, gamma);
+                                p - t.vertex(0), alpha, beta, gamma, denom);
       if (   (alpha < 0) || (beta < 0) || (gamma < 0)
-          || (alpha + beta + gamma > 1) )
+          || (alpha + beta + gamma > denom) )
           return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
 
       if (   (alpha == 0) || (beta == 0) || (gamma == 0)
-          || (alpha+beta+gamma == 1) )
+          || (alpha+beta+gamma == denom) )
         return ON_BOUNDARY;
 
       return ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
@@ -3860,10 +3860,10 @@ namespace CartesianKernelFunctors {
                v1 = t.vertex(1)-o,
                v2 = t.vertex(2)-o;
 
-      FT alpha, beta, gamma;
-      Cartesian_internal::solve(v0, v1, v2, p-o, alpha, beta, gamma);
+      FT alpha, beta, gamma, denum;
+      Cartesian_internal::solve(v0, v1, v2, p-o, alpha, beta, gamma, denum);
       return (alpha >= FT(0)) && (beta >= FT(0)) && (gamma >= FT(0))
-          && ((alpha+beta+gamma == FT(1)));
+          && ((alpha+beta+gamma == denum));
     }
 
     result_type

From 2e0f01be945200e4a3bbe9a1d92af45a1800d5ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 14:17:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 019/171] WIP: make several do_intersect division free and
 several no longer compute the intersection.  Plane/Plane/Plane as well as
 Plane/Ray are still wrong

---
 .../internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h          | 130 ++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 119 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index 2ade2d2fcab..291ba03160b 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -853,9 +853,9 @@ do_intersect(const typename K::Plane_3 &p,
   typedef typename K::FT FT;
   const FT d2 = CGAL::square(p.a()*s.center().x() +
                              p.b()*s.center().y() +
-                             p.c()*s.center().z() + p.d()) /
-      (square(p.a()) + square(p.b()) + square(p.c()));
-  return d2 <= s.squared_radius();
+                             p.c()*s.center().z() + p.d());
+
+  return d2 <= s.squared_radius() * (square(p.a()) + square(p.b()) + square(p.c()));
 }
 
 template <class K>
@@ -1642,7 +1642,39 @@ template <class R>
 inline bool
 do_intersect(const Plane_3<R>& plane1, const Plane_3<R>& plane2, const R&)
 {
-  return bool(intersection(plane1, plane2));
+    typedef typename R::RT RT;
+    const RT &a = plane1.a();
+    const RT &b = plane1.b();
+    const RT &c = plane1.c();
+    const RT &d = plane1.d();
+    const RT &p = plane2.a();
+    const RT &q = plane2.b();
+    const RT &r = plane2.c();
+    const RT &s = plane2.d();
+
+    RT det = a*q-p*b;
+    if (det != 0) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    det = a*r-p*c;
+    if (det != 0) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    det = b*r-c*q;
+    if (det != 0) {
+      return true;
+    }
+// degenerate case
+    if (a!=0 || p!=0) {
+      return (a*s == p*d);
+    }
+    if (b!=0 || q!=0) {
+      return (b*s == q*d);
+    }
+    if (c!=0 || r!=0) {
+      return (c*s == r*d);
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 
@@ -1651,29 +1683,105 @@ inline bool
 do_intersect(const Plane_3<R> &plane1, const Plane_3<R> &plane2,
              const Plane_3<R> &plane3, const R& r)
 {
-  return bool(intersection(plane1, plane2, plane3, r));
+  return ! is_zero(determinant(plane1.a(), plane1.b(), plane1.c(),
+                     plane2.a(), plane2.b(), plane2.c(),
+                     plane3.a(), plane3.b(), plane3.c()));
 }
 
 
 template <class R>
 inline bool
-do_intersect(const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &i, const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &j, const R&)
+do_intersect(const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &icub1, const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &icub2, const R&)
 {
-  return bool(CGAL::intersection(i, j));
+    typedef typename R::Point_3 Point_3;
+    typedef typename R::Iso_cuboid_3 Iso_cuboid_3;
+
+    Point_3 min_points[2];
+    Point_3 max_points[2];
+    min_points[0] = (icub1.min)();
+    min_points[1] = (icub2.min)();
+    max_points[0] = (icub1.max)();
+    max_points[1] = (icub2.max)();
+    const int DIM = 3;
+    int min_idx[DIM];
+    int max_idx[DIM];
+    Point_3 newmin;
+    Point_3 newmax;
+    for (int dim = 0; dim < DIM; ++dim) {
+        min_idx[dim] =
+          min_points[0].cartesian(dim) >= min_points[1].cartesian(dim) ? 0 : 1;
+        max_idx[dim] =
+          max_points[0].cartesian(dim) <= max_points[1].cartesian(dim) ? 0 : 1;
+        if (min_idx[dim] != max_idx[dim]
+                && max_points[max_idx[dim]].cartesian(dim)
+                   < min_points[min_idx[dim]].cartesian(dim))
+          return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+
 }
 
 template <class R>
 inline bool
-do_intersect(const Line_3<R> &l, const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &j, const R&)
+do_intersect(const Line_3<R> &line, const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &box, const R&)
 {
-  return bool(CGAL::intersection(l, j));
+    typedef typename R::Point_3 Point_3;
+    typedef typename R::Vector_3 Vector_3;
+    typedef typename R::FT FT;
+    bool all_values = true;
+    FT _min = 0, _max = 0; // initialization to stop compiler warning
+    FT _denum;
+    Point_3 const & _ref_point=line.point();
+    Vector_3 const & _dir=line.direction().vector();
+    Point_3 const & _iso_min=(box.min)();
+    Point_3 const & _iso_max=(box.max)();
+    for (int i=0; i< _ref_point.dimension(); i++) {
+        if (_dir.homogeneous(i) == 0) {
+            if (_ref_point.cartesian(i) < _iso_min.cartesian(i)) {
+              return false;
+            }
+            if (_ref_point.cartesian(i) > _iso_max.cartesian(i)) {
+              return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            FT newmin, newmax;
+            FT newdenum = _dir.cartesian(i);
+            if (_dir.homogeneous(i) > 0) {
+              newmin = (_iso_min.cartesian(i) - _ref_point.cartesian(i));
+              newmax = (_iso_max.cartesian(i) - _ref_point.cartesian(i));
+            } else {
+              newmin = (_iso_max.cartesian(i) - _ref_point.cartesian(i));
+              newmax = (_iso_min.cartesian(i) - _ref_point.cartesian(i));
+            }
+            if (all_values) {
+                _min = newmin;
+                _max = newmax;
+                _denum = newdenum;
+            } else {
+
+              if (compare(newmin, newdenum, _min, _denum) == LARGER)
+                    _min = newmin;
+              if (compare(newmax, newdenum, _max, _denum) == LARGER)
+                    _max = newmax;
+              if (compare(_max, _denum, _min, _denum) == SMALLER) {
+                  return false;
+                }
+                _denum = newdenum;
+
+            }
+            all_values = false;
+        }
+    }
+    CGAL_kernel_assertion(!all_values);
+    return true;
 }
 
+
 template <class R>
 inline bool
-do_intersect(const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &j, const Line_3<R> &l, const R&)
+do_intersect(const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &j, const Line_3<R> &l, const R& r)
 {
-  return bool(CGAL::intersection(l, j));
+  return do_intersect(l, j, r);
 }
 } // namespace internal
 } // namespace Intersections

From 75a2541d12d585bb28639444677c239f042c46db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 14:37:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 020/171] Add Plane/Ray

---
 .../internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h             | 16 +++++++---------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index 291ba03160b..f1439ac3386 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -523,6 +523,7 @@ do_intersect(const typename K::Segment_3  &s1,
   return false;
 }
 
+  // AF: to be fixed
 template <class K>
 typename Intersection_traits<K, typename K::Line_3, typename K::Segment_3>::result_type
 intersection(const typename K::Line_3 &l,
@@ -971,16 +972,13 @@ do_intersect(const typename K::Plane_3 &plane,
 {
     typedef typename K::Point_3 Point_3;
 
-    typename Intersection_traits<K, typename K::Plane_3, typename K::Line_3>
-      ::result_type
-      line_intersection = internal::intersection(plane, ray.supporting_line(), k);
+    K::Oriented_side_3 oriented_side_3;
 
-    if(!line_intersection)
-        return false;
-    if(const Point_3 *isp = intersect_get<Point_3>(line_intersection))
-        return ray.collinear_has_on(*isp);
-
-    return true;
+    Oriented_side os = oriented_side_3(plane,ray.source());
+    if(os == ON_ORIENTED_BOUNDARY){
+      return true;
+    }
+    return sign(ray.to_vector()* plane.orthogonal_vector()) * os == -1;
 }
 
 

From 8eea3e70bb04572e4a0a84033baa599cb4b0bcc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 18:17:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 021/171] typename

---
 .../CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h     | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index f1439ac3386..b06bee78f28 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ do_intersect(const typename K::Segment_3  &s1,
   return false;
 }
 
-  // AF: to be fixed
+
 template <class K>
 typename Intersection_traits<K, typename K::Line_3, typename K::Segment_3>::result_type
 intersection(const typename K::Line_3 &l,
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ do_intersect(const typename K::Plane_3 &plane,
 {
     typedef typename K::Point_3 Point_3;
 
-    K::Oriented_side_3 oriented_side_3;
+    typename K::Oriented_side_3 oriented_side_3;
 
     Oriented_side os = oriented_side_3(plane,ray.source());
     if(os == ON_ORIENTED_BOUNDARY){

From a522818877394da6cd348c2cdb4014a51979a7b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 19:06:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 022/171] Move compare into a namespace

---
 .../Min_sphere_of_spheres_d_impl.h                        | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d_impl.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d_impl.h
index 1a9263fd081..c4f37b4ddca 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d_impl.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d/Min_sphere_of_spheres_d_impl.h
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL_MINIBALL_NAMESPACE {
 
+namespace  Bounding_volumes {
+
   template<typename FT>
   inline bool compare(const FT& a,const FT& b,
                       const FT& ap,const FT& bp) {
@@ -56,6 +58,8 @@ namespace CGAL_MINIBALL_NAMESPACE {
     }
   }
 
+} // namespace Bounding_volumes
+
   template<class Traits>
   void Min_sphere_of_spheres_d<Traits>::update(LP_algorithm) {
     using namespace Min_sphere_of_spheres_d_impl;
@@ -168,7 +172,7 @@ namespace CGAL_MINIBALL_NAMESPACE {
                                          t.center_cartesian_begin(*l[k]),FT(0),std::plus<FT>(),
         Subtract_and_square<FT>());
 
-      if (compare(max,maxp,t.radius(*l[k]),dist)) {
+      if (Bounding_volumes::compare(max,maxp,t.radius(*l[k]),dist)) {
         max   = t.radius(*l[k]);
         maxp  = dist;
         i     = k;
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ namespace CGAL_MINIBALL_NAMESPACE {
          Subtract_and_square_to_double<FT>());
 
       const double r = CGAL_MINIBALL_NTS to_double(t.radius(*l[k]));
-      if (compare(max,maxp,r,dist)) {
+      if (Bounding_volumes::compare(max,maxp,r,dist)) {
         max   = r;
         maxp  = dist;
         i     = k;

From a4c57e6f66cc6b603c546ea2dda4c4ac211f112f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 19:35:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 023/171] Keep the old solve()

---
 Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h
index 81d1f422a2d..b6ec10bb023 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/solve_3.h
@@ -38,6 +38,20 @@ void solve (const VectorC3<R> &v0,
               alpha, beta, gamma, denom);
 }
 
+template <class R>
+void solve (const VectorC3<R> &v0,
+            const VectorC3<R> &v1,
+            const VectorC3<R> &v2,
+            const VectorC3<R> &d,
+            typename R::FT &alpha, typename R::FT &beta, typename R::FT &gamma)
+{
+  CGAL::solve(v0.x(), v0.y(), v0.z(),
+              v1.x(), v1.y(), v1.z(),
+              v2.x(), v2.y(), v2.z(),
+              d.x(),  d.y(),  d.z(),
+              alpha, beta, gamma);
+}
+
 } // namespace Cartesian_internal
 
 } //namespace CGAL

From 45909e6d766f01ca30cbdc767bbe1c9866288038 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 09:01:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 024/171] Let's fix it step by step, beginning with
 Do_intersect_3

---
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h
index 40836bde411..9ecc05bbd1d 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Kernel/interface_macros.h
@@ -494,8 +494,8 @@ CGAL_Kernel_pred_RT(Coplanar_3,
                  coplanar_3_object)
 CGAL_Kernel_pred(Counterclockwise_in_between_2,
                  counterclockwise_in_between_2_object)
-CGAL_Kernel_pred_RT(Do_intersect_2,
-                    do_intersect_2_object)
+CGAL_Kernel_pred(Do_intersect_2,
+                 do_intersect_2_object)
 CGAL_Kernel_pred_RT(Do_intersect_3,
                     do_intersect_3_object)
 CGAL_Kernel_pred(Equal_xy_3,

From 23f1badd8559600b8e81222c4e0d94962740d034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 09:03:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 025/171] Use is_zero()  instead of == FT(0)

---
 .../CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h     | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index b06bee78f28..7d8ca152adb 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ intersection_point(const typename K::Plane_3 &plane1,
 
   const FT den = minor_0*m22 - minor_1*m12 + minor_2*m02; // determinant of M
 
-  if(den == FT(0)){
+  if(is_zero(den)){
     return boost::none;
   }
 
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ intersection(const typename K::Line_3 &l1,
   const Vector_3 v3v2 = cross_product(v3,v2);
   const Vector_3 v1v2 = cross_product(v1,v2);
   const FT sl = v1v2.squared_length();
-  if(certainly(sl == FT(0)))
+  if(certainly(is_zero(sl)))
     return intersection_return<typename K::Intersect_3, typename K::Line_3, typename K::Line_3>();
   const FT t = ((v3v2.x()*v1v2.x()) + (v3v2.y()*v1v2.y()) + (v3v2.z()*v1v2.z())) / sl;
 

From 3448035fc691cbc2259e6115fa17117aa1d94fe1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Mar 2021 08:25:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 026/171] Fix CC_iterator by making constructor from pointer
 explicit

---
 .../Arrangement_2/Arrangement_2_iterators.h   | 28 +++++++++++++++++++
 HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h | 12 ++++----
 .../include/CGAL/Compact_container.h          |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arrangement_2/Arrangement_2_iterators.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arrangement_2/Arrangement_2_iterators.h
index e210813d47f..219c445bdc1 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arrangement_2/Arrangement_2_iterators.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arrangement_2/Arrangement_2_iterators.h
@@ -288,6 +288,12 @@ public:
     iend (nt)
   {}
 
+  template <typename T>
+  I_Filtered_iterator (T* p) :
+    nt (pointer(p)),
+    iend (nt)
+  {}
+
   I_Filtered_iterator (Iterator it, Iterator end) :
     nt (it),
     iend (end)
@@ -305,6 +311,14 @@ public:
       ++nt;
   }
 
+  template <typename P>
+  I_Filtered_iterator& operator= (const P* p)
+  {
+    nt = pointer(p);
+    iend =nt;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
   /*! Access operations. */
   Iterator current_iterator() const
   {
@@ -439,6 +453,12 @@ public:
     iend (it)
   {}
 
+  template <typename T>
+  I_Filtered_const_iterator (T* p) :
+    nt (pointer(p)),
+    iend (nt)
+  {}
+
   I_Filtered_const_iterator (Iterator it, Iterator end) :
     nt (it),
     iend (end)
@@ -465,6 +485,14 @@ public:
     //      ++nt;
   }
 
+  template <typename P>
+  I_Filtered_const_iterator& operator= (const P* p)
+  {
+    nt = pointer(p);
+    iend =nt;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
   /*! Access operations. */
   Iterator current_iterator() const
   {
diff --git a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
index e5aa9493fbf..fe62a26e2c0 100644
--- a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
+++ b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ public:
     bool operator!=( const Self& i) const { return !(*this == i); }
 
     Self& operator++() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).next();
+        this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).next());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator++(int) {
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ public:
     bool operator!=( const It& i) const { return !(*this == i); }
 
     Self& operator++() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).next();
+        this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).next());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator++(int) {
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ public:
     bool operator!=( const Self& i) const { return !(*this == i); }
 
     Self& operator++() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).next()->opposite();
+        this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).next()->opposite());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator++(int) {
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ public:
 // ---------------------------------
 
     Self& operator--() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).opposite()->prev();
+        this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).opposite()->prev());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator--(int) {
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ public:
     bool operator!=( const Self& i) const { return !(*this == i); }
 
     Self& operator++() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).next()->opposite();
+      this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).next()->opposite());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator++(int) {
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ public:
 // ---------------------------------
 
     Self& operator--() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).opposite()->prev();
+        this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).opposite()->prev());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator--(int) {
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h
index 9273df1556e..470918b5f80 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Compact_container.h
@@ -875,7 +875,7 @@ namespace internal {
       m_ptr = nullptr;
     }
 
-    CC_iterator(pointer ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) { }
+    explicit CC_iterator(pointer ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) { }
 
     // Converting constructor from mutable to constant iterator
     template <bool OtherConst>

From afc6e4cae60d3285924534910ed887bf115bf5af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Mar 2021 09:13:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 027/171] Use nullptr instead of NULL to fix ambiguous
 construction

---
 Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/import_moka.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/import_moka.h b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/import_moka.h
index b375423d4fb..f838c085b8a 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/import_moka.h
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/import_moka.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct GDart
   Dart_handle dh;
   LCC::Vertex_attribute_handle vh;
 
-  GDart() : dh(NULL), vh(NULL)
+  GDart() : dh(nullptr), vh(nullptr)
   {}
 
   GDart(const GDart& adart) : dh(adart.dh),

From 2923ea4a2b3d9c9ec62bbc710e9393db9a7b0ccd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2021 10:34:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 028/171] Fix errors with iterator conversions

---
 HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
index fe62a26e2c0..0eb0856a890 100644
--- a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
+++ b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ public:
 // ---------------------------------
 
     Self& operator--() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).prev();
+        this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).prev());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator--(int) {
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ public:
 // ---------------------------------
 
     Self& operator--() {
-        this->nt = (*this->nt).prev();
+        this->nt = typename It::Iterator((*this->nt).prev());
         return *this;
     }
     Self  operator--(int) {

From 016717e120ecafbfedcf3651132e0d889d3e6419 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2021 11:44:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 029/171] Don't copy dlls from system32 and Visual

---
 Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
index 610b09a9e39..fec32e0d3f3 100644
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ copy_dll()
 {
   local dll_full_path=$(cygpath --unix --absolute "$1")
   echo "copy $dll_full_path to $2"
-  cp "$dll_full_path" "$2"
+  #remove all dlls from system and Visual
+  if ! [[ "$dll_full_path" =~ "Visual" ]] && ! [[ "$dll_full_path" =~ "system32" ]]; then
+    cp "$dll_full_path" "$2"
+  fi
 }
 
 

From c11d6316b1518fe7e068b1983a068c6dc3fe27ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2021 15:00:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 030/171] Fix example (avoid incrementing end())

---
 .../examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/isolated_vertices.cpp  | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/isolated_vertices.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/isolated_vertices.cpp
index 9568b33952f..b8a53d7d784 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/isolated_vertices.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/isolated_vertices.cpp
@@ -27,9 +27,10 @@ int main()
   arr.insert_at_vertices(s4, v4, v1);
 
   // Remove the isolated vertices located in the unbounded face.
-  Arrangement::Vertex_iterator curr, next = arr.vertices_begin();
-  for (curr = next++; curr != arr.vertices_end(); curr = next++) {
+  Arrangement::Vertex_iterator iter = arr.vertices_begin();
+  while (iter != arr.vertices_end()) {
     // Keep an iterator to the next vertex, as curr might be deleted.
+    Arrangement::Vertex_iterator curr = iter ++;
     if (curr->is_isolated() && curr->face() == uf)
       arr.remove_isolated_vertex(curr);
   }

From 6c7f05e0be07d81b6291a0b0bc5841eabf747835 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2021 16:03:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 031/171] rank written by Sebastien

---
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h     | 164 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/rank.cpp | 115 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 279 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h
 create mode 100644 Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/rank.cpp

diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..58c2c5ac09a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021
+// GeometryFactory (France),
+//
+// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org)
+//
+// $URL$
+// $Id$
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
+//
+//
+// Author(s)     : Sebastien Loriot
+
+#ifndef CGAL_RANK_H
+#define CGAL_RANK_H
+
+namespace CGAL {
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_11(const RT& a0)
+{
+  return a0!=0 ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_21(const RT& a0, const RT& a1)
+{
+  return (a0!=0 || a1 !=0) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_12(const RT& a0, const RT& a1)
+{
+  return (a0!=0 || a1 !=0) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_31(const RT& a0, const RT& a1, const RT& a2)
+{
+  return (a0!=0 || a1 !=0 || a2 !=0) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_32(const RT& a0, const RT& b0,
+            const RT& a1, const RT& b1,
+            const RT& a2, const RT& b2)
+{
+  if (a0==0)
+  {
+    if (a1==0)
+    {
+      if (a2==0)
+      {
+        return rank_31(b0,b1,b2);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        return 1 + rank_21(b0, b1);
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      return 1 + rank_21(b0, a1*b2-a2*b1);
+    }
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return 1 + rank_21(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*b2-a2*b0);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_22(const RT& a0, const RT& b0,
+            const RT& a1, const RT& b1)
+{
+  if (a0==0)
+  {
+    if (a1==0)
+    {
+      return rank_21(b0,b1);
+    }
+    else
+      return 1 + rank_11(b0);
+  }
+  return 1 + rank_11(a0*b1-a1*b0);
+}
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_33(const RT& a0, const RT& b0, const RT& c0,
+            const RT& a1, const RT& b1, const RT& c1,
+            const RT& a2, const RT& b2, const RT& c2)
+{
+  if (a0==0)
+  {
+    if (a1==0)
+    {
+      if (a2==0)
+      {
+        return rank_32(b0, c0, b1, c1, b2, c2);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        return 1 + rank_22(b0, c0, b1, c1);
+      }
+    }
+    else
+      return 1 + rank_22(b0, c0, a1*b2-a2*b1, a1*c2-a2*c1);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return 1 + rank_22(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*c1-a1*c0, a0*b2-a2*b0, a0*c2-a2*c0);
+  }
+}
+
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_23(const RT& a0, const RT& b0, const RT& c0,
+            const RT& a1, const RT& b1, const RT& c1)
+{
+  if (a0==0)
+  {
+    if (a1==0)
+    {
+      return rank_22(b0, c0, b1, c1);
+    }
+    else
+      return 1 + rank_12(b0,c0);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return 1 + rank_12(a0*b1-a1*b0,a0*c1-a1*c0);
+  }
+}
+
+
+template <class RT>
+int rank_34(const RT& a0, const RT& b0, const RT& c0, const RT& d0,
+            const RT& a1, const RT& b1, const RT& c1, const RT& d1,
+            const RT& a2, const RT& b2, const RT& c2, const RT& d2)
+{
+  if (a0==0)
+  {
+    if (a1==0)
+    {
+      if (a2==0)
+      {
+        return rank_33(b0, c0, d0, b1, c1, d1, b2, c2, d2);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        return 1 + rank_23(b0, c0, d0, b1, c1, d1);
+      }
+    }
+    else
+      return 1 + rank_23(b0, c0, d0,a1*b2-a2*b1, a1*c2-a2*c1, a1*d2 - a2*d1);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return 1 + rank_23(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*c1-a1*c0, a0*d1-a1*d0, a0*b2-a2*b0, a0*c2-a2*c0, a0*d2-a2*d0);
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace CGAL
+
+#endif // CGAL_RANK_H
diff --git a/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/rank.cpp b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/rank.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5856d9e86ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/rank.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#include <CGAL/rank.h>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <iostream>
+
+typedef int FT;
+
+
+void test_rank_33(FT a0, FT b0, FT c0,
+                  FT a1, FT b1, FT c1,
+                  FT a2, FT b2, FT c2,
+                  int expected)
+{
+  std::cout << "testing:\n"
+            << "\t " << a0 << "\t" << b0 << "\t" << c0 << "\n"
+            << "\t " << a1 << "\t" << b1 << "\t" << c1 << "\n"
+            << "\t " << a2 << "\t" << b2 << "\t" << c2 << "\n";
+
+  assert(CGAL::rank_33<FT>(a0,b0,c0,a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_33<FT>(a0,b0,c0,a2,b2,c2,a1,b1,c1)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_33<FT>(a1,b1,c1,a0,b0,c0,a2,b2,c2)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_33<FT>(a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2,a0,b0,c0)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_33<FT>(a2,b2,c2,a0,b0,c0,a1,b1,c1)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_33<FT>(a2,b2,c2,a1,b1,c1,a0,b0,c0)==expected);
+}
+
+void test_rank_34(FT a0, FT b0, FT c0, FT d0,
+                  FT a1, FT b1, FT c1, FT d1,
+                  FT a2, FT b2, FT c2, FT d2,
+                  int expected)
+{
+  std::cout << "testing:\n"
+            << "\t " << a0 << "\t" << b0 << "\t" << c0 << "\t" << d0 << "\n"
+            << "\t " << a1 << "\t" << b1 << "\t" << c1 << "\t" << d1 << "\n"
+            << "\t " << a2 << "\t" << b2 << "\t" << c2 << "\t" << d2 << "\n";
+
+  assert(CGAL::rank_34<FT>(a0,b0,c0,d0,a1,b1,c1,d1,a2,b2,c2,d2)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_34<FT>(a0,b0,c0,d0,a2,b2,c2,d2,a1,b1,c1,d1)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_34<FT>(a1,b1,c1,d1,a0,b0,c0,d0,a2,b2,c2,d2)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_34<FT>(a1,b1,c1,d1,a2,b2,c2,d2,a0,b0,c0,d0)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_34<FT>(a2,b2,c2,d2,a0,b0,c0,d0,a1,b1,c1,d1)==expected);
+  assert(CGAL::rank_34<FT>(a2,b2,c2,d2,a1,b1,c1,d1,a0,b0,c0,d0)==expected);
+}
+
+
+
+int main()
+{
+  test_rank_33(1,0,0,
+               0,1,0,
+               0,0,1, 3);
+  test_rank_33(1,0,0,
+               0,1,0,
+               1,0,1, 3);
+  test_rank_33(1,0,0,
+               1,1,1,
+               1,0,1, 3);
+  test_rank_33(1,0,0,
+               1,1,1,
+               1,0,1, 3);
+  test_rank_33(1,0,0,
+               1,1,0,
+               1,5,0, 2);
+  test_rank_33(0,0,0,
+               0,0,0,
+               0,0,0, 0);
+  test_rank_33(1,2,3,
+               1,2,3,
+               1,2,3, 1);
+  test_rank_33(1,2,3,
+               2,4,6,
+               4,8,12, 1);
+  test_rank_33(1,2,3,
+               2,4,6,
+               4,8,11, 2);
+  test_rank_33(1,0,1,
+               1,0,1,
+               1,0,1, 1);
+  test_rank_33(1,1,1,
+               1,0,1,
+               1,0,1, 2);
+
+  test_rank_33(0,1,1,
+               0,0,1,
+               0,0,1, 2);
+
+  test_rank_34(1,0,0,0,
+               0,1,0,0,
+               0,0,1,0, 3);
+
+  test_rank_34(1,0,0,0,
+               0,1,0,0,
+               1,1,0,0, 2);
+
+  test_rank_34(1,0,0,0,
+               0,1,0,0,
+               1,1,0,1, 3);
+
+  test_rank_34(0,1,0,0,
+               0,0,1,0,
+               0,1,1,0, 2);
+
+  test_rank_34(0,1,0,0,
+               0,0,1,0,
+               0,1,1,1, 3);
+
+  test_rank_34(1,0,0,0,
+               0,0,1,0,
+               1,0,1,0, 2);
+
+  test_rank_34(1,0,0,0,
+               0,0,1,0,
+               1,0,1,1, 3);
+
+  return 0;
+}

From 99a52959c33ae6fbe480b277d215869d8abc8c49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2021 17:15:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 032/171] Add the do_intersect for 3 planes using the rank()
 written by Sebastien

---
 .../internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h          |  32 ++++-
 .../test/Intersections_3/do_intersect.cpp     | 114 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect.cpp

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index 7d8ca152adb..f07569dc229 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Intersections_3/Iso_cuboid_3_Line_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/utils_classes.h>
 #include <CGAL/squared_distance_3.h>
-
+#include <CGAL/rank.h>
 #include <CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/bbox_intersection_3.h>
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -1681,9 +1681,33 @@ inline bool
 do_intersect(const Plane_3<R> &plane1, const Plane_3<R> &plane2,
              const Plane_3<R> &plane3, const R& r)
 {
-  return ! is_zero(determinant(plane1.a(), plane1.b(), plane1.c(),
-                     plane2.a(), plane2.b(), plane2.c(),
-                     plane3.a(), plane3.b(), plane3.c()));
+  if(! is_zero(determinant(plane1.a(), plane1.b(), plane1.c(),
+                           plane2.a(), plane2.b(), plane2.c(),
+                           plane3.a(), plane3.b(), plane3.c()))){
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  int pcount = 0;
+  bool b12, b13,b23;
+  if(b12 = parallel(plane1,plane2)) pcount++;
+  if(b13 = parallel(plane1,plane3)) pcount++;
+  if(b23 = parallel(plane2,plane3)) pcount++;
+
+  if(pcount == 3){
+    return (( (plane1 == plane2) || (plane1 == plane2.opposite())) && ( (plane1 == plane3) || (plane1 == plane3.opposite())));
+  }
+
+  if(pcount == 1){
+    if(b12 && ((plane1 == plane2)||(plane1 == plane2.opposite()  ))) return true;
+    if(b13 && ((plane1 == plane3)||(plane1 == plane3.opposite()  ))) return true;
+    if(b23 && ((plane2 == plane3)||(plane2 == plane3.opposite()  ))) return true;
+  }
+
+  int rd = rank_34(plane1.a(), plane1.b(), plane1.c(), plane1.d(),
+                   plane2.a(), plane2.b(), plane2.c(), plane2.d(),
+                   plane3.a(), plane3.b(), plane3.c(), plane3.d());
+
+  return rd == 2;
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect.cpp b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..60a583ad484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
+
+typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
+typedef K::Triangle_3 Triangle_3;
+typedef K::Segment_3 Segment_3;
+typedef K::Ray_3 Ray_3;
+typedef K::Line_3 Line_3;
+typedef K::Tetrahedron_3 Tetrahedron_3;
+typedef K::Point_3 Point_3;
+typedef K::Plane_3 Plane_3;
+typedef K::Iso_cuboid_3 Iso_cuboid_3;
+typedef K::Sphere_3 Sphere_3;
+
+int main()
+{
+  Point_3 p(0,0,0), q(1,1,1), r(1,0,0), s(1,1,0);
+  Segment_3 s0(p,q),s1(p,q);
+  Ray_3 ray(p,q);
+  Line_3 lin(p,q);
+  Triangle_3 t0(p,q,r), t1(p,q,r);
+  Tetrahedron_3 tet(p,q,r,s);
+  Plane_3 pla(p,q,r);
+  Iso_cuboid_3 ic(p,q);
+  Sphere_3 sp(p,1);
+  CGAL::Bbox_3 bb;
+
+  do_intersect(p,sp);
+  do_intersect(bb,t0);
+  do_intersect(t0,t1);
+  do_intersect(t0,s0);
+  do_intersect(t0,ray);
+  do_intersect(t0,lin);
+
+  do_intersect(s0,s1);
+  do_intersect(pla,s0);
+  do_intersect(pla,lin);
+  do_intersect(pla,ray);
+  do_intersect(pla,pla);
+  do_intersect(pla,pla,pla);
+  do_intersect(tet,p);
+  do_intersect(ic,s0);
+  do_intersect(ic,ray);
+  do_intersect(ic,ic);
+  do_intersect(ic,lin);
+  do_intersect(ic,pla);
+  do_intersect(ic,ic);
+  do_intersect(sp,sp);
+
+
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,1), Point_3(1,0,1), Point_3(1,1,1));
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(0,0,2), Point_3(1,0,2), Point_3(1,1,2));
+
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // three parallel
+  }
+
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(10,10,0), Point_3(10,20,0), Point_3(20,20,0));
+
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // three equal
+  }
+
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(10,10,1), Point_3(10,20,1), Point_3(20,20,1));
+
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // two equal, one parallel
+  }
+
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0), Point_3(0,0,1));
+
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(10,10,1), Point_3(10,20,1), Point_3(20,20,1));
+
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // two parallel, one intersecting both
+  }
+
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0), Point_3(0,0,1));
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // two equal, one intersecting
+  }
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,1,1), Point_3(0,0,1));
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(2,2,2), Point_3(6,6,6), Point_3(0,1,0));
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(3,3,3), Point_3(5,5,5), Point_3(1,0,0));
+
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // three in a line
+  }
+
+
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0)); // xy
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(0,0,1), Point_3(0,1,1)); // yz
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(0,0,10), Point_3(0,1,10), Point_3(1,0,0)); //
+
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // pairwise intersections, i.e. 3 lines
+  }
+
+  {
+    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0));
+    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,1,1), Point_3(1,1,0));
+    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(1,0,1), Point_3(1,1,5), Point_3(0,1,1));
+
+    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // three in a point
+  }
+  return 0;
+}

From c6b20383531cc390b0529dbe6f1b855fbdf92313 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2021 17:40:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 033/171] Rename test

---
 .../test/Intersections_3/{do_intersect.cpp => do_intersect_3.cpp} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/{do_intersect.cpp => do_intersect_3.cpp} (100%)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect.cpp b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect_3.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect.cpp
rename to Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect_3.cpp

From 618fe5cb6259fd370f2800de9499620d68332c4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Mar 2021 10:08:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 034/171] EWxplicitely ban api-ms-win, as those dlls can come
 from different places.

---
 Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
index fec32e0d3f3..58b1b906fd2 100644
--- a/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
+++ b/Scripts/developer_scripts/cgal_demo_copy_all_dlls_cygwin.sh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ copy_dll()
   local dll_full_path=$(cygpath --unix --absolute "$1")
   echo "copy $dll_full_path to $2"
   #remove all dlls from system and Visual
-  if ! [[ "$dll_full_path" =~ "Visual" ]] && ! [[ "$dll_full_path" =~ "system32" ]]; then
+  if ! [[ "$dll_full_path" =~ "api-ms-win" ]] && ! [[ "$dll_full_path" =~ "system32" ]]; then
     cp "$dll_full_path" "$2"
   fi
 }

From dbfb7157bbb7f4d4d383a3642c447cac3f680552 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Mar 2021 10:14:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 035/171] Rename compare() to compare_quotients()

---
 Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h           | 4 ++--
 .../CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h   | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
index 7195f057cef..298f2708e23 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ NT approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt)
 
 template <class NT>
 Comparison_result
-compare(const NT& xnum, const NT& xden,
-        const NT& ynum, const NT& yden)
+compare_quotients(const NT& xnum, const NT& xden,
+                  const NT& ynum, const NT& yden)
 {
   // No assumptions on the sign of  den  are made
 
diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index f07569dc229..9b2ff958e8d 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -1781,11 +1781,11 @@ do_intersect(const Line_3<R> &line, const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &box, const R&)
                 _denum = newdenum;
             } else {
 
-              if (compare(newmin, newdenum, _min, _denum) == LARGER)
+              if (compare_quotients(newmin, newdenum, _min, _denum) == LARGER)
                     _min = newmin;
-              if (compare(newmax, newdenum, _max, _denum) == LARGER)
+              if (compare_quotients(newmax, newdenum, _max, _denum) == LARGER)
                     _max = newmax;
-              if (compare(_max, _denum, _min, _denum) == SMALLER) {
+              if (compare_quotients(_max, _denum, _min, _denum) == SMALLER) {
                   return false;
                 }
                 _denum = newdenum;

From 7ebdd07a4c406758a13697d4287c566169f00e8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Mar 2021 14:28:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 036/171] Add <RT>  to rank as expression templates don't match

---
 .../internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h          |  8 +++--
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h                 | 36 +++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index 9b2ff958e8d..8ac11d3310f 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -1681,6 +1681,8 @@ inline bool
 do_intersect(const Plane_3<R> &plane1, const Plane_3<R> &plane2,
              const Plane_3<R> &plane3, const R& r)
 {
+  typedef typename R::RT RT;
+
   if(! is_zero(determinant(plane1.a(), plane1.b(), plane1.c(),
                            plane2.a(), plane2.b(), plane2.c(),
                            plane3.a(), plane3.b(), plane3.c()))){
@@ -1703,9 +1705,9 @@ do_intersect(const Plane_3<R> &plane1, const Plane_3<R> &plane2,
     if(b23 && ((plane2 == plane3)||(plane2 == plane3.opposite()  ))) return true;
   }
 
-  int rd = rank_34(plane1.a(), plane1.b(), plane1.c(), plane1.d(),
-                   plane2.a(), plane2.b(), plane2.c(), plane2.d(),
-                   plane3.a(), plane3.b(), plane3.c(), plane3.d());
+  int rd = rank_34<RT>(plane1.a(), plane1.b(), plane1.c(), plane1.d(),
+                       plane2.a(), plane2.b(), plane2.c(), plane2.d(),
+                       plane3.a(), plane3.b(), plane3.c(), plane3.d());
 
   return rd == 2;
 }
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h
index 58c2c5ac09a..2951e92c562 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/rank.h
@@ -50,21 +50,21 @@ int rank_32(const RT& a0, const RT& b0,
     {
       if (a2==0)
       {
-        return rank_31(b0,b1,b2);
+        return rank_31<RT>(b0,b1,b2);
       }
       else
       {
-        return 1 + rank_21(b0, b1);
+        return 1 + rank_21<RT>(b0, b1);
       }
     }
     else
     {
-      return 1 + rank_21(b0, a1*b2-a2*b1);
+      return 1 + rank_21<RT>(b0, a1*b2-a2*b1);
     }
   }
   else
   {
-    return 1 + rank_21(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*b2-a2*b0);
+    return 1 + rank_21<RT>(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*b2-a2*b0);
   }
 }
 
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ int rank_22(const RT& a0, const RT& b0,
   {
     if (a1==0)
     {
-      return rank_21(b0,b1);
+      return rank_21<RT>(b0,b1);
     }
     else
-      return 1 + rank_11(b0);
+      return 1 + rank_11<RT>(b0);
   }
-  return 1 + rank_11(a0*b1-a1*b0);
+  return 1 + rank_11<RT>(a0*b1-a1*b0);
 }
 
 template <class RT>
@@ -95,19 +95,19 @@ int rank_33(const RT& a0, const RT& b0, const RT& c0,
     {
       if (a2==0)
       {
-        return rank_32(b0, c0, b1, c1, b2, c2);
+        return rank_32<RT>(b0, c0, b1, c1, b2, c2);
       }
       else
       {
-        return 1 + rank_22(b0, c0, b1, c1);
+        return 1 + rank_22<RT>(b0, c0, b1, c1);
       }
     }
     else
-      return 1 + rank_22(b0, c0, a1*b2-a2*b1, a1*c2-a2*c1);
+      return 1 + rank_22<RT>(b0, c0, a1*b2-a2*b1, a1*c2-a2*c1);
   }
   else
   {
-    return 1 + rank_22(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*c1-a1*c0, a0*b2-a2*b0, a0*c2-a2*c0);
+    return 1 + rank_22<RT>(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*c1-a1*c0, a0*b2-a2*b0, a0*c2-a2*c0);
   }
 }
 
@@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ int rank_23(const RT& a0, const RT& b0, const RT& c0,
   {
     if (a1==0)
     {
-      return rank_22(b0, c0, b1, c1);
+      return rank_22<RT>(b0, c0, b1, c1);
     }
     else
-      return 1 + rank_12(b0,c0);
+      return 1 + rank_12<RT>(b0,c0);
   }
   else
   {
-    return 1 + rank_12(a0*b1-a1*b0,a0*c1-a1*c0);
+    return 1 + rank_12<RT>(a0*b1-a1*b0,a0*c1-a1*c0);
   }
 }
 
@@ -143,19 +143,19 @@ int rank_34(const RT& a0, const RT& b0, const RT& c0, const RT& d0,
     {
       if (a2==0)
       {
-        return rank_33(b0, c0, d0, b1, c1, d1, b2, c2, d2);
+        return rank_33<RT>(b0, c0, d0, b1, c1, d1, b2, c2, d2);
       }
       else
       {
-        return 1 + rank_23(b0, c0, d0, b1, c1, d1);
+        return 1 + rank_23<RT>(b0, c0, d0, b1, c1, d1);
       }
     }
     else
-      return 1 + rank_23(b0, c0, d0,a1*b2-a2*b1, a1*c2-a2*c1, a1*d2 - a2*d1);
+      return 1 + rank_23<RT>(b0, c0, d0,a1*b2-a2*b1, a1*c2-a2*c1, a1*d2 - a2*d1);
   }
   else
   {
-    return 1 + rank_23(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*c1-a1*c0, a0*d1-a1*d0, a0*b2-a2*b0, a0*c2-a2*c0, a0*d2-a2*d0);
+    return 1 + rank_23<RT>(a0*b1-a1*b0, a0*c1-a1*c0, a0*d1-a1*d0, a0*b2-a2*b0, a0*c2-a2*c0, a0*d2-a2*d0);
   }
 }
 

From 6ac2ee54db3edcf03c3d3079a42b256a142adf4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Mar 2021 14:39:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 037/171] Remove a test file as it adds nothing new

---
 .../test/Intersections_3/do_intersect_3.cpp   | 114 ------------------
 1 file changed, 114 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect_3.cpp

diff --git a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect_3.cpp b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect_3.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 60a583ad484..00000000000
--- a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/do_intersect_3.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
-
-typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
-typedef K::Triangle_3 Triangle_3;
-typedef K::Segment_3 Segment_3;
-typedef K::Ray_3 Ray_3;
-typedef K::Line_3 Line_3;
-typedef K::Tetrahedron_3 Tetrahedron_3;
-typedef K::Point_3 Point_3;
-typedef K::Plane_3 Plane_3;
-typedef K::Iso_cuboid_3 Iso_cuboid_3;
-typedef K::Sphere_3 Sphere_3;
-
-int main()
-{
-  Point_3 p(0,0,0), q(1,1,1), r(1,0,0), s(1,1,0);
-  Segment_3 s0(p,q),s1(p,q);
-  Ray_3 ray(p,q);
-  Line_3 lin(p,q);
-  Triangle_3 t0(p,q,r), t1(p,q,r);
-  Tetrahedron_3 tet(p,q,r,s);
-  Plane_3 pla(p,q,r);
-  Iso_cuboid_3 ic(p,q);
-  Sphere_3 sp(p,1);
-  CGAL::Bbox_3 bb;
-
-  do_intersect(p,sp);
-  do_intersect(bb,t0);
-  do_intersect(t0,t1);
-  do_intersect(t0,s0);
-  do_intersect(t0,ray);
-  do_intersect(t0,lin);
-
-  do_intersect(s0,s1);
-  do_intersect(pla,s0);
-  do_intersect(pla,lin);
-  do_intersect(pla,ray);
-  do_intersect(pla,pla);
-  do_intersect(pla,pla,pla);
-  do_intersect(tet,p);
-  do_intersect(ic,s0);
-  do_intersect(ic,ray);
-  do_intersect(ic,ic);
-  do_intersect(ic,lin);
-  do_intersect(ic,pla);
-  do_intersect(ic,ic);
-  do_intersect(sp,sp);
-
-
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,1), Point_3(1,0,1), Point_3(1,1,1));
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(0,0,2), Point_3(1,0,2), Point_3(1,1,2));
-
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // three parallel
-  }
-
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(10,10,0), Point_3(10,20,0), Point_3(20,20,0));
-
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // three equal
-  }
-
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(10,10,1), Point_3(10,20,1), Point_3(20,20,1));
-
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // two equal, one parallel
-  }
-
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0), Point_3(0,0,1));
-
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(10,10,1), Point_3(10,20,1), Point_3(20,20,1));
-
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // two parallel, one intersecting both
-  }
-
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0), Point_3(0,0,1));
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(1,1,0));
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(2,2,0), Point_3(4,2,0), Point_3(4,4,0));
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // two equal, one intersecting
-  }
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,1,1), Point_3(0,0,1));
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(2,2,2), Point_3(6,6,6), Point_3(0,1,0));
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(3,3,3), Point_3(5,5,5), Point_3(1,0,0));
-
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // three in a line
-  }
-
-
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0)); // xy
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(0,0,1), Point_3(0,1,1)); // yz
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(0,0,10), Point_3(0,1,10), Point_3(1,0,0)); //
-
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == false); // pairwise intersections, i.e. 3 lines
-  }
-
-  {
-    Plane_3 p0(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,0,0), Point_3(0,1,0));
-    Plane_3 p1(Point_3(0,0,0), Point_3(1,1,1), Point_3(1,1,0));
-    Plane_3 p2(Point_3(1,0,1), Point_3(1,1,5), Point_3(0,1,1));
-
-    assert(do_intersect(p0,p1,p2) == true); // three in a point
-  }
-  return 0;
-}

From 4e4a93de3720ceafe1795b1307e8ea43ef87a8b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Mar 2021 15:48:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 038/171] Resolve ambiguous call to operator== by overloading
 it with base type

---
 HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
index 0eb0856a890..b2bcac25a33 100644
--- a/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
+++ b/HalfedgeDS/include/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_iterator.h
@@ -321,6 +321,7 @@ public:
         return It::operator==( It(nullptr));
     }
     bool operator!=( std::nullptr_t p) const { return !(*this == p); }
+    bool operator==( const It& i) const { return  It::operator==(i); }
     bool operator==( const Self& i) const { return  It::operator==(i); }
     bool operator!=( const Self& i) const { return !(*this == i); }
 

From ab75cbea461e7b4573460510068a1cf2e497bc72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Apr 2021 18:42:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 039/171] Add data set that shows the performance gain when
 running self_intersections_example.cpp (4.6 sec master, 0.6 sec this PR when
 run sequentially

---
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing/data/blade.off    | 24455 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 24455 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/data/blade.off

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/data/blade.off b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/data/blade.off
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1837922eeaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/data/blade.off
@@ -0,0 +1,24455 @@
+OFF
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+3 4575 7009 4576
+3 2366 2315 2367
+3 3024 6665 1210
+3 7225 2998 6686
+3 6018 2426 2475
+3 2818 7802 2819
+3 6220 6448 4094
+3 5978 1334 907
+3 467 539 6957
+3 740 6027 8206
+3 3033 8188 1767
+3 3710 80 6728
+3 2821 7843 2885
+3 7480 6987 8227
+3 6106 5272 7773
+3 395 7547 8228
+3 3824 3826 7520
+3 2676 2629 3696
+3 3988 6764 3990
+3 6849 8168 6798
+3 1204 1206 3447
+3 2796 7260 8165
+3 4606 1851 1909
+3 3555 3556 3508
+3 2982 2985 3433
+3 248 250 6165
+3 8152 36 8229
+3 1394 7001 8207
+3 6870 6392 2077
+3 3796 3797 6012
+3 698 633 7298
+3 2176 2177 2226
+3 7466 4122 6163
+3 4816 8195 7517
+3 4070 5785 7644
+3 1528 7147 3261
+3 7148 6626 7731
+3 2919 2866 2920
+3 5000 7434 638
+3 7422 7725 3530
+3 3882 4170 3864
+3 4891 8205 5080
+3 436 5225 8136
+3 4433 4435 4434
+3 8093 6200 7780
+3 8230 5375 867

From abe6aa1eca42ad0038ea60815c37c2c41cc511ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Apr 2021 19:48:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 040/171] remove unused typedefs

---
 .../CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h      | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index 8ac11d3310f..ad5f32f6a5c 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -970,8 +970,6 @@ do_intersect(const typename K::Plane_3 &plane,
              const typename K::Ray_3 &ray,
              const K& k)
 {
-    typedef typename K::Point_3 Point_3;
-
     typename K::Oriented_side_3 oriented_side_3;
 
     Oriented_side os = oriented_side_3(plane,ray.source());
@@ -1718,7 +1716,6 @@ inline bool
 do_intersect(const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &icub1, const Iso_cuboid_3<R> &icub2, const R&)
 {
     typedef typename R::Point_3 Point_3;
-    typedef typename R::Iso_cuboid_3 Iso_cuboid_3;
 
     Point_3 min_points[2];
     Point_3 max_points[2];

From 38c0c8852cadba91867ef4434d4306d035b259b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Apr 2021 17:39:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 041/171] Add the Triangle_3/Triangle_3 to the static version
 of Do_intersect (Thank you for pointing out @mglisse

---
 .../include/CGAL/internal/Static_filters/Do_intersect_3.h  | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Filtered_kernel/include/CGAL/internal/Static_filters/Do_intersect_3.h b/Filtered_kernel/include/CGAL/internal/Static_filters/Do_intersect_3.h
index 92cbd3ebf3f..00224e87c7d 100644
--- a/Filtered_kernel/include/CGAL/internal/Static_filters/Do_intersect_3.h
+++ b/Filtered_kernel/include/CGAL/internal/Static_filters/Do_intersect_3.h
@@ -78,6 +78,13 @@ public:
     return Intersections::internal::do_intersect(t,s, SFK());
   }
 
+  result_type
+  operator()(const Triangle_3 &t0, const Triangle_3& t1) const
+  {
+    return Intersections::internal::do_intersect(t0,t1, SFK());
+  }
+
+
   result_type
   operator()(const Bbox_3& b, const Segment_3 &s) const
   {

From fa6818b7ddaf951f2b2ec79eeedddffca7116b74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Apr 2021 19:43:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 042/171] Fix approximate_sqrt return types

---
 Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h | 10 ++++++----
 Number_types/include/CGAL/mpq_class.h             |  1 -
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
index d29434ad603..3b7a1154cc8 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
@@ -302,19 +302,21 @@ to_interval( const Real_embeddable& x) {
 }
 
 template <typename NT>
-NT approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt, CGAL::Null_functor)
+typename Coercion_traits<double, NT>::Type
+approximate_sqrt(const NT& x, CGAL::Null_functor)
 {
-  return NT(sqrt(CGAL::to_double(nt)));
+  return sqrt(CGAL::to_double(x));
 }
 
 template <typename NT, typename Sqrt>
-NT approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt, Sqrt sqrt)
+typename Sqrt::result_type
+approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt, Sqrt sqrt)
 {
   return sqrt(nt);
 }
 
 template <typename NT>
-NT approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt)
+decltype(auto) approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt)
 {
   // the initial version of this function was using Algebraic_category
   // for the dispatch but some ring type (like Gmpz) provides a Sqrt
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/mpq_class.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/mpq_class.h
index 6250ea95e3a..76611b93cf9 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/mpq_class.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/mpq_class.h
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
-
 // AST for mpq_class
 template<>
 class Algebraic_structure_traits< mpq_class  >

From b0b38dade8739c434fe1bb09eca3921d70cfac86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2021 12:38:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 043/171] Add a simple test for approximate_sqrt(NT) for most
 NTs

---
 Number_types/test/Number_types/Gmpzf_new.cpp                 | 2 +-
 .../test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h         | 4 ++++
 Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp                 | 5 -----
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/Gmpzf_new.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/Gmpzf_new.cpp
index 95ea8c2de4f..f2ae93fe287 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/Gmpzf_new.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/Gmpzf_new.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main() {
         CGAL::test_algebraic_structure<NT,Tag, Is_exact>();
         CGAL::test_real_embeddable<NT>();
 
-        // assert(CGAL::approximate_sqrt(NT(4)) == NT(2));
+        assert(CGAL::approximate_sqrt(NT(4)) == NT(2));
 
     }
  return 0;
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
index 49a0d8e5224..dff2b016e08 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
@@ -366,6 +366,10 @@ test_utilities(const NT& x)
   if (!test_gcd(x,typename AST::Algebraic_category())) return false;
   if (!test_sqrt(x,typename AST::Sqrt())) return false;
 
+  // approximate_sqrt
+  std::cout << "  approximate_sqrt()" << std::endl;
+  if(CGAL::approximate_sqrt(zero + one) != one) return false;
+
   return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
index b4e3e22c81f..22958e4ee67 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include <CGAL/config.h>
 
-// TODO: solve conflict of CORE with GMPXX
-#ifdef CGAL_USE_CORE
-#undef CGAL_USE_GMPXX
-#endif
-
 #include <CGAL/Quotient.h>
 #include <CGAL/MP_Float.h>
 #include <CGAL/Lazy_exact_nt.h>

From ee58c89f7a078d7ae8124ff2f0aeef1d16d71c73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2021 12:38:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 044/171] Add a note about why MP_Float is not tested

---
 Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
index 22958e4ee67..32e7fb13573 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ int main()
   TESTIT(long double, "long double")
 
   // CGAL number types
-  //TESTIT(CGAL::MP_Float, "MP_Float")
+  //TESTIT(CGAL::MP_Float, "MP_Float") // CGAL::div(MP_Float, MP_Float) does not implement _integer_ division
   TESTIT(CGAL::Quotient<int>, "Quotient<int>")
   TESTIT(QMPF, "Quotient<MP_Float>")
   TESTIT(CGAL::Lazy_exact_nt<QMPF>, "Lazy_exact_nt<Quotient<MP_Float> >")

From 76719b903f384dbdc92e546cf3ae06e2f9dd2443 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2021 12:06:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 045/171] Introduce the macro CGAL_NO_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR

---
 Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp | 3 +++
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h                              | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp
index f93026b3d11..65ec3326031 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp
+++ b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // 3D intersection tests.
 
+// We want to check that no division is performed for interface macro Do_intersect_3_RT
+#define CGAL_NO_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
+
 #include <CGAL/Simple_cartesian.h>
 #include <CGAL/Homogeneous.h>
 #include <CGAL/MP_Float.h>
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
index f850010b90b..163da7fa066 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 //
 // Author(s)        :  Marc Glisse
 
-//#define CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR 1
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
+#define CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR 1
+#endif
 
 #ifndef CGAL_MPZF_H
 #define CGAL_MPZF_H

From a192a45f5beb0ea036803e1c2d83b9636784b7d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2021 12:09:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 046/171] Fix warning: using the result of an assignment as a
 condition without parentheses [-Wparentheses]

---
 .../CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h   | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index ad5f32f6a5c..7371b641b37 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -1689,9 +1689,9 @@ do_intersect(const Plane_3<R> &plane1, const Plane_3<R> &plane2,
 
   int pcount = 0;
   bool b12, b13,b23;
-  if(b12 = parallel(plane1,plane2)) pcount++;
-  if(b13 = parallel(plane1,plane3)) pcount++;
-  if(b23 = parallel(plane2,plane3)) pcount++;
+  if((b12 = parallel(plane1,plane2))) pcount++;
+  if((b13 = parallel(plane1,plane3))) pcount++;
+  if((b23 = parallel(plane2,plane3))) pcount++;
 
   if(pcount == 3){
     return (( (plane1 == plane2) || (plane1 == plane2.opposite())) && ( (plane1 == plane3) || (plane1 == plane3.opposite())));

From 17b254639059bd247700d7c8c7e9fce3ff72dc42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Laurent Rineau <laurent.rineau@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2021 14:25:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 047/171] Use Same_uncertainty_nt

---
 Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
index 298f2708e23..f54670de191 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ NT approximate_sqrt(const NT& nt)
 }
 
 template <class NT>
-Comparison_result
+typename Same_uncertainty_nt<Comparison_result, NT>::type
 compare_quotients(const NT& xnum, const NT& xden,
                   const NT& ynum, const NT& yden)
 {

From 23a0cf6321629059fa62139f0623984bfa6b6f5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Laurent Rineau <laurent.rineau@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2021 14:42:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 048/171] Add a #include

---
 Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
index f54670de191..3bf8e906fc0 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/number_type_config.h>
 #include <CGAL/Algebraic_structure_traits.h>
 #include <CGAL/Real_embeddable_traits.h>
+#include <CGAL/Kernel/Same_uncertainty.h>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 CGAL_NTS_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

From c2a71f23d7cc6a6c91b9ba36e0138ecd731a1048 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Apr 2021 16:08:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 049/171] Nef_3: Improve K3_tree

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h | 100 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index b551b5c1625..db4157c0702 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Nef_3/quotient_coordinates_to_homogeneous_point.h>
 #include <CGAL/Lazy_kernel.h>
 #include <CGAL/Cartesian.h>
+#include <CGAL/Compact_container.h>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_NEF3_TRIANGULATE_FACETS
 #include <CGAL/Constrained_triangulation_2.h>
@@ -288,10 +289,12 @@ typedef Smaller_than<
   Vertex_handle,
   int> Smaller_;
 
-class Node {
+  class Node : public Compact_container_base {
   friend class K3_tree<Traits>;
 public:
-  Node( Node* p, Node* l, Node* r, Plane_3 pl, const Object_list& O) :
+    typedef typename Compact_container<Node>::iterator Node_handle;
+
+  Node( Node_handle p, Node_handle l, Node_handle r, Plane_3 pl, const Object_list& O) :
     parent_node(p), left_node(l), right_node(r), splitting_plane(pl),
         object_list(O) {
     if(l == 0)
@@ -304,9 +307,9 @@ public:
                     (left_node == 0 && right_node == 0));
     return (left_node == 0 && right_node == 0);
   }
-  const Node* parent() const { return parent_node; }
-  const Node* left() const { return left_node; }
-  const Node* right() const { return right_node; }
+  const Node_handle parent() const { return parent_node; }
+  const Node_handle left() const { return left_node; }
+  const Node_handle right() const { return right_node; }
   const Plane_3& plane() const { return splitting_plane; }
   const Object_list& objects() const { return object_list; }
 
@@ -425,7 +428,7 @@ public:
 
 
 friend std::ostream& operator<<
-  (std::ostream& os, const Node* node) {
+  (std::ostream& os, const Node_handle node) {
   CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
   if( node->is_leaf())
     os <<  node->objects().size();
@@ -441,7 +444,7 @@ friend std::ostream& operator<<
   return os;
 }
 
-
+    /*
 ~Node() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
 {
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("~Node: deleting node...");
@@ -452,16 +455,22 @@ friend std::ostream& operator<<
     }
   );
 }
-
+    */
 private:
-  Node* parent_node;
-  Node* left_node;
-  Node* right_node;
+
+
+
+  Node_handle parent_node;
+  Node_handle left_node;
+  Node_handle right_node;
   Plane_3 splitting_plane;
   Point_3 point_on_plane;
   Object_list object_list;
 };
 
+  typedef Compact_container<Node> Node_range;
+  typedef typename Node_range::iterator Node_iterator;
+  typedef Node_iterator Node_handle;
 
 
 public:
@@ -471,7 +480,7 @@ public:
     class Iterator;
   protected:
     Traits traits;
-    Node *root_node;
+    Node_handle root_node;
     Segment_3 segment;
     bool initialized;
   public:
@@ -498,16 +507,16 @@ public:
     {
       friend class K3_tree;
       typedef Iterator Self;
-      typedef std::pair< const Node*, Segment_3> Candidate;
+      typedef std::pair< const Node_handle, Segment_3> Candidate;
     protected:
       std::list<Candidate> S;
-      const Node* node;
+      Node_handle node;
       Traits traits;
       CGAL_assertion_code( Segment_3 prev_segment;)
       CGAL_assertion_code( bool first_segment;)
     public:
-      Iterator() : node(0) {}
-      Iterator( const Node* root, const Segment_3& s) {
+      Iterator() : node() {}
+      Iterator( const Node_handle root, const Segment_3& s) {
         CGAL_assertion_code( first_segment = true);
         S.push_front( Candidate( root, s));
         ++(*this); // place the interator in the first intersected cell
@@ -520,10 +529,10 @@ public:
       Self& operator++() {
 
 if( S.empty())
-  node = 0; // end of the iterator
+  node = Node_handle(); // end of the iterator
 else {
   while( !S.empty()) {
-    const Node* n = S.front().first;
+    Node_handle n = S.front().first;
     Segment_3 s = S.front().second;
     S.pop_front();
     if( n->is_leaf()) {
@@ -575,13 +584,13 @@ else {
         return !(*this == i);
       }
     private:
-      const Node* get_node() const {
+      const Node_handle get_node() const {
         CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
         return node;
       }
 
 inline
-const Node* get_child_by_side( const Node* node, Oriented_side side) {
+const Node_handle get_child_by_side( const Node_handle node, Oriented_side side) {
   CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
   CGAL_assertion( side != ON_ORIENTED_BOUNDARY);
   if( side == ON_NEGATIVE_SIDE) {
@@ -651,7 +660,7 @@ class Objects_around_box {
  public:
   class Iterator;
  protected:
-  Node *root_node;
+  Node_handle root_node;
   Bounding_box_3 box;
   bool initialized;
 
@@ -680,16 +689,16 @@ class Objects_around_box {
 
     friend class K3_tree;
     typedef Iterator Self;
-    typedef std::pair< const Node*, Bounding_box_3> Candidate;
+    typedef std::pair< const Node_handle, Bounding_box_3> Candidate;
 
   protected:
     std::list<Candidate> S;
-    const Node* node;
+    const Node_handle node;
 
   public:
     Iterator() : node(0) {}
 
-    Iterator( const Node* root, const Bounding_box_3& s) {
+    Iterator( const Node_handle root, const Bounding_box_3& s) {
       S.push_front( Candidate( root, s));
       ++(*this); // place the interator in the first intersected cell
     }
@@ -707,7 +716,7 @@ class Objects_around_box {
         node = 0; // end of the iterator
       else {
         while( !S.empty()) {
-          const Node* n = S.front().first;
+          const Node_handle n = S.front().first;
           Bounding_box_3 b = S.front().second;
           S.pop_front();
           if( n->is_leaf()) {
@@ -742,13 +751,13 @@ class Objects_around_box {
     }
 
   private:
-    const Node* get_node() const {
+    const Node_handle get_node() const {
       CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
       return node;
     }
 
     inline
-    const Node* get_child_by_side( const Node* node, Oriented_side side) {
+    const Node_handle get_child_by_side( const Node_handle node, Oriented_side side) {
       CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
       CGAL_assertion( side != ON_ORIENTED_BOUNDARY);
       if( side == ON_NEGATIVE_SIDE) {
@@ -765,7 +774,11 @@ private:
   bool reference_counted;
 #endif
   Traits traits;
-  Node* root;
+
+
+  Node_handle root;
+  Compact_container<Node> nodes;
+
   int max_depth;
   Bounding_box_3 bounding_box;
 public:
@@ -951,8 +964,8 @@ typename Object_list::difference_type n_vertices = std::distance(objects.begin()
   public:
     BBox_updater() {}
 
-    void pre_visit(const Node*) {}
-    void post_visit(const Node* n) {
+    void pre_visit(const Node_handle) {}
+    void post_visit(const Node_handle n) {
       typename Object_list::const_iterator o;
       for( o = n->objects().begin();
            o != n->objects().end(); ++o) {
@@ -969,7 +982,7 @@ typename Object_list::difference_type n_vertices = std::distance(objects.begin()
   };
 
   template <typename Visitor>
-  void visit_k3tree(const Node* current, Visitor& V) const {
+  void visit_k3tree(const Node_handle current, Visitor& V) const {
     V.pre_visit(current);
     if(current->left() != 0) {
       visit_k3tree(current->left(), V);
@@ -996,7 +1009,7 @@ typename Object_list::difference_type n_vertices = std::distance(objects.begin()
 template <typename T>
 friend std::ostream& operator<<
 (std::ostream& os, const K3_tree<T>& k3_tree) {
-  os << (const Node*)k3_tree.root; // no default conversion to const Node*?
+  os << (const Node_handle)k3_tree.root; // no default conversion to const Node_handle?
   return os;
 }
 #endif
@@ -1060,7 +1073,7 @@ bool update( Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, bool>& V,
   return update( root, V, E, F);
 }
 
-bool update( Node* node,
+bool update( Node_handle node,
              Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, bool>& V,
              Unique_hash_map<Halfedge_handle, bool>& E,
              Unique_hash_map<Halffacet_handle, bool>& F) {
@@ -1105,7 +1118,7 @@ bool update( Node* node,
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("k3_tree::update(): right node updated? "<<right_updated);
   return (left_updated || right_updated);
 }
-
+  /*
 ~K3_tree() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
 {
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("~K3_tree: deleting root...");
@@ -1113,18 +1126,19 @@ bool update( Node* node,
     delete root;
   );
 }
+  */
 
 private:
 
 template <typename Depth>
-Node* build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
-                   Depth depth, Node* parent=0, int non_efective_splits=0) {
+Node_handle build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
+                   Depth depth, Node_handle parent=0, int non_efective_splits=0) {
   CGAL_precondition( depth >= 0);
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN( "build_kdtree: "<<O.size()<<" objects, "<<"depth "<<depth);
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN( "build_kdtree: "<<dump_object_list(O,1));
   if( !can_set_be_divided(O.begin(), v_end, depth)) {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("build_kdtree: set cannot be divided");
-    return new Node( parent, 0, 0, Plane_3(), O);
+    return nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), Plane_3(), O));
   }
   Object_iterator median;
   Plane_3 partition_plane = construct_splitting_plane(O.begin(), v_end, median, depth);
@@ -1166,7 +1180,7 @@ Node* build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
   if( !splitted) {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("build_kdtree: splitting plane not found");
     //    if(depth > max_depth)
-    return new Node( parent, 0, 0, Plane_3(), O);
+    return nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), Plane_3(), O));
   } else {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("Sizes " << O1.size() << ", " << O2.size() << ", " << O.size());
     CGAL_assertion( O1.size() <= O.size() && O2.size() <= O.size());
@@ -1179,9 +1193,9 @@ Node* build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
     non_efective_splits = 0;
   if( non_efective_splits > 2) {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("build_kdtree: non efective splits reached maximum");
-    return new Node( parent, 0, 0, Plane_3(), O);
+    return nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), Plane_3(), O));
   }
-  Node *node = new Node( parent, 0, 0, partition_plane, Object_list());
+  Node_handle node = nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), partition_plane, Object_list()));
   node->left_node = build_kdtree( O1, O1.begin()+v_end1, depth + 1, node, non_efective_splits);
   node->right_node = build_kdtree( O2, O2.begin()+v_end2, depth + 1, node, non_efective_splits);
   return node;
@@ -1258,7 +1272,7 @@ Plane_3 construct_splitting_plane(Object_iterator start, Object_iterator end,
   return Plane_3();
 }
 
-const Node *locate_cell_containing( const Point_3& p, const Node* node) const {
+const Node_handle locate_cell_containing( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle node) const {
   CGAL_precondition( node != 0);
   if( node->is_leaf())
     return node;
@@ -1273,12 +1287,12 @@ const Node *locate_cell_containing( const Point_3& p, const Node* node) const {
   }
 }
 
-const Object_list& locate( const Point_3& p, const Node* node) const {
+const Object_list& locate( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle node) const {
   CGAL_precondition( node != 0);
   return locate_cell_containing( p, node)->objects();
 }
 
-bool is_point_on_cell( const Point_3& p, const Node* target, const Node* current) const {
+bool is_point_on_cell( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle target, const Node_handle current) const {
   CGAL_precondition( target != 0 && current != 0);
   if( current->is_leaf())
     return (current == target);

From 3a26ede3a0480e15ecc7091c581c3e125703261e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Apr 2021 16:32:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 050/171] Simplify test to avoid issue with boost mp

Issue is fixed, see https://github.com/boostorg/multiprecision/pull/320
---
 Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
index dff2b016e08..f82e59f3604 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ test_utilities(const NT& x)
 
   // approximate_sqrt
   std::cout << "  approximate_sqrt()" << std::endl;
-  if(CGAL::approximate_sqrt(zero + one) != one) return false;
+  if(CGAL::approximate_sqrt(one) != one) return false;
 
   return true;
 }

From 0246431abdb3663bcac31d1bb5adb2a594377dc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2021 09:08:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 051/171] Replace Compact_container with
 boost::container::deque

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h | 31 ++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index db4157c0702..3aedabef03a 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Nef_3/quotient_coordinates_to_homogeneous_point.h>
 #include <CGAL/Lazy_kernel.h>
 #include <CGAL/Cartesian.h>
-#include <CGAL/Compact_container.h>
+#include <boost/container/deque.hpp>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_NEF3_TRIANGULATE_FACETS
 #include <CGAL/Constrained_triangulation_2.h>
@@ -289,10 +289,10 @@ typedef Smaller_than<
   Vertex_handle,
   int> Smaller_;
 
-  class Node : public Compact_container_base {
+  class Node  {
   friend class K3_tree<Traits>;
 public:
-    typedef typename Compact_container<Node>::iterator Node_handle;
+    typedef Node* Node_handle;
 
   Node( Node_handle p, Node_handle l, Node_handle r, Plane_3 pl, const Object_list& O) :
     parent_node(p), left_node(l), right_node(r), splitting_plane(pl),
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ public:
     return (left_node == 0 && right_node == 0);
   }
   const Node_handle parent() const { return parent_node; }
-  const Node_handle left() const { return left_node; }
+    const Node_handle left() const { return left_node; }
   const Node_handle right() const { return right_node; }
   const Plane_3& plane() const { return splitting_plane; }
   const Object_list& objects() const { return object_list; }
@@ -468,9 +468,8 @@ private:
   Object_list object_list;
 };
 
-  typedef Compact_container<Node> Node_range;
-  typedef typename Node_range::iterator Node_iterator;
-  typedef Node_iterator Node_handle;
+  typedef boost::container::deque<Node> Node_range;
+  typedef Node* Node_handle;
 
 
 public:
@@ -529,7 +528,7 @@ public:
       Self& operator++() {
 
 if( S.empty())
-  node = Node_handle(); // end of the iterator
+  node = nullptr; // end of the iterator
 else {
   while( !S.empty()) {
     Node_handle n = S.front().first;
@@ -777,7 +776,7 @@ private:
 
 
   Node_handle root;
-  Compact_container<Node> nodes;
+  boost::container::deque<Node> nodes;
 
   int max_depth;
   Bounding_box_3 bounding_box;
@@ -996,7 +995,7 @@ typename Object_list::difference_type n_vertices = std::distance(objects.begin()
 
   void transform(const Aff_transformation_3& t) {
     // TODO: Bounding box must be updated/transformed, too
-    if(root != 0)
+    if(root != nullptr)
       root->transform(t);
 
     BBox_updater bbup;
@@ -1138,7 +1137,8 @@ Node_handle build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN( "build_kdtree: "<<dump_object_list(O,1));
   if( !can_set_be_divided(O.begin(), v_end, depth)) {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("build_kdtree: set cannot be divided");
-    return nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), Plane_3(), O));
+    nodes.push_back(Node( parent, nullptr, nullptr, Plane_3(), O));
+    return &(nodes.back());
   }
   Object_iterator median;
   Plane_3 partition_plane = construct_splitting_plane(O.begin(), v_end, median, depth);
@@ -1180,7 +1180,8 @@ Node_handle build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
   if( !splitted) {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("build_kdtree: splitting plane not found");
     //    if(depth > max_depth)
-    return nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), Plane_3(), O));
+    nodes.push_back(Node( parent, nullptr, nullptr, Plane_3(), O));
+    return &(nodes.back());
   } else {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("Sizes " << O1.size() << ", " << O2.size() << ", " << O.size());
     CGAL_assertion( O1.size() <= O.size() && O2.size() <= O.size());
@@ -1193,9 +1194,11 @@ Node_handle build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
     non_efective_splits = 0;
   if( non_efective_splits > 2) {
     CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("build_kdtree: non efective splits reached maximum");
-    return nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), Plane_3(), O));
+    nodes.push_back(Node( parent, nullptr, nullptr, Plane_3(), O));
+    return &(nodes.back());
   }
-  Node_handle node = nodes.insert(Node( parent, Node_handle(), Node_handle(), partition_plane, Object_list()));
+  nodes.push_back(Node( parent, nullptr, nullptr, partition_plane, Object_list()));
+  Node_handle node = &(nodes.back());
   node->left_node = build_kdtree( O1, O1.begin()+v_end1, depth + 1, node, non_efective_splits);
   node->right_node = build_kdtree( O2, O2.begin()+v_end2, depth + 1, node, non_efective_splits);
   return node;

From b5e76c420320bb05794887c95a88ec95951650d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2021 09:13:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 052/171] Use nullptr

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h | 46 +++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index 3aedabef03a..1ec9d024564 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -297,15 +297,15 @@ public:
   Node( Node_handle p, Node_handle l, Node_handle r, Plane_3 pl, const Object_list& O) :
     parent_node(p), left_node(l), right_node(r), splitting_plane(pl),
         object_list(O) {
-    if(l == 0)
+    if(l == nullptr)
       point_on_plane = Point_3();
     else
       point_on_plane = pl.point();
   }
   bool is_leaf() const {
-    CGAL_assertion( (left_node != 0 && right_node != 0) ||
-                    (left_node == 0 && right_node == 0));
-    return (left_node == 0 && right_node == 0);
+    CGAL_assertion( (left_node != nullptr && right_node != nullptr) ||
+                    (left_node == nullptr && right_node == nullptr));
+    return (left_node == nullptr && right_node == nullptr);
   }
   const Node_handle parent() const { return parent_node; }
     const Node_handle left() const { return left_node; }
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@ public:
   const Object_list& objects() const { return object_list; }
 
   void transform(const Aff_transformation_3& t) {
-    if(left_node != 0) {
-        CGAL_assertion(right_node != 0);
+    if(left_node != nullptr) {
+        CGAL_assertion(right_node != nullptr);
         left_node->transform(t);
          right_node->transform(t);
           splitting_plane = splitting_plane.transform(t);
@@ -335,9 +335,9 @@ public:
   std::size_t bytes() {
     // bytes used for the Kd-tree
     std::size_t s = sizeof(Node);
-    if(left_node != 0)
+    if(left_node != nullptr)
       s += left_node->bytes();
-    if(right_node != 0)
+    if(right_node != nullptr)
       s += right_node->bytes();
     typename Object_list::iterator o;
     for(o = object_list.begin(); o != object_list.end(); ++o)
@@ -374,16 +374,16 @@ public:
       }
     }
 
-    if(left_node != 0)
+    if(left_node != nullptr)
       s += left_node->leafs(mask, lower_limit);
-    if(right_node != 0)
+    if(right_node != nullptr)
       s += right_node->leafs(mask, lower_limit);
     return s;
   }
 
   template<typename Depth>
   void add_facet(Halffacet_handle f, Depth depth) {
-    if(left_node == 0) {
+    if(left_node == nullptr) {
       object_list.push_back(make_object(f));
       return;
     }
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ public:
 
   template<typename Depth>
   void add_edge(Halfedge_handle e, Depth depth) {
-    if(left_node == 0) {
+    if(left_node == nullptr) {
       object_list.push_back(make_object(e));
       return;
     }
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ public:
 
   template<typename Depth>
   void add_vertex(Vertex_handle v, Depth depth) {
-    if(left_node == 0) {
+    if(left_node == nullptr) {
       object_list.push_back(make_object(v));
       return;
     }
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ public:
 
 friend std::ostream& operator<<
   (std::ostream& os, const Node_handle node) {
-  CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
+  CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
   if( node->is_leaf())
     os <<  node->objects().size();
   else {
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ public:
       }
       Iterator( const Self& i) : S(i.S), node(i.node) {}
       const Object_list& operator*() const {
-        CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
+        CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
         return node->objects();
       }
       Self& operator++() {
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ else {
       }
     private:
       const Node_handle get_node() const {
-        CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
+        CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
         return node;
       }
 
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ class Objects_around_box {
     Iterator( const Self& i) : S(i.S), node(i.node) {}
 
     const Object_list& operator*() const {
-      CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
+      CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
       return node->objects();
     }
 
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ class Objects_around_box {
 
   private:
     const Node_handle get_node() const {
-      CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
+      CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
       return node;
     }
 
@@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ typename Object_list::difference_type n_vertices = std::distance(objects.begin()
   template <typename Visitor>
   void visit_k3tree(const Node_handle current, Visitor& V) const {
     V.pre_visit(current);
-    if(current->left() != 0) {
+    if(current->left() != nullptr) {
       visit_k3tree(current->left(), V);
       visit_k3tree(current->right(), V);
     }
@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ bool update( Node_handle node,
              Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, bool>& V,
              Unique_hash_map<Halfedge_handle, bool>& E,
              Unique_hash_map<Halffacet_handle, bool>& F) {
-  CGAL_assertion( node != 0);
+  CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
   if( node->is_leaf()) {
     bool updated = false;
     Object_list* O = &node->object_list;
@@ -1276,7 +1276,7 @@ Plane_3 construct_splitting_plane(Object_iterator start, Object_iterator end,
 }
 
 const Node_handle locate_cell_containing( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle node) const {
-  CGAL_precondition( node != 0);
+  CGAL_precondition( node != nullptr);
   if( node->is_leaf())
     return node;
   else {
@@ -1291,12 +1291,12 @@ const Node_handle locate_cell_containing( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle no
 }
 
 const Object_list& locate( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle node) const {
-  CGAL_precondition( node != 0);
+  CGAL_precondition( node != nullptr);
   return locate_cell_containing( p, node)->objects();
 }
 
 bool is_point_on_cell( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle target, const Node_handle current) const {
-  CGAL_precondition( target != 0 && current != 0);
+  CGAL_precondition( target != nullptr && current != nullptr);
   if( current->is_leaf())
     return (current == target);
   Oriented_side side = current->plane().oriented_side(p);

From 46a905ad7517fdf92b417beb6981f2d9ebe5abc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2021 09:21:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 053/171] Use nullptr

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index 1ec9d024564..ee3fdce44c4 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ class Objects_around_box {
     const Node_handle node;
 
   public:
-    Iterator() : node(0) {}
+    Iterator() : node(nullptr) {}
 
     Iterator( const Node_handle root, const Bounding_box_3& s) {
       S.push_front( Candidate( root, s));
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ class Objects_around_box {
     Self& operator++() {
 
       if(S.empty())
-        node = 0; // end of the iterator
+        node = nullptr; // end of the iterator
       else {
         while( !S.empty()) {
           const Node_handle n = S.front().first;
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ private:
 
 template <typename Depth>
 Node_handle build_kdtree(Object_list& O, Object_iterator v_end,
-                   Depth depth, Node_handle parent=0, int non_efective_splits=0) {
+                   Depth depth, Node_handle parent=nullptr, int non_efective_splits=0) {
   CGAL_precondition( depth >= 0);
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN( "build_kdtree: "<<O.size()<<" objects, "<<"depth "<<depth);
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN( "build_kdtree: "<<dump_object_list(O,1));

From ac9b5b2fbdb29f0cf925bef7156cbc69819bd802 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 19:38:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 054/171] Add Aff_transformation_3::is_translation() which
 checks the rep

---
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h |  3 +++
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h     |  7 +++++++
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h        |  6 ++++++
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h    |  5 +++++
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h       | 15 +++++++++++++++
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_3.h             |  8 ++++++--
 6 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
index 7a04f837092..dce2d467b1e 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -161,6 +161,9 @@ public:
   bool is_even() const { return this->Ptr()->is_even(); }
   bool is_odd() const { return  ! (this->Ptr()->is_even()); }
 
+  bool is_translation() const { return this->Ptr()->is_translation(); }
+
+
   FT cartesian(int i, int j) const { return this->Ptr()->cartesian(i,j); }
   FT homogeneous(int i, int j) const { return cartesian(i,j); }
   FT m(int i, int j) const { return cartesian(i,j); }
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
index 406cb7accca..2af5a97cedd 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ public:
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 inverse() const = 0;
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 transpose() const = 0;
   virtual bool                 is_even() const = 0;
+  virtual bool                 is_translation() const = 0;
   virtual FT                   cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
   virtual std::ostream         &print(std::ostream &os) const = 0;
 };
@@ -144,6 +145,12 @@ public:
                                   t31, t32, t33) == POSITIVE;
   }
 
+
+  virtual bool is_translation() const
+  {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     switch (i)
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
index 061f1806a9e..d90928efddb 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
@@ -121,6 +121,12 @@ public:
     return true;
   }
 
+  virtual bool is_translation() const
+  {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     if (i!=j) return FT(0);
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
index 6377c1a3d8a..9f0d718a64e 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
@@ -125,6 +125,11 @@ public:
     return true;
   }
 
+  virtual bool is_translation() const
+  {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     if (j==i) return FT(1);
diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index b67c4f024a3..1ee88421490 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ public:
 
   virtual  FT
            cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
+
+  virtual  bool
+           is_translation() const = 0;
 };
 
 template < class R_ >
@@ -212,6 +215,12 @@ public:
            is_even() const
            { return true; }
 
+  virtual  bool
+           is_translation() const
+           {
+             return false;
+           }
+
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const
            { return (i==j) ? RT(1) : RT(0); }
@@ -693,6 +702,12 @@ bool
 Translation_repH3<R>::is_even() const
 { return true; }
 
+template < class R >
+inline
+bool
+Translation_repH3<R>::is_translation() const
+{ return true; }
+
 template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_LARGE_INLINE
 typename Translation_repH3<R>::RT
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_3.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_3.h
index 8a2e1e16520..c1a0791152f 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_3.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_3.h
@@ -1710,6 +1710,8 @@ protected:
     bool ninety = is_90degree_rotation(aff);
     bool scale = is_scaling(aff);
 
+    bool translate = aff.is_translation();
+
     Vertex_iterator vi;
     CGAL_forall_vertices( vi, snc()) {
 
@@ -1726,8 +1728,10 @@ protected:
         vertex_list.push_back(vi);
       } else {
         vi->point() = vi->point().transform( aff);
-        SM_decorator sdeco(&*vi);
-        sdeco.transform( linear);
+        if(! translate){
+          SM_decorator sdeco(&*vi);
+          sdeco.transform( linear);
+        }
       }
     }
 

From 56a3a35a7d45c07efacc63111305007ea302ce58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 20:05:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 055/171] Fix Homogeneous

---
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h        | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index 1ee88421490..fb06bfd0d1c 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -139,6 +139,9 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_even() const;
 
+  virtual  bool
+           is_translation() const;
+
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const ;
 
@@ -273,6 +276,9 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_even() const;
 
+  virtual  bool
+           is_translation() const;
+
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const ;
 
@@ -548,6 +554,14 @@ Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_even() const
                                               t20, t21, t22 ) ) == POSITIVE );
 }
 
+template < class R >
+CGAL_KERNEL_INLINE
+bool
+Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_translation() const
+  return false;
+}
+
+
 template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_LARGE_INLINE
 typename Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::RT

From a841ee4d1aa7b09fcfc23a0b6f072b2e9d9ebce1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 20:10:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 056/171] Fix Homogeneous

---
 .../include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h              | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index fb06bfd0d1c..42b76bbed7b 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -558,6 +558,7 @@ template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_INLINE
 bool
 Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_translation() const
+{
   return false;
 }
 

From 01cc9ec65351480472cb5e8fe6ba59fafc19451c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Apr 2021 13:14:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 057/171] Scaling a plane means scaling Plane_3::d()

---
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h  |  4 ++++
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h      | 14 ++++++++++++++
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h         | 11 +++++++++++
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h     |  9 +++++++++
 4 files changed, 38 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
index dce2d467b1e..db82d2b78fa 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ public:
   Plane_3
   transform(const Plane_3& p) const
   {
+    if(is_scaling()){
+      return this->Ptr()->transform(p);
+    }
     if (is_even())
       return Plane_3(transform(p.point()),
                  transpose().inverse().transform(p.orthogonal_direction()));
@@ -162,6 +165,7 @@ public:
   bool is_odd() const { return  ! (this->Ptr()->is_even()); }
 
   bool is_translation() const { return this->Ptr()->is_translation(); }
+  bool is_scaling() const { return this->Ptr()->is_scaling(); }
 
 
   FT cartesian(int i, int j) const { return this->Ptr()->cartesian(i,j); }
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
index 2af5a97cedd..1d326dfa092 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ public:
   typedef typename R::Point_3              Point_3;
   typedef typename R::Vector_3             Vector_3;
   typedef typename R::Direction_3          Direction_3;
+  typedef typename R::Plane_3              Plane_3;
   typedef typename R::Aff_transformation_3 Aff_transformation_3;
 
   virtual ~Aff_transformation_rep_baseC3(){}
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ public:
   virtual Point_3     transform(const Point_3 &p) const = 0;
   virtual Vector_3    transform(const Vector_3 &v) const = 0;
   virtual Direction_3 transform(const Direction_3 &d) const = 0;
+  virtual Plane_3     transform(const Plane_3& p) const = 0;
 
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 operator*(
                        const Aff_transformation_rep_baseC3 &t) const = 0;
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ public:
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 transpose() const = 0;
   virtual bool                 is_even() const = 0;
   virtual bool                 is_translation() const = 0;
+  virtual bool                 is_scaling() const = 0;
   virtual FT                   cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
   virtual std::ostream         &print(std::ostream &os) const = 0;
 };
@@ -128,6 +131,12 @@ public:
                        t31 * v.x() + t32 * v.y() + t33 * v.z());
   }
 
+  virtual Plane_3 transform(const Plane_3& p) const
+  {
+      return p; // fix or never call
+  }
+
+
   // Note that Aff_transformation is not defined yet,
   // so the following 6 functions have to be implemented
   // outside class body
@@ -151,6 +160,11 @@ public:
     return false;
   }
 
+  virtual bool is_scaling() const
+  {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     switch (i)
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
index d90928efddb..402f1fedb25 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ public:
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Point_3       Point_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Vector_3      Vector_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Direction_3   Direction_3;
+  typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Plane_3       Plane_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Aff_transformation_3
                                                         Aff_transformation_3;
 
@@ -59,6 +60,12 @@ public:
     return d;
   }
 
+  virtual Plane_3  transform(const Plane_3 &p) const
+  {
+    // direction ( which is (p.a(), p.b(), p.c())) does not change
+    return Plane_3(p.a(),p.b(),p.c(), p.d()*scalefactor_);
+  }
+
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 operator*(const Transformation_base_3 &t) const
   {
     return t.compose(*this);
@@ -126,6 +133,10 @@ public:
     return false;
   }
 
+  virtual bool is_scaling() const
+  {
+    return true;
+  }
 
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
index 9f0d718a64e..99c1838356a 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ public:
     return d;
   }
 
+  virtual Plane_3 transform(const Plane_3 &d) const
+  {
+    return d;  // fix or never call it
+  }
+
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 operator*(const Transformation_base_3 &t) const
   {
     return t.compose(*this);
@@ -130,6 +135,10 @@ public:
     return true;
   }
 
+  virtual bool is_scaling() const
+  {
+    return false;
+  }
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     if (j==i) return FT(1);

From 91ea4909c2908b249392f8cf9745b95ed31a1a74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Apr 2021 13:36:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 058/171] Fixes

---
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h     |  1 +
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h    |  1 +
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h       | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
index 1d326dfa092..98a69b3a568 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ public:
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Point_3       Point_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Vector_3      Vector_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Direction_3   Direction_3;
+  typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Plane_3       Plane_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::
                                    Aff_transformation_3 Aff_transformation_3;
 
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
index 99c1838356a..eb897160252 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ public:
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Point_3       Point_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Vector_3      Vector_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Direction_3   Direction_3;
+  typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Plane_3       Plane_3;
   typedef typename Transformation_base_3::Aff_transformation_3
                                                         Aff_transformation_3;
 
diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index 42b76bbed7b..3e6f57ec140 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ public:
 
   virtual  bool
            is_translation() const = 0;
+
+  virtual  bool
+           is_scaling() const = 0;
 };
 
 template < class R_ >
@@ -142,6 +145,9 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_translation() const;
 
+  virtual  bool
+           is_scaling() const;
+
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const ;
 
@@ -224,6 +230,12 @@ public:
              return false;
            }
 
+  virtual  bool
+           is_scaling() const
+           {
+             return false;
+           }
+
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const
            { return (i==j) ? RT(1) : RT(0); }
@@ -279,6 +291,9 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_translation() const;
 
+  virtual  bool
+           is_scaling() const;
+
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const ;
 

From 153413e8d59907ee9dde79bb13cc0fd23338e103 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Apr 2021 13:58:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 059/171] Add code for translation of Plane_3 and move generic
 code down to the rep

---
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h    | 12 +-----------
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h        |  7 ++++++-
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h       |  8 ++++++--
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
index db82d2b78fa..d696e1917a3 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -143,17 +143,7 @@ public:
 
   Plane_3
   transform(const Plane_3& p) const
-  {
-    if(is_scaling()){
-      return this->Ptr()->transform(p);
-    }
-    if (is_even())
-      return Plane_3(transform(p.point()),
-                 transpose().inverse().transform(p.orthogonal_direction()));
-    else
-      return Plane_3(transform(p.point()),
-               - transpose().inverse().transform(p.orthogonal_direction()));
-  }
+  { return this->Ptr()->transform(p); }
 
   Plane_3
   operator()(const Plane_3& p) const
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
index 98a69b3a568..813a452f026 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
@@ -134,7 +134,12 @@ public:
 
   virtual Plane_3 transform(const Plane_3& p) const
   {
-      return p; // fix or never call
+      if (is_even())
+      return Plane_3(transform(p.point()),
+                 transpose().inverse().transform(p.orthogonal_direction()));
+    else
+      return Plane_3(transform(p.point()),
+               - transpose().inverse().transform(p.orthogonal_direction()));
   }
 
 
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
index eb897160252..488dc17f4e4 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
@@ -57,9 +57,13 @@ public:
     return d;
   }
 
-  virtual Plane_3 transform(const Plane_3 &d) const
+  virtual Plane_3 transform(const Plane_3 &p) const
   {
-    return d;  // fix or never call it
+    // direction ( which is (p.a(), p.b(), p.c())) does not change
+    return Plane_3(p.a(),
+                   p.b(),
+                   p.c(),
+                   p.d()  - ( p.a()*translationvector_.x() + p.b()*translationvector_.y() + p.c()*translationvector_.z()));
   }
 
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 operator*(const Transformation_base_3 &t) const

From f7f781c2d27850c93582721b2c27c3cfc2bf133d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Simon Giraudot <simon.giraudot@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Apr 2021 12:44:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 060/171] Fix warning by explicitly casting to/from property
 map value type

---
 .../include/CGAL/cluster_point_set.h                | 13 +++++++------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/cluster_point_set.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/cluster_point_set.h
index 3266398c3ef..1b44dcf97d5 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/cluster_point_set.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/cluster_point_set.h
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ std::size_t cluster_point_set (PointRange& points,
   // basic geometric types
   typedef typename PointRange::iterator iterator;
   typedef typename iterator::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename boost::property_traits<ClusterMap>::value_type Cluster_index_t;
   typedef typename CGAL::GetPointMap<PointRange, NamedParameters>::type PointMap;
   typedef typename Point_set_processing_3::GetK<PointRange, NamedParameters>::Kernel Kernel;
   typedef typename Point_set_processing_3::GetAdjacencies<PointRange, NamedParameters>::type Adjacencies;
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ std::size_t cluster_point_set (PointRange& points,
 
   // Init cluster map with -1
   for (const value_type& p : points)
-    put (cluster_map, p, -1);
+    put (cluster_map, p, Cluster_index_t(-1));
 
   Neighbor_query neighbor_query (points, point_map);
 
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ std::size_t cluster_point_set (PointRange& points,
   {
     const value_type& p = *it;
 
-    if (int(get (cluster_map, p)) != -1)
+    if (get (cluster_map, p) != Cluster_index_t(-1))
       continue;
 
     todo.push (it);
@@ -200,10 +201,10 @@ std::size_t cluster_point_set (PointRange& points,
       iterator current = todo.front();
       todo.pop();
 
-      if (int(get (cluster_map, *current)) != -1)
+      if (get (cluster_map, *current) != Cluster_index_t(-1))
         continue;
 
-      put (cluster_map, *current, nb_clusters);
+      put (cluster_map, *current, Cluster_index_t(nb_clusters));
       ++ done;
 
       if (callback && !callback (callback_factor * (done + 1) / double(size)))
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ std::size_t cluster_point_set (PointRange& points,
     done = 0;
     for (const value_type& p : points)
     {
-      std::size_t c0 = get (cluster_map, p);
+      std::size_t c0 = std::size_t(get (cluster_map, p));
 
       neighbors.clear();
       neighbor_query.get_iterators (get (point_map, p), 0, neighbor_radius,
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ std::size_t cluster_point_set (PointRange& points,
 
       for (const iterator& it : neighbors)
       {
-        std::size_t c1 = get (cluster_map, *it);
+        std::size_t c1 = std::size_t(get (cluster_map, *it));
         if (c0 < c1)
           adj.push_back (std::make_pair (c0, c1));
         else if (c0 > c1)

From 35fc3c7d2dc5927a40302a7c76e4bdda681b376d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 09:04:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 061/171] Add missing implementations for Homogeneous. Fix the
 test for Filtered_cartesian as it has become more exact now

---
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h   | 35 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h     |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index 3e6f57ec140..8db74b21d65 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_scaling() const
            {
-             return false;
+             return true;
            }
 
   virtual  RT
@@ -370,6 +370,12 @@ public:
   bool
   is_odd()    const;
 
+  bool
+  is_scaling()    const;
+
+  bool
+  is_translation()    const;
+
   FT
   cartesian(int i, int j) const
   { return this->Ptr()->cartesian(i,j); }
@@ -577,6 +583,14 @@ Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_translation() const
   return false;
 }
 
+template < class R >
+CGAL_KERNEL_INLINE
+bool
+Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_scaling() const
+{
+  return false;
+}
+
 
 template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_LARGE_INLINE
@@ -738,6 +752,12 @@ bool
 Translation_repH3<R>::is_translation() const
 { return true; }
 
+template < class R >
+inline
+bool
+Translation_repH3<R>::is_scaling() const
+{ return false; }
+
 template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_LARGE_INLINE
 typename Translation_repH3<R>::RT
@@ -935,6 +955,19 @@ bool
 Aff_transformationH3<R>::is_odd() const
 { return ( ! (this->Ptr()->is_even() )); }
 
+
+template < class R >
+inline
+bool
+Aff_transformationH3<R>::is_scaling() const
+{ return this->Ptr()->is_scaling(); }
+
+template < class R >
+inline
+bool
+Aff_transformationH3<R>::is_translation() const
+{ return this->Ptr()->is_translation(); }
+
 template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_INLINE
 Aff_transformationH3<R>
diff --git a/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h
index c10c07d1b1c..e4d53323454 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ _test_cls_aff_transformation_3(const R& )
  assert( vec.transform(translate) == vec.transform(gtrans) );
  assert( dir.transform(translate) == dir.transform(gtrans) );
  assert( pnt.transform(translate) == pnt.transform(gtrans) );
- assert( pla.transform(translate) == pla.transform(gtrans) );
+ assert( pla.transform(translate) == pla.transform(gtrans) || nonexact );
 
  // xrefl
  tdir = d0.transform(xrefl);

From c489b7ffa5c6a9b09740ec13fb7fc935f55f0d27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 15:59:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 062/171] Add missing Coercion_traits specialization for custom
 FT in PMP test

---
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp  | 14 +++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp
index dbcbce4db8a..70251cd00ed 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #include <CGAL/Surface_mesh.h>
 #include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
+
 #include <CGAL/Real_timer.h>
 #include <CGAL/IO/OFF_reader.h>
-
-
 #include <CGAL/boost/graph/property_maps.h>
-
+#include <CGAL/number_utils.h>
+#include <CGAL/Coercion_traits.h>
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <ostream>
@@ -194,6 +194,14 @@ struct Custom_traits_Hausdorff
 };
 
 namespace CGAL{
+
+CGAL_DEFINE_COERCION_TRAITS_FOR_SELF(Custom_traits_Hausdorff::FT)
+CGAL_DEFINE_COERCION_TRAITS_FROM_TO(short, Custom_traits_Hausdorff::FT)
+CGAL_DEFINE_COERCION_TRAITS_FROM_TO(int, Custom_traits_Hausdorff::FT)
+CGAL_DEFINE_COERCION_TRAITS_FROM_TO(long, Custom_traits_Hausdorff::FT)
+CGAL_DEFINE_COERCION_TRAITS_FROM_TO(float, Custom_traits_Hausdorff::FT)
+CGAL_DEFINE_COERCION_TRAITS_FROM_TO(double, Custom_traits_Hausdorff::FT)
+
 template<>struct Kernel_traits<Custom_traits_Hausdorff::Point_3>
 {
   typedef Custom_traits_Hausdorff Kernel;

From 2c1832bc25c31865b997d58da6a70301b3cbb75c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 09:27:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 063/171] Surface Mesh Topology: Try to fix warning

---
 .../include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h            | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h b/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h
index 40aab7abdd3..211c76a78ae 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h
@@ -249,6 +249,9 @@ namespace CGAL {
       {
         std::size_t index;
         scanner.scan_facet_vertex_index(index, j+1, i);
+        if(! in){
+          return false;
+        }
         B.add_vertex_to_facet(index);
       }
       B.end_facet();

From f0fea275afc675aa58930f4ae16b893d6b5541a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 15:03:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 064/171] default in the base class

---
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h   | 41 +------------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index 8db74b21d65..d28b56e0e5e 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ public:
            cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
 
   virtual  bool
-           is_translation() const = 0;
+           is_translation() const { return false; }
 
   virtual  bool
-           is_scaling() const = 0;
+           is_scaling() const { return false; }
 };
 
 template < class R_ >
@@ -142,12 +142,6 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_even() const;
 
-  virtual  bool
-           is_translation() const;
-
-  virtual  bool
-           is_scaling() const;
-
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const ;
 
@@ -224,12 +218,6 @@ public:
            is_even() const
            { return true; }
 
-  virtual  bool
-           is_translation() const
-           {
-             return false;
-           }
-
   virtual  bool
            is_scaling() const
            {
@@ -291,9 +279,6 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_translation() const;
 
-  virtual  bool
-           is_scaling() const;
-
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const ;
 
@@ -575,22 +560,6 @@ Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_even() const
                                               t20, t21, t22 ) ) == POSITIVE );
 }
 
-template < class R >
-CGAL_KERNEL_INLINE
-bool
-Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_translation() const
-{
-  return false;
-}
-
-template < class R >
-CGAL_KERNEL_INLINE
-bool
-Aff_transformation_repH3<R>::is_scaling() const
-{
-  return false;
-}
-
 
 template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_LARGE_INLINE
@@ -752,12 +721,6 @@ bool
 Translation_repH3<R>::is_translation() const
 { return true; }
 
-template < class R >
-inline
-bool
-Translation_repH3<R>::is_scaling() const
-{ return false; }
-
 template < class R >
 CGAL_KERNEL_LARGE_INLINE
 typename Translation_repH3<R>::RT

From 8a3d9ad124907a6142feee2e06b10e5a95cdc683 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 16:57:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 065/171] restrict the usage of the macro

everything is local now
---
 .../repair_self_intersections.h               | 79 ++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
index 18153362c22..fec1ae97801 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
@@ -437,15 +437,13 @@ void constrain_sharp_and_border_edges(const FaceRange& faces,
 
 // -*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
 
-template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits>
+template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits, typename PolyhedralEnvelope>
 bool remove_self_intersections_with_smoothing(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& face_range,
                                               TriangleMesh& tmesh,
                                               const bool constrain_sharp_edges,
                                               const double dihedral_angle,
                                               const double weak_DA,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                                              const Polyhedral_envelope<GeomTraits>& cc_envelope,
-#endif
+                                              const PolyhedralEnvelope& cc_envelope,
                                               VertexPointMap vpm,
                                               const GeomTraits& gt)
 {
@@ -498,7 +496,6 @@ bool remove_self_intersections_with_smoothing(std::set<typename boost::graph_tra
 #endif
     return false;
   }
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
   if (!cc_envelope.is_empty() && !cc_envelope(local_mesh))
   {
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
@@ -506,7 +503,6 @@ bool remove_self_intersections_with_smoothing(std::set<typename boost::graph_tra
 #endif
     return false;
   }
-#endif
 
   std::vector<std::vector<Point> > patch;
   for(const face_descriptor f : faces(local_mesh))
@@ -1042,14 +1038,12 @@ bool check_patch_sanity(const std::vector<std::vector<Point> >& patch)
 }
 
 // This function is only called when the hole is NOT subdivided into smaller holes
-template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits>
+template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits, typename PolyhedralEnvelope>
 bool fill_hole(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::halfedge_descriptor>& cc_border_hedges,
                std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& cc_faces,
                std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& working_face_range,
                TriangleMesh& tmesh,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-               const CGAL::Polyhedral_envelope<GeomTraits>& cc_envelope,
-#endif
+               const PolyhedralEnvelope& cc_envelope,
                VertexPointMap vpm,
                const GeomTraits& gt)
 {
@@ -1087,7 +1081,6 @@ bool fill_hole(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::halfedge_
     return false;
   }
 
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
   if (!cc_envelope.is_empty() && !cc_envelope(patch))
   {
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
@@ -1095,7 +1088,6 @@ bool fill_hole(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::halfedge_
 #endif
     return false;
   }
-#endif
 
   // Could renew the range directly within the patch replacement function
   // to avoid erasing and re-adding the same face
@@ -1121,13 +1113,11 @@ bool fill_hole(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::halfedge_
 }
 
 // Same function as above but border of the hole is not known
-template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits>
+template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits, typename PolyhedralEnvelope>
 bool fill_hole(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& cc_faces,
                std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& working_face_range,
                TriangleMesh& tmesh,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-               const CGAL::Polyhedral_envelope<GeomTraits>& cc_envelope,
-#endif
+               const PolyhedralEnvelope& cc_envelope,
                VertexPointMap vpm,
                const GeomTraits& gt)
 {
@@ -1149,24 +1139,19 @@ bool fill_hole(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descrip
 
   if(order_border_halfedge_range(cc_border_hedges, tmesh))
     return fill_hole(cc_border_hedges, cc_faces, working_face_range, tmesh,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                     cc_envelope,
-#endif
-                     vpm, gt);
+                     cc_envelope,vpm, gt);
   else
     return false;
 }
 
-template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits>
+template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits, typename PolyhedralEnvelope>
 bool fill_hole_with_constraints(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::halfedge_descriptor>& cc_border_hedges,
                                 std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& cc_faces,
                                 std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& working_face_range,
                                 TriangleMesh& tmesh,
                                 const double dihedral_angle,
                                 const double weak_DA,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                                const CGAL::Polyhedral_envelope<GeomTraits>& cc_envelope,
-#endif
+                                const PolyhedralEnvelope& cc_envelope,
                                 VertexPointMap vpm,
                                 const GeomTraits& gt)
 {
@@ -1215,10 +1200,7 @@ bool fill_hole_with_constraints(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
     {
       // Something went wrong while finding a potential cover for the a sub-hole --> use basic hole-filling
       return fill_hole(cc_border_hedges, cc_faces, working_face_range, tmesh,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                       cc_envelope,
-#endif
-                       vpm, gt);
+                       cc_envelope,vpm, gt);
     }
   }
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
@@ -1253,13 +1235,9 @@ bool fill_hole_with_constraints(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
     std::cout << "Unhealthy patch, use base fill_hole" << std::endl;
 #endif
     return fill_hole(cc_border_hedges, cc_faces, working_face_range, tmesh,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                     cc_envelope,
-#endif
-                     vpm, gt);
+                     cc_envelope, vpm, gt);
   }
 
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
   // check if the patch is inside the input polyhedral envelope
   if(!cc_envelope.is_empty() && !cc_envelope(patch))
   {
@@ -1267,12 +1245,8 @@ bool fill_hole_with_constraints(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
     std::cout << "Patch is not entirely inside the input polyhedral envelope, use base fill_hole" << std::endl;
 #endif
     return fill_hole(cc_border_hedges, cc_faces, working_face_range, tmesh,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                     cc_envelope,
-#endif
-                     vpm, gt);
+                     cc_envelope, vpm, gt);
   }
-#endif
 
   // Plug the hole-filling patch in the mesh
   std::set<face_descriptor> new_faces;
@@ -1378,7 +1352,7 @@ bool is_simple_3(const std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::h
   return true;
 }
 
-template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits>
+template <typename TriangleMesh, typename VertexPointMap, typename GeomTraits, typename PolyhedralEnvelope>
 bool remove_self_intersections_with_hole_filling(std::vector<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::halfedge_descriptor>& cc_border_hedges,
                                                  std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& cc_faces,
                                                  std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<TriangleMesh>::face_descriptor>& working_face_range,
@@ -1386,9 +1360,7 @@ bool remove_self_intersections_with_hole_filling(std::vector<typename boost::gra
                                                  bool local_self_intersection_removal,
                                                  const double strong_dihedral_angle,
                                                  const double weak_dihedral_angle,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                                                 const Polyhedral_envelope<GeomTraits>& cc_envelope,
-#endif
+                                                 const PolyhedralEnvelope& cc_envelope,
                                                  VertexPointMap vpm,
                                                  const GeomTraits& gt)
 {
@@ -1418,18 +1390,12 @@ bool remove_self_intersections_with_hole_filling(std::vector<typename boost::gra
   {
     success = fill_hole_with_constraints(cc_border_hedges, cc_faces, working_face_range, tmesh,
                                          strong_dihedral_angle, weak_dihedral_angle,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                                         cc_envelope,
-#endif
-                                         vpm, gt);
+                                         cc_envelope, vpm, gt);
   }
   else
   {
     success = fill_hole(cc_border_hedges, cc_faces, working_face_range, tmesh,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
-                        cc_envelope,
-#endif
-                        vpm, gt);
+                        cc_envelope, vpm, gt);
   }
 
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
@@ -1731,6 +1697,13 @@ remove_self_intersections_one_step(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
     if (containment_epsilon!=0)
       cc_envelope = Polyhedral_envelope<GeomTraits>(cc_faces, tmesh, containment_epsilon);
 #else
+    struct Return_true {
+      bool is_empty() const { return true; }
+      bool operator()(const std::vector<std::vector<typename GeomTraits::Point_3> >&) const { return true; }
+      bool operator()(const TriangleMesh&) const { return true; }
+    };
+
+    Return_true cc_envelope;
     CGAL_USE(containment_epsilon);
 #endif
 
@@ -1753,9 +1726,7 @@ remove_self_intersections_one_step(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
       fixed_by_smoothing = remove_self_intersections_with_smoothing(cc_faces, tmesh, true,
                                                                     strong_dihedral_angle,
                                                                     weak_dihedral_angle,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
                                                                     cc_envelope,
-#endif
                                                                     vpm, gt);
 
       if(!fixed_by_smoothing) // try again, but without constraining sharp edges
@@ -1767,9 +1738,7 @@ remove_self_intersections_one_step(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
         fixed_by_smoothing = remove_self_intersections_with_smoothing(cc_faces, tmesh, false,
                                                                       strong_dihedral_angle,
                                                                       weak_dihedral_angle,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
                                                                       cc_envelope,
-#endif
                                                                       vpm, gt);
       }
     }
@@ -1907,9 +1876,7 @@ remove_self_intersections_one_step(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
     if(!remove_self_intersections_with_hole_filling(cc_border_hedges, cc_faces, working_face_range,
                                                     tmesh, only_treat_self_intersections_locally,
                                                     strong_dihedral_angle, weak_dihedral_angle,
-#ifndef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_NO_POLYHEDRAL_ENVELOPE_CHECK
                                                     cc_envelope,
-#endif
                                                     vpm, gt))
     {
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG

From b0a05ab50197d6b27d420dc77a187033bf38b786 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 15:13:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 066/171] fix default

---
 .../CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h    | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
index fec1ae97801..1f0d457ddda 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@ bool remove_self_intersections(const FaceRange& face_range,
     Return_false//default
   > ::type  Output_iterator_predicate;
   Output_iterator_predicate out_it_predicates
-    = choose_parameter<Output_iterator_predicate>(get_parameter(np, internal_np::filter));
+    = choose_parameter<Return_false>(get_parameter(np, internal_np::filter));
 
   // use containment check
   const double containment_epsilon = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::polyhedral_envelope_epsilon), 0.);

From 8a446d1778f8e40a3e0dc9a53a18d3d401631c58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 08:49:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 067/171] Document is_scaling() and is_translation()

---
 Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
index 7d3889def8c..6181b0bc6d5 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -199,6 +199,17 @@ returns `true`, if the transformation is reflecting.
 */
 bool is_odd() const;
 
+/*!
+returns `true`, if the transformation type is the specialized scaling.
+*/
+bool is_scaling() const;
+
+/*!
+returns `true`, if the transformation type is the specialized translation.
+*/
+bool is_translation() const;
+
+
 /// @}
 
 /// \name Matrix Entry Access

From 10e7b1a320e36d62208dd466a1e8afa95eced717 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 08:58:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 068/171] Address warning: type qualifiers ignored on function
 return type [-Wignored-qualifiers]

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index ee3fdce44c4..e0e0dff5afe 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -307,9 +307,9 @@ public:
                     (left_node == nullptr && right_node == nullptr));
     return (left_node == nullptr && right_node == nullptr);
   }
-  const Node_handle parent() const { return parent_node; }
-    const Node_handle left() const { return left_node; }
-  const Node_handle right() const { return right_node; }
+  Node_handle parent() const { return parent_node; }
+  Node_handle left() const { return left_node; }
+  Node_handle right() const { return right_node; }
   const Plane_3& plane() const { return splitting_plane; }
   const Object_list& objects() const { return object_list; }
 
@@ -583,13 +583,13 @@ else {
         return !(*this == i);
       }
     private:
-      const Node_handle get_node() const {
+      Node_handle get_node() const {
         CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
         return node;
       }
 
 inline
-const Node_handle get_child_by_side( const Node_handle node, Oriented_side side) {
+Node_handle get_child_by_side( const Node_handle node, Oriented_side side) {
   CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
   CGAL_assertion( side != ON_ORIENTED_BOUNDARY);
   if( side == ON_NEGATIVE_SIDE) {
@@ -1275,7 +1275,7 @@ Plane_3 construct_splitting_plane(Object_iterator start, Object_iterator end,
   return Plane_3();
 }
 
-const Node_handle locate_cell_containing( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle node) const {
+Node_handle locate_cell_containing( const Point_3& p, const Node_handle node) const {
   CGAL_precondition( node != nullptr);
   if( node->is_leaf())
     return node;

From 9473da27f8b8d8be7fb10cca627c9847d7eb38da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 09:23:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 069/171] Address warning: unused parameter 'k'
 [-Wunused-parameter]

---
 .../CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h       | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index 7371b641b37..59be9bf3d31 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ template <class K>
 bool
 do_intersect(const typename K::Plane_3 &plane,
              const typename K::Ray_3 &ray,
-             const K& k)
+             const K& )
 {
     typename K::Oriented_side_3 oriented_side_3;
 

From 7a6634bd9ee5dd150001458555223758402c1c1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 13:04:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 070/171] explicitely create an int

---
 Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/Path_on_surface.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/Path_on_surface.h b/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/Path_on_surface.h
index 7a56a82156a..71b4156eaec 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/Path_on_surface.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/Path_on_surface.h
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ public:
     CGAL_assertion(pp1.length() % primitiveSize == 0);
     pp1.cut(primitiveSize);
     CGAL_assertion(pp1.is_closed());
-    return std::make_pair(pp1, originalLength / primitiveSize);
+    return std::make_pair(pp1, int(originalLength / primitiveSize));
   }
 
   /// @return the turn between dart number i and dart number i+1.

From 7485e3887b51df76108171373d0515b82dcfa586 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 13:43:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 071/171] Improve documentation and the example that performs
 affine transformations

---
 Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h |  4 ++--
 Nef_3/doc/Nef_3/Nef_3.txt                           |  1 -
 Nef_3/examples/Nef_3/transformation.cpp             | 11 ++---------
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
index 6181b0bc6d5..1b5781e7f89 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -200,12 +200,12 @@ returns `true`, if the transformation is reflecting.
 bool is_odd() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the transformation type is the specialized scaling.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or as a composition of such objects.
 */
 bool is_scaling() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the transformation type is the specialized translation.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or as a composition of such objects.
 */
 bool is_translation() const;
 
diff --git a/Nef_3/doc/Nef_3/Nef_3.txt b/Nef_3/doc/Nef_3/Nef_3.txt
index b4fee9d321a..636630cd569 100644
--- a/Nef_3/doc/Nef_3/Nef_3.txt
+++ b/Nef_3/doc/Nef_3/Nef_3.txt
@@ -579,4 +579,3 @@ the `Object_handle` can represent a `Vertex_const_handle`, a
 
 */
 } /* namespace CGAL */
-
diff --git a/Nef_3/examples/Nef_3/transformation.cpp b/Nef_3/examples/Nef_3/transformation.cpp
index 74d1108888f..0e79e62e832 100644
--- a/Nef_3/examples/Nef_3/transformation.cpp
+++ b/Nef_3/examples/Nef_3/transformation.cpp
@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/IO/Nef_polyhedron_iostream_3.h>
 
 
-//instead of
-//typedef CGAL::Extended_homogeneous<CGAL::Exact_integer>  Kernel;
-// workaround for VC++
-struct Kernel : public CGAL::Extended_homogeneous<CGAL::Exact_integer> {};
-
+typedef CGAL::Extended_homogeneous<CGAL::Exact_integer>  Kernel;
 typedef CGAL::Nef_polyhedron_3<Kernel>  Nef_polyhedron;
 typedef Nef_polyhedron::Plane_3  Plane_3;
 typedef Nef_polyhedron::Vector_3  Vector_3;
@@ -22,10 +18,7 @@ int main() {
                               0,0,-1,
                               0,1,0,
                               1);
-  Aff_transformation_3 scale(3,0,0,
-                             0,3,0,
-                             0,0,3,
-                             2);
+  Aff_transformation_3 scale(CGAL::SCALING, 3, 2);
 
   N.transform(transl);
   CGAL_assertion(N == Nef_polyhedron(Plane_3(0,1,0,-7)));

From a8d15183ce64acdf67825af17729dac291a7dee6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 13:57:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 072/171] So glad to have a native speaker on board

---
 Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
index 1b5781e7f89..d7cd385eaa0 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -200,12 +200,12 @@ returns `true`, if the transformation is reflecting.
 bool is_odd() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or as a composition of such objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only scaling transformations.
 */
 bool is_scaling() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or as a composition of such objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only translation transformations.
 */
 bool is_translation() const;
 

From e73b8de89fd469c811ba156cbbd106624537f445 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 21:17:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 073/171] Add the 2D stuff.   In homogeneous add Scaling_repH3

---
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_2.h     |   5 +
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_2.h |   5 +
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h |  15 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Reflection_rep_2.h |   5 +
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Rotation_rep_2.h   |   6 +
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_2.h    |   5 +
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h    |   5 -
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_2.h        |   7 +-
 .../CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h        |   4 -
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH2.h   |  51 +++++++
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h   | 130 ++++++++++++++++--
 .../doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h |  20 +++
 .../doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_2.h     |  32 ++++-
 .../CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h     |  10 ++
 15 files changed, 268 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_2.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_2.h
index bb646e29e66..16395549ab3 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_2.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_2.h
@@ -165,6 +165,11 @@ public:
   bool is_even() const { return this->Ptr()->is_even(); }
   bool is_odd() const { return ! (this->Ptr()->is_even()); }
 
+  bool is_translation() const { return this->Ptr()->is_translation(); }
+  bool is_scaling() const { return this->Ptr()->is_scaling(); }
+  bool is_reflection() const { return this->Ptr()->is_reflection(); }
+  bool is_rotation() const { return this->Ptr()->is_rotation(); }
+
   FT cartesian(int i, int j) const { return this->Ptr()->cartesian(i,j); }
   FT homogeneous(int i, int j) const { return cartesian(i,j); }
   FT m(int i, int j) const { return cartesian(i,j); }
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_2.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_2.h
index 4737742e568..afce7dc25ed 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_2.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_2.h
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ public:
 
   virtual Aff_transformation_2 inverse() const  = 0;
   virtual bool                 is_even() const  = 0;
+  virtual bool                 is_translation() const { return false; }
+  virtual bool                 is_scaling() const { return false; }
+  virtual bool                 is_rotation() const { return false; }
+  virtual bool                 is_reflection() const { return false; }
+
   virtual FT                   cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
   virtual std::ostream         &print(std::ostream &os) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
index 813a452f026..2e441e194d3 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Aff_transformation_rep_3.h
@@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ public:
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 inverse() const = 0;
   virtual Aff_transformation_3 transpose() const = 0;
   virtual bool                 is_even() const = 0;
-  virtual bool                 is_translation() const = 0;
-  virtual bool                 is_scaling() const = 0;
+
+  virtual bool                 is_translation() const { return false; }
+  virtual bool                 is_scaling() const { return false; }
   virtual FT                   cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
   virtual std::ostream         &print(std::ostream &os) const = 0;
 };
@@ -161,16 +162,6 @@ public:
   }
 
 
-  virtual bool is_translation() const
-  {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  virtual bool is_scaling() const
-  {
-    return false;
-  }
-
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     switch (i)
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Reflection_rep_2.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Reflection_rep_2.h
index b534706373e..7a89746ffba 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Reflection_rep_2.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Reflection_rep_2.h
@@ -147,6 +147,11 @@ typedef typename CGAL::Line_2<R>                 Line_2;
     return true;
   }
 
+ virtual bool is_reflection() const
+  {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     switch (i)
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Rotation_rep_2.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Rotation_rep_2.h
index 092ff614195..2ea097c733b 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Rotation_rep_2.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Rotation_rep_2.h
@@ -139,11 +139,17 @@ public:
                                 -sinus_*t.t21 + cosinus_*t.t22,
                                 t.t23);
   }
+
   bool is_even() const
   {
     return true;
   }
 
+  bool is_rotation() const
+  {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     switch (i)
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_2.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_2.h
index dc0b74f5905..166fa4e1a53 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_2.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_2.h
@@ -120,6 +120,11 @@ public:
     return true;
   }
 
+  bool is_scaling() const
+  {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     if (i!=j) return FT(0);
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
index 402f1fedb25..a6b26320a8e 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Scaling_rep_3.h
@@ -128,11 +128,6 @@ public:
     return true;
   }
 
-  virtual bool is_translation() const
-  {
-    return false;
-  }
-
   virtual bool is_scaling() const
   {
     return true;
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_2.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_2.h
index 55e3b14fbc1..84b88ba46c5 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_2.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_2.h
@@ -121,7 +121,12 @@ public:
     return Aff_transformation_2(TRANSLATION, - translationvector_);
   }
 
-  bool         is_even() const
+  bool is_even() const
+  {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  virtual bool is_translation() const
   {
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
index 488dc17f4e4..28a1d4ef811 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Translation_rep_3.h
@@ -140,10 +140,6 @@ public:
     return true;
   }
 
-  virtual bool is_scaling() const
-  {
-    return false;
-  }
   virtual FT cartesian(int i, int j) const
   {
     if (j==i) return FT(1);
diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH2.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH2.h
index 3a42574fa9d..a97ca83abf5 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH2.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH2.h
@@ -58,6 +58,11 @@ class Aff_transformation_rep_baseH2 : public Ref_counted_virtual
                         general_form() const = 0;
     virtual  bool       is_even() const = 0;
 
+    virtual  bool       is_translation() const { return false; }
+    virtual  bool       is_scaling() const { return false; }
+    virtual  bool       is_reflection() const { return false; }
+    virtual  bool       is_rotation() const { return false; }
+
     virtual  RT         homogeneous(int i, int j) const = 0;
     virtual  FT         cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
 };
@@ -247,6 +252,10 @@ class Translation_repH2 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH2<R>
              is_even() const
              { return true; }
 
+    virtual  bool
+             is_translation() const
+             { return true; }
+
     virtual  Aff_transformation_repH2<R>
              general_form() const
              {
@@ -321,6 +330,11 @@ class Rotation_repH2 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH2<R>
              {
                return true;
              }
+
+    virtual  bool
+             is_rotation() const
+             { return true; }
+
     virtual  Aff_transformation_repH2<R>
              general_form() const
              {
@@ -392,6 +406,10 @@ class Scaling_repH2 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH2<R>
              is_even() const
              { return true; }
 
+    virtual  bool
+             is_scaling() const
+             { return true; }
+
     virtual  Aff_transformation_repH2<R>
              general_form() const
              {
@@ -456,6 +474,10 @@ class Reflection_repH2 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH2<R>
              is_even() const
              { return false; }
 
+    virtual  bool
+             is_reflection() const
+             { return true; }
+
     virtual  Aff_transformation_repH2<R>
              general_form() const
              {
@@ -576,6 +598,11 @@ public:
     bool                    is_even() const;
     bool                    is_odd()  const;
 
+    bool                    is_translation() const;
+    bool                    is_scaling() const;
+    bool                    is_rotation() const;
+    bool                    is_reflection() const;
+
                             // Access functions for matrix form
     FT                      cartesian(int i, int j) const;
     RT                      homogeneous(int i, int j) const;
@@ -739,6 +766,30 @@ Aff_transformationH2<R>::
 is_odd() const
 { return ! is_even(); }
 
+template < class R >
+bool
+Aff_transformationH2<R>::
+is_translation() const
+{ return this->Ptr()->is_translation(); }
+
+template < class R >
+bool
+Aff_transformationH2<R>::
+is_scaling() const
+{ return this->Ptr()->is_scaling(); }
+
+template < class R >
+bool
+Aff_transformationH2<R>::
+is_rotation() const
+{ return this->Ptr()->is_rotation(); }
+
+template < class R >
+bool
+Aff_transformationH2<R>::
+is_reflection() const
+{ return this->Ptr()->is_reflection(); }
+
 template < class R >
 inline
 typename Aff_transformationH2<R>::FT
diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index d28b56e0e5e..71209b65230 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -82,17 +82,17 @@ public:
   virtual  bool
            is_even() const = 0;
 
-  virtual  RT
-           homogeneous(int i, int j) const = 0;
-
-  virtual  FT
-           cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
-
   virtual  bool
            is_translation() const { return false; }
 
   virtual  bool
            is_scaling() const { return false; }
+
+  virtual  RT
+           homogeneous(int i, int j) const = 0;
+
+  virtual  FT
+           cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
 };
 
 template < class R_ >
@@ -233,6 +233,118 @@ public:
            { return (i==j) ? FT(1) : FT(0); }
 };
 
+template < class R >
+class Scaling_repH3 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R>
+{
+  public:
+    typedef typename R::RT RT;
+    typedef typename R::FT FT;
+    typedef typename R::Point_3      Point_3;
+    typedef typename R::Vector_3     Vector_3;
+    typedef typename R::Direction_3  Direction_3;
+
+             Scaling_repH3()
+             {}
+
+             Scaling_repH3(const RT& scaling_numerator,
+                                 const RT& scaling_denominator) :
+               _sf_num(scaling_numerator), _sf_den(scaling_denominator)
+             {
+               if ( scaling_denominator < RT(0)   )
+               {
+                 _sf_num = - _sf_num;
+                 _sf_den = - _sf_den;
+               };
+             }
+
+    virtual  ~Scaling_repH3()
+             {}
+
+    virtual  Point_3
+             transform(const Point_3 & p) const
+             {
+               return Point_3( p.hx() * _sf_num,
+                               p.hy() * _sf_num,
+                               p.hz() * _sf_num,
+                               p.hw() * _sf_den );
+             }
+    virtual  Vector_3
+             transform(const Vector_3 & v) const
+             {
+               return Vector_3( v.hx() * _sf_num,
+                                v.hy() * _sf_num,
+                                v.hz() * _sf_num,
+                                v.hw() * _sf_den );
+             }
+
+    virtual  Direction_3
+             transform(const Direction_3 & d) const
+             { return d; }
+
+    virtual  Plane_3
+             transform(const Plane_3 & p) const
+             {
+               return Plane_3(p.a()*_sf_den, p.b()*_sf_den, p.c()*_sf_den, p.d()*_sf_num);
+             }
+
+    virtual  Aff_transformation_3
+             inverse() const
+             { return Aff_transformation_3(SCALING, _sf_den, _sf_num); }
+
+    virtual  Aff_transformation_3
+             transpose() const
+             { return Aff_transformation_3(SCALING, _sf_num, _sf_den); }
+
+    virtual  bool
+             is_even() const
+             { return true; }
+
+    virtual  bool
+             is_scaling() const
+             { return true; }
+
+    virtual  Aff_transformation_repH3<R>
+             general_form() const
+             {
+               return
+               Aff_transformation_repH3<R>(_sf_num, RT(0)  , RT(0)  ,RT(0)  ,
+                                           RT(0)  , _sf_num, RT(0)  ,RT(0)  ,
+                                           RT(0)  , RT(0)  , _sf_num,RT(0)  ,
+                                                                 _sf_den );
+             }
+
+    virtual  RT   homogeneous(int i, int j) const;
+    virtual  FT   cartesian(int i, int j) const;
+
+
+  private:
+    RT  _sf_num;
+    RT  _sf_den;
+};
+
+
+template < class R >
+typename Scaling_repH3<R>::RT
+Scaling_repH3<R>::
+homogeneous(int i, int j) const
+{
+  if(i!=j) return RT(0);
+  if (i==3) return _sf_den;
+  return _sf_num;
+}
+
+template <class R>
+typename Scaling_repH3<R>::FT
+Scaling_repH3<R>::
+cartesian(int i, int j) const
+{
+  if(i!=j) return FT(0);
+  if (i==3) return FT(1);
+  return FT(_sf_num) / FT(_sf_den);
+}
+
+
+
 template < class R_ >
 class Translation_repH3 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R_>
 {
@@ -828,11 +940,7 @@ CGAL_KERNEL_INLINE
 Aff_transformationH3<R>::
 Aff_transformationH3(const Scaling&, const RT& num, const RT& den)
 {
-  const RT RT0(0);
-  initialize_with(Aff_transformation_repH3<R>(num, RT0, RT0, RT0,
-                                            RT0, num, RT0, RT0,
-                                            RT0, RT0, num, RT0,
-                                                           den ));
+  initialize_with(Scaling_repH3<R>(num, den ));
 }
 
 template < class R >
diff --git a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h
index fef888b81d2..c63f673aa32 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h
@@ -273,6 +273,26 @@ returns `true`, if the transformation is reflecting.
 */
 bool is_odd() const;
 
+/*!
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only such scaling transformations objects.
+*/
+bool is_scaling() const;
+
+/*!
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only such translation transformations objects.
+*/
+bool is_translation() const;
+
+/*!
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Rotation`, or is the result of the composition of only such rotation transformations objects.
+*/
+bool is_rotation() const;
+
+/*!
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Reflection`, or is the result of the composition of only such reflection transformations objects.
+*/
+bool is_reflection() const;
+
 /// @}
 
 /// \name Matrix Entry Access
diff --git a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
index d7cd385eaa0..57416f82201 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -200,12 +200,12 @@ returns `true`, if the transformation is reflecting.
 bool is_odd() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only scaling transformations.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only such scaling transformations objects.
 */
 bool is_scaling() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only translation transformations.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only such translation transformations objects.
 */
 bool is_translation() const;
 
diff --git a/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_2.h b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_2.h
index 31f104419fb..ccdde6d298c 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_2.h
@@ -135,7 +135,9 @@ _test_cls_aff_transformation_2(const R& )
 
  CGAL::Aff_transformation_2<R> rot3( CGAL::ROTATION, RT(3),RT(4),RT(5));
 
-
+ CGAL::Aff_transformation_2<R> refle(CGAL::REFLECTION, CGAL::Line_2<R>(
+                                      CGAL::Point_2<R>(1,3),
+                                      CGAL::Point_2<R>(2,1)));
 
  CGAL::Aff_transformation_2<R> a[14];
 
@@ -295,6 +297,34 @@ _test_cls_aff_transformation_2(const R& )
  assert( rot3.is_even() );
  assert( xrefl.is_odd() );
 
+ // translation
+ assert( translate.is_translation() );
+ assert( ! scale11.is_translation() );
+ assert( ! gtrans.is_translation() );
+ assert( ! rot90.is_translation() );
+ assert( ! refle.is_translation() );
+
+ // scaling
+ assert( scale11.is_scaling() );
+ assert( ! translate.is_scaling() );
+ assert( ! gscale.is_scaling() );
+ assert( ! rot90.is_scaling() );
+ assert( ! refle.is_scaling() );
+
+ // reflection
+ assert( ! scale11.is_reflection() );
+ assert( ! translate.is_reflection() );
+ assert( ! gscale.is_reflection() );
+ assert( ! rot90.is_reflection() );
+ assert( refle.is_reflection() );
+
+ // rotation
+ assert( ! scale11.is_rotation() );
+ assert( ! translate.is_rotation() );
+ assert( ! gscale.is_rotation() );
+ assert( rot90.is_rotation() );
+ assert( !refle.is_rotation() );
+
  // rotation
  assert( d0.transform( rot90 ) == d1 );
  assert( d1.transform( rot90.inverse() ) == d0 );
diff --git a/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h
index e4d53323454..3c0db87e36f 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/test/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/_test_cls_aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -151,6 +151,16 @@ _test_cls_aff_transformation_3(const R& )
  assert( ident.is_even() );
  assert( xrefl.is_odd() );
 
+ // translation
+ assert( translate.is_translation() );
+ assert( ! scale11.is_translation() );
+ assert( ! gtrans.is_translation() );
+
+ // scaling
+ assert( scale11.is_scaling() );
+ assert( ! translate.is_scaling() );
+ assert( ! gscale.is_scaling() );
+
  CGAL::Aff_transformation_3<R> a[11];
 
  std::cout << '.';

From 4dbf38aad3b29e0909d2fdd10afa98d76bbf317d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 21:31:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 074/171] Add typedefs

---
 .../include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h             | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index 71209b65230..52353a37ec3 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -242,6 +242,8 @@ class Scaling_repH3 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R>
     typedef typename R::Point_3      Point_3;
     typedef typename R::Vector_3     Vector_3;
     typedef typename R::Direction_3  Direction_3;
+    typedef typename R::Plane_3      Plane_3;
+    typedef typename R::Aff_transformation_3 Aff_transformation_3;
 
              Scaling_repH3()
              {}

From 0eea836f1e004789d6e0f11f1b3b0ac3a4b01764 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 08:46:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 075/171] handle empty point range

---
 .../internal/Hole_filling/Triangulate_hole_polyline.h           | 2 ++
 .../include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole.h     | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Hole_filling/Triangulate_hole_polyline.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Hole_filling/Triangulate_hole_polyline.h
index 10eae8a9956..69dfe9ee40b 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Hole_filling/Triangulate_hole_polyline.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Hole_filling/Triangulate_hole_polyline.h
@@ -1226,6 +1226,8 @@ triangulate_hole_polyline(const PointRange1& points,
                           bool use_delaunay_triangulation,
                           const Kernel&)
 {
+  CGAL_assertion(!points.empty());
+
   typedef Kernel        K;
   typedef typename K::Point_3    Point_3;
   #ifndef CGAL_HOLE_FILLING_DO_NOT_USE_DT3
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole.h
index 4e57a2f9626..76bbabd88c6 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole.h
@@ -423,6 +423,8 @@ namespace Polygon_mesh_processing {
                             OutputIterator out,
                             const NamedParameters& np)
   {
+    if (points.empty()) return out;
+
     using parameters::choose_parameter;
     using parameters::get_parameter;
 

From b62fffc9311ebca6e41a2ac0b4941cad56965b3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 08:08:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 076/171] Add compose operations for scaling and translation

---
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h   | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index 52353a37ec3..ebed7d51499 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -93,6 +93,8 @@ public:
 
   virtual  FT
            cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
+
+  virtual  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3* aff) const { return Aff_transformation_3(); }
 };
 
 template < class R_ >
@@ -315,6 +317,12 @@ class Scaling_repH3 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R>
                                                                  _sf_den );
              }
 
+  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3* aff) const
+  {
+    const Scaling_repH3* sr = dynamic_cast<const Scaling_repH3*>(aff);
+    return Aff_transformation_3(SCALING, _sf_num * sr->_sf_num, _sf_den * sr->_sf_den);
+  }
+
     virtual  RT   homogeneous(int i, int j) const;
     virtual  FT   cartesian(int i, int j) const;
 
@@ -399,6 +407,12 @@ public:
   virtual  FT
            cartesian(int i, int j) const ;
 
+  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3* aff) const
+  {
+    const Translation_repH3* sr = dynamic_cast<const Translation_repH3*>(aff);
+    return Aff_transformation_3(TRANSLATION, tv +  sr->tv);
+  }
+
 friend class Aff_transformationH3<R>;
 
 private:
@@ -1047,9 +1061,16 @@ Aff_transformationH3<R>
 operator*(const Aff_transformationH3<R>& left_argument,
           const Aff_transformationH3<R>& right_argument )
 {
- return _general_transformation_composition(
-              left_argument.Ptr() ->general_form(),
-              right_argument.Ptr()->general_form() );
+  if(left_argument.is_scaling() && right_argument.is_scaling()){
+    return left_argument.Ptr()->compose(right_argument.Ptr());
+  }
+
+  if(left_argument.is_translation() && right_argument.is_translation()){
+    return left_argument.Ptr()->compose(right_argument.Ptr());
+  }
+
+  return _general_transformation_composition(left_argument.Ptr() ->general_form(),
+                                             right_argument.Ptr()->general_form() );
 }
 
 template < class R >

From 607c3172b4e6f4c1decd2ae4bb230452b5e62d91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 08:19:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 077/171] Add typedefs (not needed for VC)

---
 .../include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h  | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index ebed7d51499..331d51df109 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -246,6 +246,8 @@ class Scaling_repH3 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R>
     typedef typename R::Direction_3  Direction_3;
     typedef typename R::Plane_3      Plane_3;
     typedef typename R::Aff_transformation_3 Aff_transformation_3;
+    typedef Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R> Base;
+    typedef Scaling_repH3<R> Self;
 
              Scaling_repH3()
              {}
@@ -317,9 +319,9 @@ class Scaling_repH3 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R>
                                                                  _sf_den );
              }
 
-  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3* aff) const
+  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Base* aff) const
   {
-    const Scaling_repH3* sr = dynamic_cast<const Scaling_repH3*>(aff);
+    const Self* sr = dynamic_cast<const Self*>(aff);
     return Aff_transformation_3(SCALING, _sf_num * sr->_sf_num, _sf_den * sr->_sf_den);
   }
 
@@ -365,6 +367,8 @@ class Translation_repH3 : public Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R_>
   typedef typename R_::Direction_3          Direction_3;
   typedef typename R_::Plane_3              Plane_3;
   typedef typename R_::Aff_transformation_3 Aff_transformation_3;
+  typedef Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3<R_> Base;
+  typedef Translation_repH3<R_>             Self;
 
 public:
   typedef R_                    R;
@@ -407,9 +411,9 @@ public:
   virtual  FT
            cartesian(int i, int j) const ;
 
-  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3* aff) const
+  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Base* aff) const
   {
-    const Translation_repH3* sr = dynamic_cast<const Translation_repH3*>(aff);
+    const Self* sr = dynamic_cast<const Self*>(aff);
     return Aff_transformation_3(TRANSLATION, tv +  sr->tv);
   }
 

From b79b43c793a49ca74a054b7606ec030f7bd70257 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 08:38:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 078/171] Two more const

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index e0e0dff5afe..ae1634bfd5e 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -750,13 +750,13 @@ class Objects_around_box {
     }
 
   private:
-    const Node_handle get_node() const {
+    Node_handle get_node() const {
       CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
       return node;
     }
 
     inline
-    const Node_handle get_child_by_side( const Node_handle node, Oriented_side side) {
+    Node_handle get_child_by_side( const Node_handle node, Oriented_side side) {
       CGAL_assertion( node != nullptr);
       CGAL_assertion( side != ON_ORIENTED_BOUNDARY);
       if( side == ON_NEGATIVE_SIDE) {

From 2849b3b785710504ee1dc4865fa45b1e3b55b126 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 11:47:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 079/171] compare() -> CGAL::compare() so that it also works
 with Leda

---
 Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
index 3bf8e906fc0..03e2e757477 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/number_utils.h
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ compare_quotients(const NT& xnum, const NT& xden,
       int msign =  sign(xden) *  sign(yden);
       NT leftop  = NT(xnum * yden * msign);
       NT rightop = NT(ynum * xden * msign);
-      return  compare(leftop, rightop);
+      return  CGAL::compare(leftop, rightop);
     }
   else
     {

From c7e4eaca7e8ad880afa5051092449cbaa66db711 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 11:50:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 080/171] fix doc

---
 Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h | 8 ++++----
 Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h
index c63f673aa32..0300279b5ee 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_2.h
@@ -274,22 +274,22 @@ returns `true`, if the transformation is reflecting.
 bool is_odd() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only such scaling transformations objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only such scaling transformation objects.
 */
 bool is_scaling() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only such translation transformations objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only such translation transformation objects.
 */
 bool is_translation() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Rotation`, or is the result of the composition of only such rotation transformations objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Rotation`, or is the result of the composition of only such rotation transformation objects.
 */
 bool is_rotation() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Reflection`, or is the result of the composition of only such reflection transformations objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Reflection`, or is the result of the composition of only such reflection transformation objects.
 */
 bool is_reflection() const;
 
diff --git a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
index 57416f82201..cfb2c924cb8 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/doc/Kernel_23/CGAL/Aff_transformation_3.h
@@ -200,12 +200,12 @@ returns `true`, if the transformation is reflecting.
 bool is_odd() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only such scaling transformations objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Scaling`, or is the result of the composition of only such scaling transformation objects.
 */
 bool is_scaling() const;
 
 /*!
-returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only such translation transformations objects.
+returns `true`, if the object was constructed using the tag `CGAL::Translation`, or is the result of the composition of only such translation transformation objects.
 */
 bool is_translation() const;
 

From e6a55d8462a533bfb4b237adf20996976e66b064 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 11:55:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 081/171] Fix #5613 as discussed in PR #5635

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index ae1634bfd5e..9b7b32ced17 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -994,9 +994,10 @@ typename Object_list::difference_type n_vertices = std::distance(objects.begin()
   size_t leafs(int mask = 255, int lower_limit=0) { return root->leafs(mask, lower_limit);}
 
   void transform(const Aff_transformation_3& t) {
-    // TODO: Bounding box must be updated/transformed, too
-    if(root != nullptr)
-      root->transform(t);
+    if(root == nullptr){
+      return;
+    }
+    root->transform(t);
 
     BBox_updater bbup;
     visit_k3tree(root, bbup);

From 2d377746847a114f49f621b32e32b930a90874a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2021 11:30:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 082/171] add missing return statement

---
 Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/make_skin_surface_mesh_3.h | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/make_skin_surface_mesh_3.h b/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/make_skin_surface_mesh_3.h
index fe80be03d19..61fc786655e 100644
--- a/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/make_skin_surface_mesh_3.h
+++ b/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/make_skin_surface_mesh_3.h
@@ -33,8 +33,9 @@ void make_skin_surface_mesh_3(Polyhedron_3 &p,
                               int nSubdivisions=0,
                               bool grow_balls=true)
 {
-  if (shrink_factor == 1) {
+  if (shrink_factor >= 1) {
     make_union_of_balls_mesh_3(p,begin,end,nSubdivisions);
+    return;
   }
 
   typedef typename WP_iterator::value_type               Weighted_point;

From f13d9f3af1a6699eb3e5f0dabc06b85dfb4901ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2021 15:42:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 083/171] WIP : error n list of logs

---
 Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh      | 74 +++++++++++++------
 .../doc/scripts/test_doxygen_versions.sh      | 28 +++----
 Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py        | 52 ++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh b/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh
index 0b9d2e2be89..4b7bc9bd0c6 100644
--- a/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh
+++ b/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh
@@ -18,39 +18,69 @@ PUBLISH_DIR="$3"
 DOXYGEN_1=$($PATH_TO_1_8_4 --version)
 DOXYGEN_2=$($PATH_TO_1_8_13 --version)
 
+DO_COMPARE=TRUE
+PATH_TO_SCRIPTS=${PWD}
 
 #######################################
 ## download and build doxygen_master ##
-#######################################
-echo "downloading and building master"
-git clone https://github.com/doxygen/doxygen.git doxygen_master  1> /dev/null
-cd doxygen_master
-git pull  https://github.com/lrineau/doxygen.git 1> /dev/null
-MASTER_DESCRIBE=$(git describe --tags)
-mkdir -p build
-cd build
-cmake ..  1> /dev/null
-make -j$NB_CORES 1> /dev/null
-cd ../.. #scripts
+ #######################################
+#echo "downloading and building master"
+#git clone https://github.com/doxygen/doxygen.git doxygen_master  1> /dev/null
+#if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+#  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
+#else
+#  cd doxygen_master
+#  git pull  https://github.com/lrineau/doxygen.git 1> /dev/null
+#fi
+#if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "FALSE" ] || [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+#  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
+#else
+#  MASTER_DESCRIBE=$(git describe --tags)
+#  mkdir -p build
+#  cd build
+#  cmake ..  1> /dev/null
+#fi
+#if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "FALSE" ] || [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+#  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
+#else
+#  make -j$NB_CORES 1> /dev/null
+#fi
+cd $PATH_TO_SCRIPTS #scripts
 PATH_TO_MASTER="$PWD/doxygen_master/build/bin/doxygen"
 echo "done."
-
+ 
 echo "comparing versions 1.8.4 and 1.8.13"
 bash -$- test_doxygen_versions.sh $PATH_TO_1_8_4 $PATH_TO_1_8_13 $PWD/doc_1_8_4 $PWD/doc_1_8_13 $PUBLISH_DIR
 mv diff.txt diff1.txt
 
 echo "comparing versions 1.8.4 and master"
-bash -$- test_doxygen_versions.sh $PATH_TO_1_8_4 $PATH_TO_MASTER $PWD/doc_1_8_4 $PWD/doc_master $PUBLISH_DIR
-mv diff.txt diff2.txt
-
+if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "TRUE" ]; then
+  bash -$- test_doxygen_versions.sh $PATH_TO_1_8_4 $PATH_TO_MASTER $PWD/doc_1_8_4 $PWD/doc_master $PUBLISH_DIR
+fi
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
+  mv build_doc build_master
+else
+  mv diff.txt diff2.txt
+fi
 #update overview
 CGAL_NAME=$(cat cgal_version)
-python ${PWD}/testsuite.py --output-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_output/ --output-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_output/ --doc-log-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_log/ \
-  --doc-log-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_log/ --doc-log-dir-master $PWD/doc_master/doc_log/ \
-  --publish $PUBLISH_DIR --diff1 $PWD/diff1.txt --diff2 $PWD/diff2.txt --master-dir $PWD/doc_master/doc_output/ \
-  --cgal-version "$CGAL_NAME" --do-copy-results --version-to-keep 10 --doxygen-version1 "$DOXYGEN_1" --doxygen-version2 "$DOXYGEN_2" --master-describe "$MASTER_DESCRIBE"
-
+if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "TRUE" ]; then
+  python ${PWD}/testsuite.py --output-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_output/ --output-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_output/ --doc-log-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_log/ \
+    --doc-log-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_log/ --doc-log-dir-master $PWD/doc_master/doc_log/ \
+    --publish $PUBLISH_DIR --diff1 $PWD/diff1.txt --diff2 $PWD/diff2.txt --master-dir $PWD/doc_master/doc_output/ \
+    --cgal-version "$CGAL_NAME" --do-copy-results --version-to-keep 10 --doxygen-version1 "$DOXYGEN_1" --doxygen-version2 "$DOXYGEN_2" --master-describe "$MASTER_DESCRIBE" 
+else
+  echo "NO MASTER"
+  python ${PWD}/testsuite.py --output-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_output/ --output-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_output/ --doc-log-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_log/ \
+    --doc-log-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_log/ --doc-log-dir-master $PWD/doc_master/ \
+    --publish $PUBLISH_DIR --diff1 $PWD/diff1.txt \
+    --cgal-version "$CGAL_NAME" --do-copy-results --version-to-keep 10 --doxygen-version1 "$DOXYGEN_1" --doxygen-version2 "$DOXYGEN_2"
+fi
 #clean-up
-rm -rf ./doc_1_8_4 ./doc_1_8_13 ./doc_master ./doxygen_master
-rm ./diff1.txt ./diff2.txt ./cgal_version
+#rm -rf ./doc_1_8_4 ./doc_1_8_13 ./doc_master #./doxygen_master
+#rm ./diff1.txt ./cgal_version
+#if [ -f ./diff2.txt ]; then
+#  rm ./diff2.txt 
+#fi
 
diff --git a/Documentation/doc/scripts/test_doxygen_versions.sh b/Documentation/doc/scripts/test_doxygen_versions.sh
index e65e0546140..f8c3ec31ab9 100644
--- a/Documentation/doc/scripts/test_doxygen_versions.sh
+++ b/Documentation/doc/scripts/test_doxygen_versions.sh
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ if [ "$HAS_REF" -ne "1" ]; then
   echo "Building reference documentation..."
   mkdir -p ./build_doc
   cd ./build_doc
-  cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_GENERATE_XML=ON -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_1" ../..  1> /dev/null
-  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &> /dev/null
+  cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_GENERATE_XML=ON -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_1" ../..  1>> ./build_logs
+  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &>> ./build_logs
   echo "done."
   cd ../ #scripts
   echo "Creating text files for diff...."
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ fi
 echo "Building second documentation..."
 mkdir -p build_doc
 cd ./build_doc
-cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_GENERATE_XML=ON -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_2" ../..  1> /dev/null
-make -j$NB_CORES doc  &> /dev/null
+cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_GENERATE_XML=ON -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_2" ../..  1>> ./build_logs
+make -j$NB_CORES doc  &>> ./build_logs
 echo "done."
 cd ../ #scripts
 DOXYGEN_1=$($PATH_TO_1 --version)
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ echo "done."
 #add post-processing
 cd ./build_doc
 echo "Adding postprocessing..."
-make -j$NB_CORES doc_with_postprocessing  &> /dev/null
+make -j$NB_CORES doc_with_postprocessing  &>> ./build_logs
 echo "done."
 cd .. #scripts
 mv ./build_doc/* $BUILD_DIR_2
@@ -108,16 +108,16 @@ if [ "$HAS_REF" -ne "1" ]; then
   #######################################################################################################################
   rm -rf ./doc_dir
   cd $BUILD_DIR_1
-  cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_DOC_CREATE_LOGS="true" -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_1" ../..  1> /dev/null
+  cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_DOC_CREATE_LOGS="true" -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_1" ../..  1>> ./build_logs
   echo "Building reference documentation with postprocessing..."
-  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &> /dev/null
-  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &> /dev/null
-  make -j$NB_CORES doc_with_postprocessing &> /dev/null
+  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &>> ./build_logs
+  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &>> ./build_logs
+  make -j$NB_CORES doc_with_postprocessing &>> ./build_logs
   echo "done."
   if [ $IS_RELEASE = 0 ]; then
     cd $ROOT
     mkdir -p ./build && cd ./build
-    cmake -DWITH_CGAL_Core=false -DWITH_CGAL_ImageIO=false -DWITH_CGAL_Qt5=false .. 1> /dev/null
+    cmake -DWITH_CGAL_Core=false -DWITH_CGAL_ImageIO=false -DWITH_CGAL_Qt5=false .. 1>> ./build_logs
     CGAL_NAME="$(cat $PWD/VERSION)"
     cd $ROOT
     rm -rf ./build
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ else
   rm -rf ./first_doc_ref
 fi
   cd $BUILD_DIR_2
-  cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_DOC_CREATE_LOGS="true" -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_2" ../..  1> /dev/null
+  cmake -DCGAL_DOC_MATHJAX_LOCATION:STRING=../../MathJax -DCGAL_DOC_RELEASE=ON -DCGAL_DOC_CREATE_LOGS="true" -DDOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE="$PATH_TO_2" ../..  1>> ./build_logs
   echo "Building reference documentation with postprocessing..."
-  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &> /dev/null
-  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &> /dev/null
-  make -j$NB_CORES doc_with_postprocessing &> /dev/null
+  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &>> ./build_logs
+  make -j$NB_CORES doc  &>> ./build_logs
+  make -j$NB_CORES doc_with_postprocessing &>> ./build_logs
   echo "done."
   cd .. #scripts
   #get VERSION's content
diff --git a/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py b/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py
index 1fda305b1e0..a112cb948ae 100755
--- a/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py
+++ b/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ body  {color: black; background-color: #C0C0D0; font-family: sans-serif;}
       suffix = ''
       if args.master_describe:
         suffix=args.master_describe
-      link_master="\n<br><a href=\"master/Manual/index.html\">Documentation built</a> with <a href=\"https://github.com/doxygen/doxygen\">the master version of Doxygen {_suffix}</a> (buggy), so that we see progress/regression of doxygen development as far as CGAL is concerned.\n".format(_suffix=suffix)
+        link_master="\n<br><a href=\"master/Manual/index.html\">Documentation built</a> with <a href=\"https://github.com/doxygen/doxygen\">the master version of Doxygen {_suffix}</a> (buggy), so that we see progress/regression of doxygen development as far as CGAL is concerned.\n".format(_suffix=suffix)
+      else:
+        link_master="\n<p style=\"color:red\"><br>/!\\ Documentation with the master version of Doxygen FAILED /!\\ </p>\n"
       d = pq(page_header+link1+"   "+link2+"   "+link_master+page_footer)
     else:
       d = pq(page_header+page_footer)
@@ -129,17 +131,22 @@ body  {color: black; background-color: #C0C0D0; font-family: sans-serif;}
         basename=os.path.basename(log)
         result = [(basename, pretty_name, res)]
         results2.extend(result)
+    if args.doc_log_dir_master:
+      os.chdir(args.doc_log_dir_master)
+      if(args.diff2):
+        logs=sorted(glob.glob('./*.log'))
 
-    os.chdir(args.doc_log_dir_master)
-    logs=sorted(glob.glob('./*.log'))
-
-    for log in logs:
-        res=count_errors_and_warnings(log)
-        err_war_sum_master=tuple(map(operator.add, err_war_sum_master, res))
-        basename=os.path.basename(log)
-        pretty_name=basename[0:-4]
-        result = [(basename, pretty_name, res)]
-        results_master.extend(result)
+        for log in logs:
+            res=count_errors_and_warnings(log)
+            err_war_sum_master=tuple(map(operator.add, err_war_sum_master, res))
+            basename=os.path.basename(log)
+            pretty_name=basename[0:-4]
+            result = [(basename, pretty_name, res)]
+            results_master.extend(result)
+    else:
+      results_master=[]
+      for index in range(0, len(results1)-1):
+        results_master.append('./build_logs')
 
     for index in range(0, len(results1)-1):
         status='class="package-good"'
@@ -276,14 +283,17 @@ body  {color: black; background-color: #C0C0D0; font-family: sans-serif;}
           diff1='<a href="{log_path}/diff1.txt">Diff between {test_version} and {master_version}.</a>'.format(
           log_path=version_string, test_version=args.doxygen_version1, master_version=args.doxygen_version2)
 
-        with open(diff_file2, 'r') as myfile:
-          diff2=myfile.read()
-        if not diff2:
-          diff2='none'
+        if args.diff2:
+          with open(diff_file2, 'r') as myfile:
+            diff2=myfile.read()
+          if not diff2:
+            diff2='none'
+          else:
+            diff2='<a href="{log_path}/diff2.txt">Diff between {test_version} and {master_version}.</a>'.format(
+            log_path=version_string, test_version=args.doxygen_version1, master_version=args.master_describe)
         else:
-          diff2='<a href="{log_path}/diff2.txt">Diff between {test_version} and {master_version}.</a>'.format(
-          log_path=version_string, test_version=args.doxygen_version1, master_version=args.master_describe)
-
+          diff2='<p style="color:red">Documentation with the master version of Doxygen FAILED</p>'
+          
         d=pq(filename=publish_dir + 'index.html',parser="html")
         revs=d('#revisions tr')
         new_row='''<tr><td><a href="{revision}/index.html">{revision}</a></td><td>{date}</td>
@@ -319,10 +329,12 @@ body  {color: black; background-color: #C0C0D0; font-family: sans-serif;}
           shutil.copytree(args.doc_log_dir1, log_target+'/logs1/')
           shutil.copyfile(args.doc_log_dir1+'/index.html', log_target+'/index.html')
           shutil.copytree(args.doc_log_dir2, log_target+'/logs2/')
-          shutil.copytree(args.doc_log_dir_master, log_target+'/logs_master/')
+          if args.doc_log_dir_master:
+            shutil.copytree(args.doc_log_dir_master, log_target+'/logs_master/')
           #copy diff
           shutil.copyfile(diff_file1, log_target+'/diff1.txt')
-          shutil.copyfile(diff_file2, log_target+'/diff2.txt')
+          if args.diff2:
+              shutil.copyfile(diff_file2, log_target+'/diff2.txt')
           try:
             #copy documentation
             if args.do_copy_results:

From 2a4f8311d805f5b6d04b55b4ba68b29aef86ed78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 14:16:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 084/171] Fix paths of ToS2 benchmarks

---
 .../benchmark/{ => Triangulation_on_sphere_2}/CMakeLists.txt      | 0
 .../benchmark/{ => Triangulation_on_sphere_2}/bench_dtos2.cpp     | 0
 .../benchmark/{ => Triangulation_on_sphere_2}/generate_points.cpp | 0
 3 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/{ => Triangulation_on_sphere_2}/CMakeLists.txt (100%)
 rename Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/{ => Triangulation_on_sphere_2}/bench_dtos2.cpp (100%)
 rename Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/{ => Triangulation_on_sphere_2}/generate_points.cpp (100%)

diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/CMakeLists.txt b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/CMakeLists.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/CMakeLists.txt
rename to Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/CMakeLists.txt
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/bench_dtos2.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/bench_dtos2.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/bench_dtos2.cpp
rename to Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/bench_dtos2.cpp
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/generate_points.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/generate_points.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/generate_points.cpp
rename to Triangulation_on_sphere_2/benchmark/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/generate_points.cpp

From 3b666385c4973ca78fbbd6e1e6df76b82403e6f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 14:34:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 085/171] If errors prevent the doc form doxygen master to be
 generated, it will still upload the results and provide logs to the cmake or
 make errors.

---
 Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh | 64 +++++++++++++-----------
 Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py   | 20 ++++----
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh b/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh
index 4b7bc9bd0c6..a447df9cae9 100644
--- a/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh
+++ b/Documentation/doc/scripts/process_doc.sh
@@ -24,31 +24,34 @@ PATH_TO_SCRIPTS=${PWD}
 #######################################
 ## download and build doxygen_master ##
  #######################################
-#echo "downloading and building master"
-#git clone https://github.com/doxygen/doxygen.git doxygen_master  1> /dev/null
-#if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-#  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
-#else
-#  cd doxygen_master
-#  git pull  https://github.com/lrineau/doxygen.git 1> /dev/null
-#fi
-#if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "FALSE" ] || [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-#  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
-#else
-#  MASTER_DESCRIBE=$(git describe --tags)
-#  mkdir -p build
-#  cd build
-#  cmake ..  1> /dev/null
-#fi
-#if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "FALSE" ] || [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-#  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
-#else
-#  make -j$NB_CORES 1> /dev/null
-#fi
+echo "downloading and building master"
+git clone https://github.com/doxygen/doxygen.git doxygen_master  1> /dev/null
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+  echo " clone of doxygen failed"
+  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
+else
+  cd doxygen_master
+  git pull  https://github.com/lrineau/doxygen.git 1> /dev/null
+fi
+if [ $? -ne 0 ] || [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "FALSE" ]; then
+  echo " pull of doxygen failed"
+  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
+else
+  MASTER_DESCRIBE=$(git describe --tags)
+  mkdir -p build
+  cd build
+  cmake ..  1> /dev/null
+fi
+if [ $? -ne 0 ] || [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "FALSE" ]; then
+  echo " cmake of doxygen failed"
+  DO_COMPARE=FALSE
+else
+  make -j$NB_CORES 1> /dev/null
+fi
 cd $PATH_TO_SCRIPTS #scripts
 PATH_TO_MASTER="$PWD/doxygen_master/build/bin/doxygen"
 echo "done."
- 
+
 echo "comparing versions 1.8.4 and 1.8.13"
 bash -$- test_doxygen_versions.sh $PATH_TO_1_8_4 $PATH_TO_1_8_13 $PWD/doc_1_8_4 $PWD/doc_1_8_13 $PUBLISH_DIR
 mv diff.txt diff1.txt
@@ -57,9 +60,10 @@ echo "comparing versions 1.8.4 and master"
 if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "TRUE" ]; then
   bash -$- test_doxygen_versions.sh $PATH_TO_1_8_4 $PATH_TO_MASTER $PWD/doc_1_8_4 $PWD/doc_master $PUBLISH_DIR
 fi
-if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+if [ $? -ne 0 ] || [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "FALSE" ]; then
   DO_COMPARE=FALSE
-  mv build_doc build_master
+  echo " test_doxygen_versions with master failed"
+  mv build_doc/build_logs doc_master/
 else
   mv diff.txt diff2.txt
 fi
@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@ if [ "$DO_COMPARE" = "TRUE" ]; then
   python ${PWD}/testsuite.py --output-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_output/ --output-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_output/ --doc-log-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_log/ \
     --doc-log-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_log/ --doc-log-dir-master $PWD/doc_master/doc_log/ \
     --publish $PUBLISH_DIR --diff1 $PWD/diff1.txt --diff2 $PWD/diff2.txt --master-dir $PWD/doc_master/doc_output/ \
-    --cgal-version "$CGAL_NAME" --do-copy-results --version-to-keep 10 --doxygen-version1 "$DOXYGEN_1" --doxygen-version2 "$DOXYGEN_2" --master-describe "$MASTER_DESCRIBE" 
+    --cgal-version "$CGAL_NAME" --do-copy-results --version-to-keep 10 --doxygen-version1 "$DOXYGEN_1" --doxygen-version2 "$DOXYGEN_2" --master-describe "$MASTER_DESCRIBE"
 else
   echo "NO MASTER"
   python ${PWD}/testsuite.py --output-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_output/ --output-dir2 $PWD/doc_1_8_13/doc_output/ --doc-log-dir1 $PWD/doc_1_8_4/doc_log/ \
@@ -78,9 +82,9 @@ else
     --cgal-version "$CGAL_NAME" --do-copy-results --version-to-keep 10 --doxygen-version1 "$DOXYGEN_1" --doxygen-version2 "$DOXYGEN_2"
 fi
 #clean-up
-#rm -rf ./doc_1_8_4 ./doc_1_8_13 ./doc_master #./doxygen_master
-#rm ./diff1.txt ./cgal_version
-#if [ -f ./diff2.txt ]; then
-#  rm ./diff2.txt 
-#fi
+rm -rf ./doc_1_8_4 ./doc_1_8_13 ./doc_master #./doxygen_master
+rm ./diff1.txt ./cgal_version
+if [ -f ./diff2.txt ]; then
+  rm ./diff2.txt
+fi
 
diff --git a/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py b/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py
index a112cb948ae..4e9e7393552 100755
--- a/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py
+++ b/Documentation/doc/scripts/testsuite.py
@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@
 # $URL$
 # $Id$
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
-# 
-# 
+#
+#
 # Author(s)     : Philipp Moeller
 
-import argparse 
+#NOTE : if args.diff2 is not given, then it is considered that something went
+# wrong during the build of doxygen_master or the generation of the doc.
+
+import argparse
 import shutil
 import sys
 import subprocess
@@ -143,11 +146,10 @@ body  {color: black; background-color: #C0C0D0; font-family: sans-serif;}
             pretty_name=basename[0:-4]
             result = [(basename, pretty_name, res)]
             results_master.extend(result)
-    else:
-      results_master=[]
-      for index in range(0, len(results1)-1):
-        results_master.append('./build_logs')
-
+      else:
+        for index in range(0, len(results1)):
+          result = [('./build_logs', './build_logs', (0,1))]
+          results_master.extend(result)
     for index in range(0, len(results1)-1):
         status='class="package-good"'
         no_errors = True
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ body  {color: black; background-color: #C0C0D0; font-family: sans-serif;}
             log_path=version_string, test_version=args.doxygen_version1, master_version=args.master_describe)
         else:
           diff2='<p style="color:red">Documentation with the master version of Doxygen FAILED</p>'
-          
+
         d=pq(filename=publish_dir + 'index.html',parser="html")
         revs=d('#revisions tr')
         new_row='''<tr><td><a href="{revision}/index.html">{revision}</a></td><td>{date}</td>

From b55cef90434889c6fee7fdc6a20f34d19a33e3a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 14:13:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 086/171] Identity is not a scaling

---
 .../include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h         | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index 331d51df109..efb21c829e2 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -220,12 +220,6 @@ public:
            is_even() const
            { return true; }
 
-  virtual  bool
-           is_scaling() const
-           {
-             return true;
-           }
-
   virtual  RT
            homogeneous(int i, int j) const
            { return (i==j) ? RT(1) : RT(0); }

From 8ede8fc7aea7a9afa2707143020453674a8e0ba5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 14:16:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 087/171] Remove unused parameter

---
 .../CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h       | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
index 59be9bf3d31..cfc17829443 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
+++ b/Intersections_3/include/CGAL/Intersections_3/internal/intersection_3_1_impl.h
@@ -1677,7 +1677,7 @@ do_intersect(const Plane_3<R>& plane1, const Plane_3<R>& plane2, const R&)
 template <class R>
 inline bool
 do_intersect(const Plane_3<R> &plane1, const Plane_3<R> &plane2,
-             const Plane_3<R> &plane3, const R& r)
+             const Plane_3<R> &plane3, const R&)
 {
   typedef typename R::RT RT;
 

From 24dd2aeca78741f65d81ee0c138f85fe690bdbeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Fabri <andreas.fabri@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 15:27:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 088/171] Add to CHANGES.md

---
 Installation/CHANGES.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Installation/CHANGES.md b/Installation/CHANGES.md
index 38102e7205f..5d9042fe1a7 100644
--- a/Installation/CHANGES.md
+++ b/Installation/CHANGES.md
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ Release date: June 2021
 
 A comprehensive list of the supported file formats is available in the Stream_support package [here](https://doc.cgal.org/5.3/Stream_support/index.html#IOstreamSupportedFormats); inversely, the following [page](https://doc.cgal.org/5.3/Stream_support/IOStreamSupportedFileFormats.html) can be used to find out which CGAL data structures can be used given a specific file format.
 
+### [2D and 3D Linear Geometry Kernel](https://doc.cgal.org/5.3/Manual/packages.html#PkgKernel23)
+
+- Added functions to the classes `Aff_transformation_2` and `Aff_transformation_3`, which enable to determine if they internally have a specialized representation.
+
 ### [Quadtrees, Octrees, and Orthtrees](https://doc.cgal.org/5.3/Manual/packages.html#PkgOrthree) (new package)
 
 -   This package implements a tree data structure in which each node

From 6672cd001485045f7db5c087c58c0ae6295d56a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 10:45:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 089/171] use std::shared_ptr for CGAL::Object

---
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Object.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Object.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Object.h
index 59112fe2959..6046e22552a 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Object.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Object.h
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
 #include <boost/optional.hpp>
 #include <boost/any.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
 class Object
 {
-    boost::shared_ptr<boost::any> obj;
+    std::shared_ptr<boost::any> obj;
 
     // returns an any pointer from a variant
     struct Any_from_variant : public boost::static_visitor<boost::any*> {

From 1faa0e29925ff9159e65ae34bb330427b132a0ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 10:55:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 090/171] replace internal use of boost::shared_ptr by
 std::shared_ptr

---
 .../Algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h                | 12 ++++----
 .../include/CGAL/internal/Lazy_alpha_nt_3.h   |  2 +-
 .../CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_X_trapezoid.h  | 28 +++++++++----------
 .../CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_edge.h  |  2 +-
 .../Td_active_fictitious_vertex.h             |  2 +-
 .../Arr_point_location/Td_active_vertex.h     |  2 +-
 .../Arr_point_location/Td_inactive_edge.h     | 10 +++----
 .../Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h             |  4 +--
 .../Trapezoidal_decomposition_2_impl.h        |  4 +--
 .../boolean_operations_2.cpp                  |  6 ++--
 CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/Image_3.h           |  4 +--
 Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesher_tester.h   | 18 ++++++------
 Mesh_3/benchmark/Mesh_3/StdAfx.h              |  2 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Labeled_mesh_domain_3.h   |  4 +--
 .../Lipschitz_sizing_experimental.h           |  6 ++--
 .../Lipschitz_sizing_polyhedron.h             |  4 +--
 .../Mesh_domain_with_polyline_features_3.h    |  7 ++---
 .../CGAL/Poisson_reconstruction_function.h    |  4 +--
 .../Corefinement/intersection_callbacks.h     |  2 +-
 .../Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h         |  4 +--
 .../test_autorefinement.cpp                   |  2 +-
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefine.cpp |  2 +-
 .../Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp    |  4 +--
 .../boost/graph/properties_Polyhedron_3.h     |  6 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/Dynamic_property_map.h       |  8 +++---
 .../include/CGAL/Index_property_map.h         |  4 +--
 .../QP_solver/master_mps_to_derivatives.cpp   | 10 +++----
 Ridges_3/include/CGAL/Umbilics.h              |  6 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/Skin_surface_base_3.h        |  4 +--
 .../Triangulated_mixed_complex_observer_3.h   | 10 +++----
 .../include/CGAL/Eigen_solver_traits.h        |  6 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/Search_traits_adapter.h      |  8 +++---
 Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Regular_grid_2.h  |  6 ++--
 Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Stream_lines_2.h  | 10 +++----
 .../test_edge_collapse_Polyhedron_3.cpp       |  4 +--
 .../include/CGAL/Polyhedral_surface_3.h       | 14 +++++-----
 .../include/CGAL/AABB_polyhedral_oracle.h     |  4 +--
 .../include/CGAL/Gray_level_image_3.h         |  2 +-
 .../CGAL/Triangular_expansion_visibility_2.h  |  6 ++--
 39 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 122 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h
index cb3f4e68239..b02303fa6af 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/tss.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 
 namespace CGAL {
@@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ public:
     Algebraic_curve_kernel_2()
       : _m_gcd_cache_2(new Gcd_cache_2())
     {
-      _m_curve_cache_2 = boost::shared_ptr<Curve_cache_2>(new Curve_cache_2(this));
-      _m_curve_pair_cache_2 =  boost::shared_ptr<Curve_pair_cache_2> (new Curve_pair_cache_2(this));
+      _m_curve_cache_2 = std::shared_ptr<Curve_cache_2>(new Curve_cache_2(this));
+      _m_curve_pair_cache_2 =  std::shared_ptr<Curve_pair_cache_2> (new Curve_pair_cache_2(this));
       // std::cout << "CONSTRUCTION  Algebraic_curve_kernel_2 " << std::endl;
     }
 
@@ -2766,9 +2766,9 @@ public:
 
 protected:
 
-mutable boost::shared_ptr<Curve_cache_2> _m_curve_cache_2;
-mutable boost::shared_ptr<Curve_pair_cache_2> _m_curve_pair_cache_2;
-mutable boost::shared_ptr<Gcd_cache_2> _m_gcd_cache_2;
+mutable std::shared_ptr<Curve_cache_2> _m_curve_cache_2;
+mutable std::shared_ptr<Curve_pair_cache_2> _m_curve_pair_cache_2;
+mutable std::shared_ptr<Gcd_cache_2> _m_gcd_cache_2;
 
 
 }; // class Algebraic_curve_kernel_2
diff --git a/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/internal/Lazy_alpha_nt_3.h b/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/internal/Lazy_alpha_nt_3.h
index c4384e9ccff..536939db210 100644
--- a/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/internal/Lazy_alpha_nt_3.h
+++ b/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/internal/Lazy_alpha_nt_3.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/internal/Exact_type_selector.h>
 #include <CGAL/Has_conversion.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <boost/type_traits.hpp>
 #include <boost/optional.hpp>
 
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_X_trapezoid.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_X_trapezoid.h
index e7202ffe935..eb64e3ce7e0 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_X_trapezoid.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_X_trapezoid.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h>
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 
 #ifdef CGAL_TD_DEBUG
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public:
   typedef Td_ninetuple<boost::variant<Vertex_const_handle,Point>,
                        boost::variant<Vertex_const_handle,unsigned char>,
                        boost::variant<Halfedge_const_handle,
-                                      boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >,
+                                      std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >,
                        Halfedge_const_handle,
                        unsigned char,
                        Self*, Self*,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ public:
 
     if (type() == TD_EDGE)
     {
-      //ptr()->e2 = (boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>)(new X_monotone_curve_2(top()->curve()));
+      //ptr()->e2 = (std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>)(new X_monotone_curve_2(top()->curve()));
       set_curve_for_rem_he(top()->curve());
       return;
     }
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ public:
     //else if (type() == TD_VERTEX)
 
     Curve_end v_ce(left()->curve_end());
-    ptr()->e2 = (boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>)(new X_monotone_curve_2(v_ce.cv()));
-    //CGAL_assertion(boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>>( &(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
+    ptr()->e2 = (std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>)(new X_monotone_curve_2(v_ce.cv()));
+    //CGAL_assertion(boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>>( &(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
 
     ptr()->e1 = (v_ce.ce() == ARR_MIN_END ) ? CGAL_TD_CV_MIN_END : CGAL_TD_CV_MAX_END;
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ public:
   {
     CGAL_precondition (type() == TD_EDGE);
 
-    ptr()->e2 = (boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>)(new X_monotone_curve_2(cv));
+    ptr()->e2 = (std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>)(new X_monotone_curve_2(cv));
   }
 
   /*! Set the trapezoid's type flag (Trapezoid/Edge/Vertex). */
@@ -537,8 +537,8 @@ public:
     CGAL_precondition(is_on_boundaries());
 
     CGAL_assertion(boost::get<unsigned char>( &(ptr()->e1)) != nullptr);
-    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
-    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
+    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
+    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
     CGAL_assertion(cv_ptr != nullptr);
 
     Arr_curve_end ce =
@@ -555,8 +555,8 @@ public:
     CGAL_precondition(is_on_boundaries());
 
     CGAL_assertion(boost::get<unsigned char>( &(ptr()->e1)) != nullptr);
-    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
-    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
+    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
+    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
     CGAL_assertion(cv_ptr != nullptr);
 
     Arr_curve_end ce =
@@ -572,8 +572,8 @@ public:
     CGAL_precondition(type() == TD_VERTEX);
 
     CGAL_assertion(boost::get<unsigned char>( &(ptr()->e1)) != nullptr);
-    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
-    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
+    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
+    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
     CGAL_assertion(cv_ptr != nullptr);
 
     Arr_curve_end ce =
@@ -587,8 +587,8 @@ public:
   {
     CGAL_precondition(!is_active() && type() == TD_EDGE);
 
-    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
-    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
+    CGAL_assertion(boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(&(ptr()->e2)) != nullptr);
+    X_monotone_curve_2* cv_ptr = (boost::get<std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> >(ptr()->e2)).get();
     CGAL_assertion(cv_ptr != nullptr);
     return *cv_ptr;
   }
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_edge.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_edge.h
index 61259f33547..6954193a227 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_edge.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_edge.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h>
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 
 #ifdef CGAL_TD_DEBUG
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_fictitious_vertex.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_fictitious_vertex.h
index b75de1b9d97..8f038c6b5e4 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_fictitious_vertex.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_fictitious_vertex.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h>
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_TD_DEBUG
 #define CGAL_TD_INLINE
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_vertex.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_vertex.h
index 3b3e86aa0c6..9439d3825c4 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_vertex.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_active_vertex.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h>
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 
 #ifdef CGAL_TD_DEBUG
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_inactive_edge.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_inactive_edge.h
index bb57f7c6d1c..ed5759d6bc0 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_inactive_edge.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Td_inactive_edge.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h>
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 
 #ifdef CGAL_TD_DEBUG
@@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ public:
 
   public:
     //c'tors
-    Data (boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& _cv, Dag_node* _p_node)
+    Data (std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& _cv, Dag_node* _p_node)
        : cv(_cv), p_node(_p_node) //, lb(_lb),lt(_lt),rb(_rb),rt(_rt)
     { }
 
     ~Data() { }
 
   protected:
-    boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> cv;
+    std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2> cv;
     Dag_node* p_node;
   };
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ public:
   }
 
   /*! Set the x_monotone_curve_2 for removed edge degenerate trapezoid. */
-  CGAL_TD_INLINE void set_curve(boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv)
+  CGAL_TD_INLINE void set_curve(std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv)
   {
     ptr()->cv = cv;
   }
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ public:
   //@{
 
   /*! Constructor given Vertex & Halfedge handles. */
-  Td_inactive_edge (boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv, Dag_node* node = nullptr)
+  Td_inactive_edge (std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv, Dag_node* node = nullptr)
   {
     PTR = new Data(cv,node);
   }
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h
index e48f1aa5c55..d9ff595e41d 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 
 #include <boost/optional.hpp>
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ protected:
 
   void deactivate_vertex (Dag_node& vtx_node) const;
 
-  void deactivate_edge (boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv, Dag_node& edge_node) const;
+  void deactivate_edge (std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv, Dag_node& edge_node) const;
 
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Description:
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2_impl.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2_impl.h
index d86c0c869f9..087920e3aec 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2_impl.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_point_location/Trapezoidal_decomposition_2_impl.h
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ deactivate_vertex(Dag_node& vtx_node) const
 
 template <typename Td_traits>
 void Trapezoidal_decomposition_2<Td_traits>::
-deactivate_edge(boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv,
+deactivate_edge(std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>& cv,
                 Dag_node& edge_node) const
 {
   CGAL_precondition(traits->is_active(edge_node.get_data()));
@@ -1870,7 +1870,7 @@ void Trapezoidal_decomposition_2<Td_traits>::remove(Halfedge_const_handle he)
 
   //-----------------------------------
   //3. remove the trapezoids that represent the removed halfedge
-  boost::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>
+  std::shared_ptr<X_monotone_curve_2>
     removed_cv_ptr(new X_monotone_curve_2(he->curve()));
   Base_map_item_iterator last_edge_fragment_it = mid_it;
   //Base_trapezoid_iterator last_mid = mid_it;
diff --git a/Boolean_set_operations_2/archive/demo/Boolean_set_operations_2_GraphicsView/boolean_operations_2.cpp b/Boolean_set_operations_2/archive/demo/Boolean_set_operations_2_GraphicsView/boolean_operations_2.cpp
index a8dd97b66c9..424dfdbe710 100644
--- a/Boolean_set_operations_2/archive/demo/Boolean_set_operations_2_GraphicsView/boolean_operations_2.cpp
+++ b/Boolean_set_operations_2/archive/demo/Boolean_set_operations_2_GraphicsView/boolean_operations_2.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ void trace( std::string s )
   out << s ;
 }
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <QtGui>
 #include <QString>
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public:
 
 class Curve_set
 {
-  typedef boost::shared_ptr<Rep_base> Rep_ptr ;
+  typedef std::shared_ptr<Rep_base> Rep_ptr ;
 
 public:
 
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ private:
 
   QPen                        mPen ;
   QBrush                      mBrush ;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Rep_base> mRep ;
+  std::shared_ptr<Rep_base> mRep ;
 
 } ;
 
diff --git a/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/Image_3.h b/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/Image_3.h
index 4197574199e..8ede8eefec5 100644
--- a/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/Image_3.h
+++ b/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/Image_3.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/basic.h>
 #include <CGAL/array.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
 #include <boost/unordered_set.hpp>
 #include <CGAL/ImageIO.h>
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class CGAL_IMAGEIO_EXPORT Image_3
 public:
   enum Own { OWN_THE_DATA, DO_NOT_OWN_THE_DATA };
 
-  typedef boost::shared_ptr<_image> Image_shared_ptr;
+  typedef std::shared_ptr<_image> Image_shared_ptr;
   typedef Image_shared_ptr Pointer;
 
 protected:
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesher_tester.h b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesher_tester.h
index c27cd811dbd..cc8107179fe 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesher_tester.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesher_tester.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include "thread_queue.h"
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ template <class C3T3, class Domain> struct Optimizer;
 template <class C3T3, class MeshCriteria, class Domain>
 struct Mesher
 {
-  Mesher(const boost::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> >& pdomain_builder,
+  Mesher(const std::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> >& pdomain_builder,
          const int mesh_nb,
          const std::string& filename,
          const std::string& output,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ struct Mesher
     timer.start();
 
     // we keep c3t3 between lines
-    boost::shared_ptr<C3T3> pc3t3_save (new C3T3());
+    std::shared_ptr<C3T3> pc3t3_save (new C3T3());
 
     // Generate Mesh
     file_out << "Generate mesh...";
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ private:
   }
 
 private:
-  boost::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> > pdomain_builder_;
+  std::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> > pdomain_builder_;
   int mesh_nb_;
   std::string filename_;
   std::string output_prefix_;
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ private:
 template <class C3T3, class Domain>
 struct Optimizer
 {
-  Optimizer(const boost::shared_ptr<C3T3>& pc3t3,
-            const boost::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> >& pdomain_builder,
+  Optimizer(const std::shared_ptr<C3T3>& pc3t3,
+            const std::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> >& pdomain_builder,
             const int mesh_nb,
             const std::string& output,
             const std::string& command_line)
@@ -339,8 +339,8 @@ private:
 
 
 private:
-  boost::shared_ptr<C3T3> pc3t3_;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> > pdomain_builder_;
+  std::shared_ptr<C3T3> pc3t3_;
+  std::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> > pdomain_builder_;
   std::string mesh_nb_;
   std::string output_prefix_;
   std::string command_line_;
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ void mesh(const std::string& data, const std::string& output_dir, const int nb_t
     //Load the domain
     std::stringstream cout_loc;
     cout_loc << "+ [" << filename << "] Create domain...";
-    boost::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> > pdomain_builder(new Domain_builder<Domain>(it->path().string()));
+    std::shared_ptr<Domain_builder<Domain> > pdomain_builder(new Domain_builder<Domain>(it->path().string()));
     cout_loc << "done (" << timer.time() << "s)\n";
     std::cout << cout_loc.str();
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/benchmark/Mesh_3/StdAfx.h b/Mesh_3/benchmark/Mesh_3/StdAfx.h
index ac0f9e1b5b2..7f3c5f93ca7 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/benchmark/Mesh_3/StdAfx.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/benchmark/Mesh_3/StdAfx.h
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 #include <boost/random/linear_congruential.hpp>
 #include <boost/random/uniform_smallint.hpp>
 #include <boost/random/variate_generator.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <boost/thread/tss.hpp>
 #include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp>
 #include <boost/type_traits.hpp>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Labeled_mesh_domain_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Labeled_mesh_domain_3.h
index 0dceef7f282..6a755990d5e 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Labeled_mesh_domain_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Labeled_mesh_domain_3.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Bbox_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/point_generators_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/boost/parameter.h>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <CGAL/tuple.h>
 #include <CGAL/Origin.h>
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ protected:
   typedef typename Geom_traits::Sphere_3 Sphere_3;
   typedef typename Geom_traits::Iso_cuboid_3 Iso_cuboid_3;
   typedef typename Geom_traits::FT FT;
-  typedef boost::shared_ptr<CGAL::Random> CGAL_Random_share_ptr_t;
+  typedef std::shared_ptr<CGAL::Random> CGAL_Random_share_ptr_t;
   /// Returns squared error bound from \c bbox and \c error
   FT squared_error_bound(const Iso_cuboid_3& bbox, const FT& error) const
   {
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_experimental.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_experimental.h
index a0e2524dbb6..a2553333dc1 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_experimental.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_experimental.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/array.h>
 #include <CGAL/Bbox_3.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <list>
 #include <sstream>
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ private:
 private:
   //only one of these aabb_trees is needed
   const Tree* m_ptree;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Tree> m_own_ptree;
+  std::shared_ptr<Tree> m_own_ptree;
 
   const MeshDomain& m_domain;
   Parameters m_params;
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ private:
 
 #ifdef CGAL_MESH_3_EXPERIMENTAL_USE_PATCHES_IDS
   //help to accelerate aabb_tree queries in m_ptree
-  boost::shared_ptr<Kd_tree> m_kd_tree;
+  std::shared_ptr<Kd_tree> m_kd_tree;
 
   Facet_patch_id_map m_facet_patch_id_map;
   const Patches_ids_map& patches_ids_map;
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_polyhedron.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_polyhedron.h
index c60ce33db5c..df2c3e0bd46 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_polyhedron.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Lipschitz_sizing_polyhedron.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/array.h>
 #include <CGAL/Bbox_3.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <list>
 #include <sstream>
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
   const Tree* m_ptree;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Tree> m_own_ptree;
+  std::shared_ptr<Tree> m_own_ptree;
 
   const MeshDomain& m_domain;
   Parameters m_params;
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_domain_with_polyline_features_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_domain_with_polyline_features_3.h
index 165df38676d..e72a0b7ec36 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_domain_with_polyline_features_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_domain_with_polyline_features_3.h
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
 #include <boost/variant.hpp>
 #include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>
 #include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
-#include <boost/make_shared.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -859,7 +858,7 @@ public:
   typedef CGAL::AABB_tree<AABB_curves_traits> Curves_AABB_tree;
 
 private:
-  mutable boost::shared_ptr<Curves_AABB_tree> curves_aabb_tree_ptr_;
+  mutable std::shared_ptr<Curves_AABB_tree> curves_aabb_tree_ptr_;
   mutable bool curves_aabb_tree_is_built;
 
 public:
@@ -884,7 +883,7 @@ public:
     if(curves_aabb_tree_ptr_) {
       curves_aabb_tree_ptr_->clear();
     } else {
-      curves_aabb_tree_ptr_ = boost::make_shared<Curves_AABB_tree>();
+      curves_aabb_tree_ptr_ = std::make_shared<Curves_AABB_tree>();
     }
     for(typename Edges::const_iterator
           edges_it = edges_.begin(),
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/include/CGAL/Poisson_reconstruction_function.h b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/include/CGAL/Poisson_reconstruction_function.h
index 7fb5c3e68f3..e526d4ac91f 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/include/CGAL/Poisson_reconstruction_function.h
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/include/CGAL/Poisson_reconstruction_function.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/compute_average_spacing.h>
 #include <CGAL/Timer.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <boost/array.hpp>
 #include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>
 #include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ private:
 
   // operator() is pre-computed on vertices of *m_tr by solving
   // the Poisson equation Laplacian(f) = divergent(normals field).
-  boost::shared_ptr<Triangulation> m_tr;
+  std::shared_ptr<Triangulation> m_tr;
   mutable std::shared_ptr<std::vector<Cached_bary_coord> > m_bary;
   mutable std::vector<Point> Dual;
   mutable std::vector<Vector> Normal;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Corefinement/intersection_callbacks.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Corefinement/intersection_callbacks.h
index d764b106181..3c33b980cbc 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Corefinement/intersection_callbacks.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Corefinement/intersection_callbacks.h
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/self_intersections.h>
 
 #include <boost/graph/graph_traits.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <set>
 
 namespace CGAL {
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
index 9bbe717ca5b..c229f344811 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 #include <boost/range/join.hpp>
 #include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
 #include <boost/unordered_set.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <boost/container/flat_set.hpp>
 #include <boost/optional.hpp>
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ namespace internal {
     typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PM>::edge_descriptor edge_descriptor;
     typedef FaceIndexMap FIMap;
 
-    boost::shared_ptr< std::set<edge_descriptor> > border_edges_ptr;
+    std::shared_ptr< std::set<edge_descriptor> > border_edges_ptr;
     const PM* pmesh_ptr_;
 
   public:
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_autorefinement.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_autorefinement.cpp
index eb8cf3a4654..06bbfa2a147 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_autorefinement.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_autorefinement.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct My_visitor :
     : i (new int(0) )
   {}
 
-  boost::shared_ptr<int> i;
+  std::shared_ptr<int> i;
 };
 
 void test(const char* fname, std::size_t nb_polylines, std::size_t total_nb_points,
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefine.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefine.cpp
index 10dd9ff76d7..ec1cefd793c 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefine.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefine.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct My_visitor :
     : i (new int(0) )
   {}
 
-  boost::shared_ptr<int> i;
+  std::shared_ptr<int> i;
 };
 
 void test(const char* f1, const char* f2)
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp
index a379cf36095..c1519625d70 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ public:
   }
 
 private:
-  boost::shared_ptr<Tree> m_tree_ptr;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Side_of> m_side_of_ptr;
+  std::shared_ptr<Tree> m_tree_ptr;
+  std::shared_ptr<Side_of> m_side_of_ptr;
   double m_offset_distance;
   bool m_is_closed;
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/boost/graph/properties_Polyhedron_3.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/boost/graph/properties_Polyhedron_3.h
index a53bde8e724..939093a7db5 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/boost/graph/properties_Polyhedron_3.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/boost/graph/properties_Polyhedron_3.h
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Unique_hash_map.h>
 #include <CGAL/squared_distance_2_1.h>
 #include <CGAL/number_utils.h>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <CGAL/boost/graph/internal/Has_member_id.h>
 
 #define CGAL_HDS_PARAM_ template < class Traits, class Items, class Alloc> class HDS
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public:
 
   reference operator[](const key_type& k) const { return (*map_)[k]; }
 private:
-   boost::shared_ptr<Map> map_;
+   std::shared_ptr<Map> map_;
 };
 
 // Special case for edges.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public:
 
   reference operator[](const key_type& k) const { return (*map_)[k]; }
 private:
-  boost::shared_ptr<Map> map_;
+  std::shared_ptr<Map> map_;
 };
 
   template<typename Handle, typename FT>
diff --git a/Property_map/include/CGAL/Dynamic_property_map.h b/Property_map/include/CGAL/Dynamic_property_map.h
index fb37d46e214..6337a639068 100644
--- a/Property_map/include/CGAL/Dynamic_property_map.h
+++ b/Property_map/include/CGAL/Dynamic_property_map.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/boost/graph/properties.h>
 #include <CGAL/property_map.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
 #include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>
 #include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ struct Dynamic_property_map {
 
 
   typedef boost::unordered_map<K,V> Map;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Map> map_;
+  std::shared_ptr<Map> map_;
   V default_value_;
 };
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ struct Dynamic {
     put(*(m.map_), k, v);
   }
 
-  boost::shared_ptr<PM> map_;
+  std::shared_ptr<PM> map_;
 };
 
 template <typename Key, typename Value>
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ struct Dynamic_with_index
     (*m.m_values)[k.idx()]=v;
   }
 
-  boost::shared_ptr<std::vector<value_type> > m_values;
+  std::shared_ptr<std::vector<value_type> > m_values;
 };
 
 } // namespace internal
diff --git a/Property_map/include/CGAL/Index_property_map.h b/Property_map/include/CGAL/Index_property_map.h
index 4d170e39e25..314dacda060 100644
--- a/Property_map/include/CGAL/Index_property_map.h
+++ b/Property_map/include/CGAL/Index_property_map.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #define CGAL_INDEX_PROPERTY_MAP_H
 
 #include <CGAL/property_map.h>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <iterator>
 #include <map>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
   // Property maps must be lightweight classes => share std::map
-  boost::shared_ptr<Index_map> m_index_map;
+  std::shared_ptr<Index_map> m_index_map;
 };
 
 /// @cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
diff --git a/QP_solver/test/QP_solver/master_mps_to_derivatives.cpp b/QP_solver/test/QP_solver/master_mps_to_derivatives.cpp
index 22a72be23f9..b0af787b72e 100644
--- a/QP_solver/test/QP_solver/master_mps_to_derivatives.cpp
+++ b/QP_solver/test/QP_solver/master_mps_to_derivatives.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/boost/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp>
 #include <boost/iterator/zip_iterator.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <CGAL/Exact_rational.h>
 #include <CGAL/MP_Float.h>
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ void write_MPS(std::ostream& out,
   CGAL::print_quadratic_program(out, qp, problem_name);
 }
 
-boost::shared_ptr<std::ofstream>
+std::shared_ptr<std::ofstream>
 create_output_file(const char *filename, // Note: "Bernd3" and not
                                          // "Bernd3.mps".
                    const char *directory,
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ create_output_file(const char *filename, // Note: "Bernd3" and not
   std::string new_name = std::string(directory) +
     std::string("/") + std::string(filename) + std::string("_") +
     std::string(suffix) + std::string(".mps");
-  return boost::shared_ptr<std::ofstream>(new std::ofstream(new_name.c_str(),
+  return std::shared_ptr<std::ofstream>(new std::ofstream(new_name.c_str(),
                                                             std::ios_base::trunc |
                                                             std::ios_base::out));
 }
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ void create_shifted_instance(const CGAL::Quadratic_program_from_mps <IT>& qp,
   // output:
   using boost::make_transform_iterator;
   using boost::make_zip_iterator;
-  boost::shared_ptr<std::ofstream> out = create_output_file(file, dir, "shifted");
+  std::shared_ptr<std::ofstream> out = create_output_file(file, dir, "shifted");
 
   write_MPS(*out,
                   "", // deduce number-type
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ void create_free_instance(CGAL::Quadratic_program_from_mps<IT>& qp,
     qp.set_u(i, false);                         // variable becomes free
   }
   // output:
-  boost::shared_ptr<std::ofstream> out = create_output_file(file, dir, "free");
+  std::shared_ptr<std::ofstream> out = create_output_file(file, dir, "free");
   write_MPS(*out,
                   "", // deduce number-type
                   "Freed instance of original file",
diff --git a/Ridges_3/include/CGAL/Umbilics.h b/Ridges_3/include/CGAL/Umbilics.h
index d10ecd1a1e5..278688706d4 100644
--- a/Ridges_3/include/CGAL/Umbilics.h
+++ b/Ridges_3/include/CGAL/Umbilics.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/PolyhedralSurf_neighbors.h>
 #include <CGAL/Kernel/global_functions_3.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <list>
 #include <vector>
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class Umbilic_approximation
   const TriangleMesh& P;
 
   typedef T_PolyhedralSurf_neighbors<TriangleMesh> Poly_neighbors;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Poly_neighbors> poly_neighbors;
+  std::shared_ptr<Poly_neighbors> poly_neighbors;
 
   CGAL::Abs<FT> cgal_abs;
   CGAL::To_double<FT> To_double;
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ Umbilic_approximation(const TriangleMesh& p,
 {
   CGAL_precondition(is_triangle_mesh(P));
 
-  poly_neighbors = boost::shared_ptr<Poly_neighbors>(new Poly_neighbors(P));
+  poly_neighbors = std::shared_ptr<Poly_neighbors>(new Poly_neighbors(P));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Skin_surface_base_3.h b/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Skin_surface_base_3.h
index 108b8ff2b25..836671a496b 100644
--- a/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Skin_surface_base_3.h
+++ b/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Skin_surface_base_3.h
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include <boost/random/linear_congruential.hpp>
 #include <boost/random/uniform_smallint.hpp>
 #include <boost/random/variate_generator.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 // Used for the triangulated mixed complex / Voronoi diagram
 #include <CGAL/Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3.h>
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ private:
 
 public:
   typedef Anchor_point                                               Vertex_info;
-  typedef std::pair<Simplex, boost::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface> >  Cell_info;
+  typedef std::pair<Simplex, std::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface> >  Cell_info;
 
 private:
   // Triangulated_mixed_complex:
diff --git a/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Triangulated_mixed_complex_observer_3.h b/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Triangulated_mixed_complex_observer_3.h
index baf74b7e19c..c519448c672 100644
--- a/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Triangulated_mixed_complex_observer_3.h
+++ b/Skin_surface_3/include/CGAL/Triangulated_mixed_complex_observer_3.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Skin_surface_quadratic_surface_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Triangulation_simplex_3.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ public:
 
   FT shrink;
   Rt_Simplex prev_s;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface> surf;
+  std::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface> surf;
 
   // c is the center of the orthogonal sphere
   // w is the weight of the orthogonal sphere
@@ -179,14 +179,14 @@ public:
       Q[1] = Q[3] = Q[4] = 0;
       Q[0] = Q[2] = Q[5] = orient;
 
-      surf = boost::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface>(new Quadratic_surface(Q, c, s*w, (orient==1? 0 : 3)));
+      surf = std::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface>(new Quadratic_surface(Q, c, s*w, (orient==1? 0 : 3)));
     } else {
       // Multiply with 1-s to make the function defining the
       // skin surface implicitly continuous
       Q[1] = Q[3] = Q[4] = 0;
       Q[0] = Q[2] = Q[5] = orient*(1-s);
 
-      surf = boost::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface>(new Quadratic_surface(Q, c, s*(1-s)*w, (orient==1? 0 : 3)));
+      surf = std::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface>(new Quadratic_surface(Q, c, s*(1-s)*w, (orient==1? 0 : 3)));
     }
   }
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ public:
     Q[4] = orient*(-2*t.z()*t.y()/den);
     Q[5] = orient*(-  t.z()*t.z()/den + (1-s));
 
-    surf = boost::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface>(new Quadratic_surface(Q, c, s*(1-s)*w, (orient==1? 1 : 2)));
+    surf = std::shared_ptr<Quadratic_surface>(new Quadratic_surface(Q, c, s*(1-s)*w, (orient==1? 1 : 2)));
   }
 
   Surface_RT Q[6];
diff --git a/Solver_interface/include/CGAL/Eigen_solver_traits.h b/Solver_interface/include/CGAL/Eigen_solver_traits.h
index ecedf0ed89b..c7efdfda81d 100644
--- a/Solver_interface/include/CGAL/Eigen_solver_traits.h
+++ b/Solver_interface/include/CGAL/Eigen_solver_traits.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/Eigen_matrix.h>
 #include <CGAL/Eigen_vector.h>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 namespace internal {
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ public:
 
 protected:
   const typename Matrix::EigenType* m_mat;
-  boost::shared_ptr<EigenSolverT> m_solver_sptr;
+  std::shared_ptr<EigenSolverT> m_solver_sptr;
 };
 
 // Specialization of the solver for BiCGSTAB as for surface parameterization,
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ public:
   }
 
 protected:
-  boost::shared_ptr<EigenSolverT> m_solver_sptr;
+  std::shared_ptr<EigenSolverT> m_solver_sptr;
 };
 
 } // namespace CGAL
diff --git a/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Search_traits_adapter.h b/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Search_traits_adapter.h
index d3c6b49fd60..7fc4c174572 100644
--- a/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Search_traits_adapter.h
+++ b/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Search_traits_adapter.h
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ public:
     typedef typename boost::property_traits<PointPropertyMap>::value_type
     Point;
 
-    boost::shared_ptr<Point> point;
+    std::shared_ptr<Point> point;
     std::size_t idx;
 
   public:
@@ -157,18 +157,18 @@ public:
     void increment()
     {
       ++idx;
-      CGAL_assertion(point != boost::shared_ptr<Point>());
+      CGAL_assertion(point != std::shared_ptr<Point>());
     }
     void decrement()
     {
       --idx;
-      CGAL_assertion(point != boost::shared_ptr<Point>());
+      CGAL_assertion(point != std::shared_ptr<Point>());
     }
 
     void advance(std::ptrdiff_t n)
     {
       idx += n;
-      CGAL_assertion(point != boost::shared_ptr<Point>());
+      CGAL_assertion(point != std::shared_ptr<Point>());
     }
 
     std::ptrdiff_t distance_to(const No_lvalue_iterator& other) const
diff --git a/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Regular_grid_2.h b/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Regular_grid_2.h
index 4cce300d35a..57b69a00e41 100644
--- a/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Regular_grid_2.h
+++ b/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Regular_grid_2.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/basic.h>
 #include <CGAL/streamlines_assertions.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public:
   typedef typename StreamLinesTraits_2::Point_2 Point_2;
   typedef typename StreamLinesTraits_2::Vector_2 Vector_2;
 protected:
-  boost::shared_ptr< std::vector<FT> > vector_field;
+  std::shared_ptr< std::vector<FT> > vector_field;
   inline int get_index(int i,int j) const;
   int number_of_samples_x;
   int number_of_samples_y;
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Regular_grid_2<StreamLinesTraits_2>::Regular_grid_2(int m,
   number_of_samples_y = n;
   domain_size_x = x;
   domain_size_y = y;
-  vector_field = boost::shared_ptr<std::vector<FT> >(new std::vector<FT>(number_of_samples_x*number_of_samples_y* 2));
+  vector_field = std::shared_ptr<std::vector<FT> >(new std::vector<FT>(number_of_samples_x*number_of_samples_y* 2));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Stream_lines_2.h b/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Stream_lines_2.h
index 25458c7aa08..a000bbf684f 100644
--- a/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Stream_lines_2.h
+++ b/Stream_lines_2/include/CGAL/Stream_lines_2.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #include <boost/random/uniform_real.hpp> // undocumented class
 #include <boost/random/linear_congruential.hpp>
 #include <boost/random/uniform_smallint.hpp>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ protected:
   Point_2                                                        seed_point;
   int                                                            samp_step;
   unsigned int _number_of_lines;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Vector_field_2> vf_2;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Integrator_2> int_2;
+  std::shared_ptr<Vector_field_2> vf_2;
+  std::shared_ptr<Integrator_2> int_2;
 public:
   void set_separating_distance(FT new_value){separating_distance = new_value;}
   void set_saturation_ratio(FT new_value){ saturation_ratio = new_value;}
@@ -241,8 +241,8 @@ vector_field_2, const Integrator_2 & m_integrator, const FT & m_separating_dista
       m_DT.insert(pPoint);
     }
   _number_of_lines = 0;
-  vf_2 = boost::shared_ptr<Vector_field_2>(new Vector_field_2(vector_field_2));
-  int_2 = boost::shared_ptr<Integrator_2>(new Integrator_2(m_integrator));
+  vf_2 = std::shared_ptr<Vector_field_2>(new Vector_field_2(vector_field_2));
+  int_2 = std::shared_ptr<Integrator_2>(new Integrator_2(m_integrator));
   samp_step = sampling_step;
   stl_container.clear();
   place_stream_lines(vector_field_2, m_integrator,
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_simplification/test/Surface_mesh_simplification/test_edge_collapse_Polyhedron_3.cpp b/Surface_mesh_simplification/test/Surface_mesh_simplification/test_edge_collapse_Polyhedron_3.cpp
index 1c84930d608..ca29638a015 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_simplification/test/Surface_mesh_simplification/test_edge_collapse_Polyhedron_3.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_simplification/test/Surface_mesh_simplification/test_edge_collapse_Polyhedron_3.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "basics.h"
 #include "test_self_intersection.h"
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 //#define TEST_TEST_TRACE_ENABLED
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace SMS = CGAL::Surface_mesh_simplification;
 
 typedef SMS::Edge_profile<Surface> Profile;
 
-typedef boost::shared_ptr<Surface> SurfaceSP;
+typedef std::shared_ptr<Surface> SurfaceSP;
 
 // Constructs a flat polyhedron containing just the link of an edge or vertex.
 class Link_builder : public CGAL::Modifier_base<Surface::HalfedgeDS>
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_surface_3.h b/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_surface_3.h
index 2ef3e333cce..4ba75cb5959 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_surface_3.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_surface_3.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/circulator.h>
 #include <CGAL/iterator.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp>
 
 #include <CGAL/make_surface_mesh.h>
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ public:
   typedef Intersection_data_structure_3<Normalized_geom_traits,
                                         Segment_3> Subsegments_tree;
 #endif
-  typedef boost::shared_ptr<Subfacets_tree> Subfacets_tree_ptr;
-  typedef boost::shared_ptr<Subsegments_tree> Subsegments_tree_ptr;
+  typedef std::shared_ptr<Subfacets_tree> Subfacets_tree_ptr;
+  typedef std::shared_ptr<Subsegments_tree> Subsegments_tree_ptr;
 //   typedef typename Subsegments_tree::Point_with_index
 //   Intersection_point;
 
@@ -1252,13 +1252,13 @@ public:
   Subfacets_tree_ptr subfacets_tree_ptr;
   Subsegments_tree_ptr subsegments_tree_ptr;
   typedef std::set<Vertex_handle, Compare_vertex_iterators> Input_vertices;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Input_vertices> input_vertices_ptr;
+  std::shared_ptr<Input_vertices> input_vertices_ptr;
   typedef std::vector<Vertex_handle> Corner_vertices;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Corner_vertices> corner_vertices_ptr;
+  std::shared_ptr<Corner_vertices> corner_vertices_ptr;
   typedef std::vector<Vertex_handle> Edges_vertices;
-  boost::shared_ptr<Edges_vertices> edges_vertices_ptr;
+  std::shared_ptr<Edges_vertices> edges_vertices_ptr;
 #ifdef CGAL_SURFACE_MESHER_POLYHEDRAL_SURFACE_USE_PINPOLYHEDRON
-  typedef boost::shared_ptr<PointInPolyhedron> PointInPolyhedron_ptr;
+  typedef std::shared_ptr<PointInPolyhedron> PointInPolyhedron_ptr;
   PointInPolyhedron_ptr pinpolyhedron_ptr;
 #endif
 
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/AABB_polyhedral_oracle.h b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/AABB_polyhedral_oracle.h
index 04c0d90ceaa..a57dc122563 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/AABB_polyhedral_oracle.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/AABB_polyhedral_oracle.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/AABB_traits.h>
 #include <CGAL/AABB_face_graph_triangle_primitive.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
     typedef AABB_tree<AABB_traits> Tree;
     typedef typename AABB_traits::Bounding_box Bounding_box;
 
-    typedef boost::shared_ptr<Tree> Tree_shared_ptr;
+    typedef std::shared_ptr<Tree> Tree_shared_ptr;
     Tree_shared_ptr m_pTree;
 
   public:
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Gray_level_image_3.h b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Gray_level_image_3.h
index c9e7df7954b..5cf37cd2c28 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Gray_level_image_3.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Gray_level_image_3.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/auto_link/ImageIO.h>
 
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_SURFACE_MESHER_DEBUG_GRAY_LEVEL_IMAGE_3_CONSTRUCTOR
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
diff --git a/Visibility_2/include/CGAL/Triangular_expansion_visibility_2.h b/Visibility_2/include/CGAL/Triangular_expansion_visibility_2.h
index 43a66c0fbd0..f8a723265d5 100644
--- a/Visibility_2/include/CGAL/Triangular_expansion_visibility_2.h
+++ b/Visibility_2/include/CGAL/Triangular_expansion_visibility_2.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 
 #include <CGAL/Arrangement_2.h>
-#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <memory>
 #include <CGAL/boost/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp>
 #include <CGAL/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_observer.h>
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ private:
 
   // May change during visibility computation
   mutable Observer observer;
-  mutable boost::shared_ptr<CDT> p_cdt;
+  mutable std::shared_ptr<CDT> p_cdt;
   mutable std::vector<Segment_2> needles;
 
   // Copy constructor and assignment not supported
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ private:
                                               Make_constraint());
 
     //std::cout << "init_cdt new CDT" << std::endl;
-    p_cdt = boost::shared_ptr<CDT>(new CDT(begin, end));
+    p_cdt = std::shared_ptr<CDT>(new CDT(begin, end));
     observer.has_changed = false;
     //std::cout << "init_cdt done" << std::endl;
     //std::cout << std::endl;

From 971004cfeec80953d010296fc8fd24ae7d5df785 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 15:40:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 091/171] Fix a warning

---
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_group_item.cpp | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_group_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_group_item.cpp
index 70570753802..29e0685ec51 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_group_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_group_item.cpp
@@ -90,10 +90,12 @@ void Scene_group_item::update_group_number(Scene_item * new_item, int n)
     Scene_group_item* group =
             qobject_cast<Scene_group_item*>(new_item);
     if(group)
+    {
       Q_FOREACH(Scene_interface::Item_id id, group->getChildren()){
 
         update_group_number(getChild(id),n+1);
       }
+    }
     new_item->has_group = n;
 }
 void Scene_group_item::setColor(QColor c)

From f02f5d07d19589e8db52b70c821c022da2261eb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 17:53:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 092/171] Fix dereference after null in
 Triangulation_data_structure.h

---
 TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h b/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h
index b3927cf03ae..1b14fbb03cd 100644
--- a/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h
+++ b/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h
@@ -1924,7 +1924,7 @@ create_star_2(Vertex_handle v, Cell_handle c, int li )
     // pnew is null at the first iteration
     v1->set_cell(cnew);
     //pnew->set_neighbor( cw(pnew->index(v1)), cnew );
-    if (pnew != Cell_handle()) { pnew->set_neighbor( 1, cnew );}
+    if (pnew != nullptr) { pnew->set_neighbor( 1, cnew );}
 
     bound = cur;
     i1 = ccw(i1);

From 0dcadee4863b8885512dcd8708e859119ce6fc99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 17:54:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 093/171] Fix dereference after null in
 Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h

---
 .../CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h        | 14 +++++++-------
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/In_place_list.h         |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
index f5686239a51..817646d79d2 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ protected:
         CGAL_assertion( ! last_vertex);
         HalfedgeDS_items_decorator<HDS> decorator;
         Halfedge_handle e = get_vertex_to_edge_map( w);
-        if ( e != Halfedge_handle()) {
+        if ( e != nullptr) {
             CGAL_assertion( e->vertex() == index_to_vertex_map[w]);
             // check that the facet has no self intersections
             if ( current_face != Face_handle()
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ protected:
         // Halfedge e points to a vertex w. Walk around w to find a hole
         // in the facet structure. Report an error if none exist. Return
         // the halfedge at this hole that points to the vertex w.
-        CGAL_assertion( e != Halfedge_handle());
+        CGAL_assertion( e != nullptr);
         HalfedgeDS_items_decorator<HDS> decorator;
         Halfedge_handle start_edge( e);
         do {
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ add_vertex_to_facet( std::size_t v2) {
             Halfedge_handle hole = lookup_hole( v1);
             if ( m_error)
                 return;
-            CGAL_assertion( hole != Halfedge_handle());
+            CGAL_assertion( hole != nullptr);
             h2->opposite()->HBase::set_next( hole->next());
             decorator.set_prev( hole->next(), h2->opposite());
             hole->HBase::set_next( h1->opposite());
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ add_vertex_to_facet( std::size_t v2) {
                 } while ( e->next() != prev && e != h1);
                 if ( e == h1) {
                     // disconnected facet complexes
-                    if ( hole != Halfedge_handle()) {
+                    if ( hole != nullptr) {
                         // The complex can be connected with
                         // the hole at hprime.
                         hprime->HBase::set_next( hole->next());
@@ -763,8 +763,8 @@ test_facet_indices( std::vector< std::size_t> indices) {
         // check if halfedge is already in the HDS and is not border halfedge
         Halfedge_handle v = get_vertex_to_edge_map(indices[i]);
         Vertex_handle   w = index_to_vertex_map[indices[i+1]];
-        if ( v != Halfedge_handle()
-             && get_vertex_to_edge_map(indices[i+1]) != Halfedge_handle()) {
+        if ( v != nullptr
+             && get_vertex_to_edge_map(indices[i+1]) != nullptr) {
             // cycle through halfedge-loop and find edge to indices[i+1]
             Halfedge_handle vstart = v;
             do {
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ test_facet_indices( std::vector< std::size_t> indices) {
         // tested for non-manifold halfedges already, we just need to check
         // if the vertex indices[i] is not a closed manifold yet.
         Halfedge_handle v = get_vertex_to_edge_map(indices[i]);
-        if ( v != Halfedge_handle()) {
+        if ( v != nullptr) {
             Halfedge_handle vstart = v;
             do {
                 v = v->next()->opposite();
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/In_place_list.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/In_place_list.h
index e19c8ca5e4d..3266d1ae674 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/In_place_list.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/In_place_list.h
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ namespace internal {
 
     bool  operator==( const Self& x) const { return node == x.node; }
     bool  operator!=( const Self& x) const { return node != x.node; }
+    bool  operator==( std::nullptr_t) const { return node == nullptr; }
+    bool  operator!=( std::nullptr_t) const { return node != nullptr; }
     bool  operator< ( const Self& x) const { return node< x.node;   }
     bool  operator<=( const Self& x) const { return node<= x.node;  }
     bool  operator> ( const Self& x) const { return node> x.node;   }
@@ -139,6 +141,8 @@ namespace internal {
 
     bool     operator==( const Self& x) const { return node == x.node; }
     bool     operator!=( const Self& x) const { return node != x.node; }
+    bool     operator==( std::nullptr_t) const { return node == nullptr; }
+    bool     operator!=( std::nullptr_t) const { return node != nullptr; }
     bool     operator< ( const Self& x) const { return node< x.node;   }
     bool     operator<=( const Self& x) const { return node<= x.node;  }
     bool     operator> ( const Self& x) const { return node> x.node;   }

From 6f9419fb153f01fdabc9786f1403deacc043f495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marc Glisse <marc.glisse@inria.fr>
Date: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 19:18:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 094/171] Disable /= with CGAL_NO_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR

---
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
index 163da7fa066..60034bb3896 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Mpzf.h
@@ -919,8 +919,6 @@ struct Mpzf {
   Mpzf& operator*=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=*this*x; return *this; }
 #ifdef CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
   Mpzf& operator/=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=*this/x; return *this; }
-#else // not CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
-  Mpzf& operator/=(Mpzf const&x){ *this=division(*this,x); return *this; }
 #endif // not CGAL_MPZF_DIVISION_OPERATOR
 
   bool is_canonical () const {

From 0ef8127c71fa06c7b0687a197276d7b069e4526c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 20:20:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 095/171] The CGAL_NOEXCEPT macro is no longer needed

---
 .../include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h  |  2 +-
 .../Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt              |  3 +--
 Installation/include/CGAL/config.h                   | 12 ------------
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h                   |  4 ++--
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h         |  4 ++--
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h              |  2 +-
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h              |  2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h  |  2 +-
 Polynomial/include/CGAL/Exponent_vector.h            |  2 +-
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h              |  2 ++
 .../CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h |  2 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h |  2 +-
 Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h        |  2 +-
 13 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h b/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h
index b0f2943c707..d000154f253 100644
--- a/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h
+++ b/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
     {}
 
     /// Destructor.
-    ~CMap_non_basic_iterator() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+    ~CMap_non_basic_iterator() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
     {
       CGAL_destructor_assertion( this->mmark_number!=Map::INVALID_MARK );
       if (this->mmap->get_number_of_times_mark_reserved
diff --git a/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt b/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt
index 52083c63a03..601c7cc4354 100644
--- a/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt
+++ b/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt
@@ -243,8 +243,7 @@ and \cgalCite{cgal:a-esgc-98} (also available at
 <A HREF="https://www.boost.org/community/exception_safety.html"><TT>https://www.boost.org/community/exception_safety.html</TT></A>).
 Any destructor which might throw an exception, including a destructor which
 uses the `CGAL_destructor_assertion` macro, should be marked with the
-`CGAL_NOEXCEPT(false)` macro. This macro provides future compatibility with
-C++11 and above, which provides the `noexcept` keyword.
+`noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)`.
 
 \section secchecks_req_and_rec Requirements and recommendations
 
diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
index 76d6fd9366c..5ee324b0fdb 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
@@ -655,12 +655,6 @@ typedef const void * Nullptr_t;   // Anticipate C++0x's std::nullptr_t
 
 } //namespace CGAL
 
-//Support for c++11 noexcept
-#if BOOST_VERSION > 104600 && !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_NOEXCEPT) && !defined(BOOST_NO_NOEXCEPT)
-#define CGAL_NOEXCEPT(x) noexcept(x)
-#else
-#define CGAL_NOEXCEPT(x)
-#endif
 
 // The fallthrough attribute
 // See for clang:
@@ -684,12 +678,6 @@ typedef const void * Nullptr_t;   // Anticipate C++0x's std::nullptr_t
 #define CGAL_CFG_BOOST_VARIANT_SWAP_BUG 1
 #endif
 
-#ifndef CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS
-#  define CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL false
-#else
-#  define CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL true
-#endif
-
 #if defined( __INTEL_COMPILER)
 #define CGAL_ADDITIONAL_VARIANT_FOR_ICL ,int
 #else
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index 9b7b32ced17..d79b4e8892d 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ friend std::ostream& operator<<
 }
 
     /*
-~Node() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+~Node() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
 {
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("~Node: deleting node...");
   CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
@@ -1119,7 +1119,7 @@ bool update( Node_handle node,
   return (left_updated || right_updated);
 }
   /*
-~K3_tree() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+~K3_tree() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
 {
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("~K3_tree: deleting root...");
   CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h
index 74dd49f210d..fdf9d8da189 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public:
 
   virtual void add_vertex(Vertex_handle) {}
 
-  virtual ~SNC_point_locator() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+  virtual ~SNC_point_locator() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
   {
     CGAL_NEF_CLOG("");
     CGAL_NEF_CLOG("construction_time:  "<<ct_t.time());
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ public:
     return updated;
   }
 
-  virtual ~SNC_point_locator_by_spatial_subdivision() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+  virtual ~SNC_point_locator_by_spatial_subdivision() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_warning(initialized ||
                  candidate_provider == 0); // required?
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h
index 0ee5d431292..70bb7cbd523 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public:
   Sphere_map(bool = false) : boundary_item_(boost::none),
     svertices_(), sedges_(), sfaces_(), shalfloop_() {}
 
-  ~Sphere_map() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+  ~Sphere_map() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
       clear();
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h
index 59613249388..da9e6471378 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep {
 public:
   Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep() : sm_() {}
   Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep(const Self&) : sm_() {}
-  ~Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+  ~Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
       sm_.clear();
diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
index f5686239a51..b857dde4d00 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ public:
         CGAL_assertion_code(check_protocoll = 0;)
     }
 
-    ~Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+    ~Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
     {
         CGAL_destructor_assertion( check_protocoll == 0);
     }
diff --git a/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Exponent_vector.h b/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Exponent_vector.h
index d841191d59e..5f34cb4869b 100644
--- a/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Exponent_vector.h
+++ b/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Exponent_vector.h
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ inline std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Exponent_vector& ev) {
 namespace std{
 template <> inline
 void swap(CGAL::Exponent_vector& ev1, CGAL::Exponent_vector& ev2)
-  CGAL_NOEXCEPT(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<CGAL::Exponent_vector>::value
+  noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<CGAL::Exponent_vector>::value
                 && std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<CGAL::Exponent_vector>::value)
 {
   ev1.swap(ev2);
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
index e13f181f970..84b48811faf 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ inline bool possibly(Uncertain<bool> c);
 // ----------
 
 #if defined(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS)
+#  define CGAL_assertions false
 #  define CGAL_assertion(EX) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_destructor_assertion(EX) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(CODE) CODE
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ inline bool possibly(Uncertain<bool> c);
 #    define CGAL_assume_code(CODE) CGAL_assertion_code(CODE)
 #  endif // not def CGAL_ASSUME
 #else // no CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS
+#  define CGAL_assertions true
 #  define CGAL_assertion(EX) \
    (CGAL::possibly(EX)?(static_cast<void>(0)): ::CGAL::assertion_fail( # EX , __FILE__, __LINE__))
 #  if __cpp_lib_uncaught_exceptions || ( _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L )  // C++17
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h
index 7e642e8b10b..ea762999ca8 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ private:
   Ref_counted_base& operator=( Ref_counted_base const &);
 protected:
   Ref_counted_base(): mCount(0) {}
-  virtual ~Ref_counted_base() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL) {}
+  virtual ~Ref_counted_base() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions) {}
 public:
     void AddRef() const { ++mCount; }
     void Release() const
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h
index d200643068d..0eb0fc4b90f 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class VRML_2_ostream
 public:
   VRML_2_ostream() : m_os(nullptr) {}
   VRML_2_ostream(std::ostream& o) : m_os(&o) { header(); }
-  ~VRML_2_ostream() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+  ~VRML_2_ostream() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
       close();
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h b/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h
index fc0cd01ab6b..94000bddf48 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ public:
         CGAL_assertion_code(check_protocoll = 0;)
     }
 
-    ~Enriched_polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() CGAL_NOEXCEPT(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS_BOOL)
+    ~Enriched_polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
     {
         CGAL_destructor_assertion( check_protocoll == 0);
     }

From 254f1bf6b9fad5ad735716d31586b7acf92765e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 20:20:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 096/171] Add conditional noexcept to Handle/Handle_for

---
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h     | 5 ++---
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h | 8 ++++----
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h | 2 ++
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h
index e39f538742c..98a50681c6d 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ class Handle
     Handle() noexcept
         : PTR(static_cast<Rep*>(0)) {}
 
-    // FIXME: if the precondition throws in a noexcept function, the program terminates
-    Handle(const Handle& x) noexcept
+    Handle(const Handle& x) noexcept(!(CGAL_preconditions || CGAL_assertions))
     {
       CGAL_precondition( x.PTR != static_cast<Rep*>(0) );
       PTR = x.PTR;
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class Handle
     }
 
     Handle&
-    operator=(const Handle& x) noexcept
+    operator=(const Handle& x) noexcept(!CGAL_preconditions)
     {
       CGAL_precondition( x.PTR != static_cast<Rep*>(0) );
       x.PTR->count++;
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h
index 97543f58db8..ce0d0b3296f 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public:
         ptr_ = p;
     }
 
-    Handle_for(const Handle_for& h) noexcept
+    Handle_for(const Handle_for& h) noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
       : ptr_(h.ptr_)
     {
         CGAL_assume (ptr_->count > 0);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     Handle_for&
-    operator=(const Handle_for& h) noexcept
+    operator=(const Handle_for& h) noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
     {
         Handle_for tmp = h;
         swap(tmp);
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
-    ~Handle_for() noexcept
+    ~Handle_for()
     {
-      try{
+      try {
         if (--(ptr_->count) == 0) {
           Allocator_traits::destroy(allocator, ptr_);
           allocator.deallocate( ptr_, 1);
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
index 84b48811faf..5908a4a9495 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
@@ -193,10 +193,12 @@ inline bool possibly(Uncertain<bool> c);
 // -------------
 
 #if defined(CGAL_NO_PRECONDITIONS)
+#  define CGAL_preconditions false
 #  define CGAL_precondition(EX) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_precondition_msg(EX,MSG) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_precondition_code(CODE)
 #else
+#  define CGAL_preconditions true
 #  define CGAL_precondition(EX) \
    (CGAL::possibly(EX)?(static_cast<void>(0)): ::CGAL::precondition_fail( # EX , __FILE__, __LINE__))
 #  define CGAL_precondition_msg(EX,MSG) \

From 33ea1f7c3b19797ded92512530b51924ed6915de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 20:20:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 097/171] Add destructor assertion catch to Multiset

---
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h
index 5be3bc3b41c..5fb92ffd693 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ public:
   /*!
    * Destructor. [takes O(n) operations]
    */
-  virtual ~Multiset ();
+  virtual ~Multiset () noexcept(!CGAL_assertions);
 
   /*!
    * Assignment operator. [takes O(n) operations]
@@ -1565,14 +1565,16 @@ Multiset<Type, Compare, Allocator, UseCompactContainer>::Multiset (const Self& t
 // Destructor.
 //
 template <class Type, class Compare, typename Allocator, typename UseCompactContainer>
-Multiset<Type, Compare, Allocator, UseCompactContainer>::~Multiset ()
+Multiset<Type, Compare, Allocator, UseCompactContainer>::~Multiset () noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
 {
   if (UseCompactContainer::value)
     return;
 
   // Delete the entire tree recursively.
-  if (rootP != nullptr)
-    _destroy (rootP);
+  CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
+    if (rootP != nullptr)
+      _destroy (rootP);
+  );
 
   rootP = nullptr;
   beginNode.parentP = nullptr;

From 5ecd85248ac6d3300ccb86aa198db309037258af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2021 21:37:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 098/171] Fix capitalisation of macro name.

---
 .../include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h       | 2 +-
 .../doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt | 2 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h                        | 4 ++--
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h              | 4 ++--
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h                   | 2 +-
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h                   | 2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h       | 2 +-
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h                       | 4 ++--
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h                   | 4 ++--
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h                     | 4 ++--
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h                   | 8 ++++----
 .../CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h      | 2 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h      | 2 +-
 Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h             | 2 +-
 14 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h b/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h
index d000154f253..78d14522eb9 100644
--- a/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h
+++ b/Combinatorial_map/include/CGAL/Combinatorial_map_iterators_base.h
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
     {}
 
     /// Destructor.
-    ~CMap_non_basic_iterator() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+    ~CMap_non_basic_iterator() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
     {
       CGAL_destructor_assertion( this->mmark_number!=Map::INVALID_MARK );
       if (this->mmap->get_number_of_times_mark_reserved
diff --git a/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt b/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt
index 601c7cc4354..1a6fb78e4cb 100644
--- a/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt
+++ b/Documentation/doc/Documentation/Developer_manual/Chapter_checks.txt
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ and \cgalCite{cgal:a-esgc-98} (also available at
 <A HREF="https://www.boost.org/community/exception_safety.html"><TT>https://www.boost.org/community/exception_safety.html</TT></A>).
 Any destructor which might throw an exception, including a destructor which
 uses the `CGAL_destructor_assertion` macro, should be marked with the
-`noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)`.
+`noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)`.
 
 \section secchecks_req_and_rec Requirements and recommendations
 
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
index d79b4e8892d..6a3a62da2cf 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/K3_tree.h
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ friend std::ostream& operator<<
 }
 
     /*
-~Node() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+~Node() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
 {
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("~Node: deleting node...");
   CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
@@ -1119,7 +1119,7 @@ bool update( Node_handle node,
   return (left_updated || right_updated);
 }
   /*
-~K3_tree() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+~K3_tree() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
 {
   CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("~K3_tree: deleting root...");
   CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h
index fdf9d8da189..10fdcd01a9b 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_point_locator.h
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public:
 
   virtual void add_vertex(Vertex_handle) {}
 
-  virtual ~SNC_point_locator() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+  virtual ~SNC_point_locator() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
   {
     CGAL_NEF_CLOG("");
     CGAL_NEF_CLOG("construction_time:  "<<ct_t.time());
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ public:
     return updated;
   }
 
-  virtual ~SNC_point_locator_by_spatial_subdivision() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+  virtual ~SNC_point_locator_by_spatial_subdivision() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_warning(initialized ||
                  candidate_provider == 0); // required?
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h
index 70bb7cbd523..9e2982fd347 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_map.h
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public:
   Sphere_map(bool = false) : boundary_item_(boost::none),
     svertices_(), sedges_(), sfaces_(), shalfloop_() {}
 
-  ~Sphere_map() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+  ~Sphere_map() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
       clear();
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h
index da9e6471378..7cc81e3800d 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep {
 public:
   Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep() : sm_() {}
   Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep(const Self&) : sm_() {}
-  ~Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+  ~Nef_polyhedron_S2_rep() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
       sm_.clear();
diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
index b857dde4d00..4482603d462 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3.h
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ public:
         CGAL_assertion_code(check_protocoll = 0;)
     }
 
-    ~Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+    ~Polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
     {
         CGAL_destructor_assertion( check_protocoll == 0);
     }
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h
index 98a50681c6d..744d4392cbe 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class Handle
     Handle() noexcept
         : PTR(static_cast<Rep*>(0)) {}
 
-    Handle(const Handle& x) noexcept(!(CGAL_preconditions || CGAL_assertions))
+    Handle(const Handle& x) noexcept(!(CGAL_PRECONDITIONS_ENABLED || CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED))
     {
       CGAL_precondition( x.PTR != static_cast<Rep*>(0) );
       PTR = x.PTR;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class Handle
     }
 
     Handle&
-    operator=(const Handle& x) noexcept(!CGAL_preconditions)
+    operator=(const Handle& x) noexcept(!CGAL_PRECONDITIONS_ENABLED)
     {
       CGAL_precondition( x.PTR != static_cast<Rep*>(0) );
       x.PTR->count++;
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h
index ce0d0b3296f..71ac6739e36 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Handle_for.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public:
         ptr_ = p;
     }
 
-    Handle_for(const Handle_for& h) noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+    Handle_for(const Handle_for& h) noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
       : ptr_(h.ptr_)
     {
         CGAL_assume (ptr_->count > 0);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     Handle_for&
-    operator=(const Handle_for& h) noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+    operator=(const Handle_for& h) noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
     {
         Handle_for tmp = h;
         swap(tmp);
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h
index 5fb92ffd693..3ef21028cd6 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Multiset.h
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ public:
   /*!
    * Destructor. [takes O(n) operations]
    */
-  virtual ~Multiset () noexcept(!CGAL_assertions);
+  virtual ~Multiset () noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED);
 
   /*!
    * Assignment operator. [takes O(n) operations]
@@ -1565,7 +1565,7 @@ Multiset<Type, Compare, Allocator, UseCompactContainer>::Multiset (const Self& t
 // Destructor.
 //
 template <class Type, class Compare, typename Allocator, typename UseCompactContainer>
-Multiset<Type, Compare, Allocator, UseCompactContainer>::~Multiset () noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+Multiset<Type, Compare, Allocator, UseCompactContainer>::~Multiset () noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
 {
   if (UseCompactContainer::value)
     return;
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
index 5908a4a9495..f3de2c1e8b2 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/assertions.h
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ inline bool possibly(Uncertain<bool> c);
 // ----------
 
 #if defined(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS)
-#  define CGAL_assertions false
+#  define CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED false
 #  define CGAL_assertion(EX) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_destructor_assertion(EX) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(CODE) CODE
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ inline bool possibly(Uncertain<bool> c);
 #    define CGAL_assume_code(CODE) CGAL_assertion_code(CODE)
 #  endif // not def CGAL_ASSUME
 #else // no CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS
-#  define CGAL_assertions true
+#  define CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED true
 #  define CGAL_assertion(EX) \
    (CGAL::possibly(EX)?(static_cast<void>(0)): ::CGAL::assertion_fail( # EX , __FILE__, __LINE__))
 #  if __cpp_lib_uncaught_exceptions || ( _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L )  // C++17
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ inline bool possibly(Uncertain<bool> c);
 // -------------
 
 #if defined(CGAL_NO_PRECONDITIONS)
-#  define CGAL_preconditions false
+#  define CGAL_PRECONDITIONS_ENABLED false
 #  define CGAL_precondition(EX) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_precondition_msg(EX,MSG) (static_cast<void>(0))
 #  define CGAL_precondition_code(CODE)
 #else
-#  define CGAL_preconditions true
+#  define CGAL_PRECONDITIONS_ENABLED true
 #  define CGAL_precondition(EX) \
    (CGAL::possibly(EX)?(static_cast<void>(0)): ::CGAL::precondition_fail( # EX , __FILE__, __LINE__))
 #  define CGAL_precondition_msg(EX,MSG) \
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h
index ea762999ca8..e22b0bbe422 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/Straight_skeleton_2/Straight_skeleton_aux.h
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ private:
   Ref_counted_base& operator=( Ref_counted_base const &);
 protected:
   Ref_counted_base(): mCount(0) {}
-  virtual ~Ref_counted_base() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions) {}
+  virtual ~Ref_counted_base() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED) {}
 public:
     void AddRef() const { ++mCount; }
     void Release() const
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h
index 0eb0fc4b90f..d664810e8ee 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/VRML_2_ostream.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class VRML_2_ostream
 public:
   VRML_2_ostream() : m_os(nullptr) {}
   VRML_2_ostream(std::ostream& o) : m_os(&o) { header(); }
-  ~VRML_2_ostream() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+  ~VRML_2_ostream() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
   {
     CGAL_destructor_assertion_catch(
       close();
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h b/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h
index 94000bddf48..7984469e674 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/archive/include/CGAL/builder.h
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ public:
         CGAL_assertion_code(check_protocoll = 0;)
     }
 
-    ~Enriched_polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() noexcept(!CGAL_assertions)
+    ~Enriched_polyhedron_incremental_builder_3() noexcept(!CGAL_ASSERTIONS_ENABLED)
     {
         CGAL_destructor_assertion( check_protocoll == 0);
     }

From 178432178752bc83af067c8d33a0943cddbff288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Apr 2021 23:20:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 099/171] Unofficially allow computing duals of non-solid
 entities

The ghost faces are actually proper Delaunay faces
and their dual is correctly computed with the CGAL traits
(it computes the ray using the normal of the face).

Leaving the assertions as a deterrence.
---
 .../include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2.h       | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
index b883507a5e0..33a14b828e7 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2<Gt, Tds>::
 circumcenter_on_sphere(const Face_handle f) const
 {
   CGAL_precondition(dimension() == 2);
-  CGAL_precondition(!is_ghost(f));
+//  CGAL_precondition(!is_ghost(f));
 
   return circumcenter_on_sphere(point(f, 0), point(f, 1), point(f, 2));
 }
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2<Gt, Tds>::
 dual_on_sphere(const Face_handle f) const
 {
   CGAL_precondition(dimension() == 2);
-  CGAL_precondition(!is_ghost(f));
+//  CGAL_precondition(!is_ghost(f));
 
   return circumcenter_on_sphere(f);
 }
@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@ Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_2<Gt, Tds>::
 dual_on_sphere(const Edge& e) const
 {
   CGAL_precondition(dimension() == 2);
-  CGAL_precondition(!is_ghost(e));
+//  CGAL_precondition(!is_ghost(e));
 
   return geom_traits().construct_arc_on_sphere_2_object()(dual_on_sphere(e.first),
                                                           dual_on_sphere(e.first->neighbor(e.second)));

From 76b66497df402ee2499edf9b28b5b24d85d2c3d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Apr 2021 23:22:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 100/171] Fix ToS2's swap implementation

---
 .../CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_traits_2.h  | 11 +++++++++++
 .../include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h          |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_traits_2.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_traits_2.h
index 5e452819cd3..95c12831583 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_traits_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_traits_2.h
@@ -305,6 +305,17 @@ public:
     initialize_bounds();
   }
 
+  friend void swap(Self& l, Self& r)
+  {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(static_cast<LK&>(l), static_cast<LK&>(r));
+    swap(static_cast<SK&>(l), static_cast<SK&>(r));
+    swap(l._center, r._center);
+    swap(l._radius, r._radius);
+    l.initialize_bounds();
+    r.initialize_bounds();
+  }
+
 public:
   const LK& lk() const { return static_cast<const LK&>(*this); }
   const SK& sk() const { return static_cast<const SK&>(*this); }
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
index 6f449381eac..77310b31801 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
@@ -491,8 +491,9 @@ void
 Triangulation_on_sphere_2<Gt, Tds>::
 swap(Triangulation_on_sphere_2& tr)
 {
+  using std::swap;
   _tds.swap(tr._tds);
-  std::swap(tr.geom_traits(), geom_traits());
+  swap(_gt, tr._gt);
 }
 
 template <typename Gt, typename Tds>

From 2fa0c0b0cad262039eabde1c05f3bc90f39357ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Apr 2021 23:23:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 101/171] Add trivial is_infinite()/finite_xxx() functions in
 ToS2

Needed for adapters such as Voronoi_diagram_2, alpha shapes, etc.
---
 .../include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h  | 24 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
index 77310b31801..9d8aac545a7 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h
@@ -200,12 +200,23 @@ public:
     return is_contour(e.first, e.second);
   }
 
+  template<class T>
+  bool is_infinite(const T&, int = 0) const
+  {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   //-----------------------TRAVERSING : ITERATORS AND CIRCULATORS-----------------------------------
 
   typedef typename Tds::Vertex_iterator           Vertices_iterator;
+  typedef typename Tds::Vertex_iterator           All_vertices_iterator;
   typedef typename Tds::Edge_iterator             All_edges_iterator;
   typedef typename Tds::Face_iterator             All_faces_iterator;
 
+  typedef typename Tds::Vertex_iterator           Finite_vertices_iterator;
+  typedef typename Tds::Edge_iterator             Finite_edges_iterator;
+  typedef typename Tds::Face_iterator             Finite_faces_iterator;
+
   typedef typename Tds::Vertex_circulator         Vertex_circulator;
   typedef typename Tds::Edge_circulator           Edge_circulator;
   typedef typename Tds::Face_circulator           Face_circulator;
@@ -267,14 +278,18 @@ public:
   typedef boost::transform_iterator<Pt_proj, Vertices_iterator>      Point_iterator;
   typedef Iterator_range<Point_iterator>                             Points;
 
+  // -- faces
   All_faces_iterator all_faces_begin() const { return _tds.faces_begin(); }
   All_faces_iterator all_faces_end() const { return _tds.faces_end(); }
+  Finite_faces_iterator finite_faces_begin() const { return _tds.faces_begin(); }
+  Finite_faces_iterator finite_faces_end() const { return _tds.faces_end(); }
 
   All_face_handles all_face_handles() const
   {
     return make_prevent_deref_range(all_faces_begin(), all_faces_end());
   }
 
+  // -- edges
   Contour_edges_iterator contour_edges_begin() const
   {
     if(dimension() < 1)
@@ -326,10 +341,19 @@ public:
 
   All_edges_iterator all_edges_begin() const { return _tds.edges_begin(); }
   All_edges_iterator all_edges_end() const { return _tds.edges_end(); }
+  Finite_edges_iterator finite_edges_begin() const { return _tds.edges_begin(); }
+  Finite_edges_iterator finite_edges_end() const { return _tds.edges_end(); }
+
   All_edges all_edges() const { return _tds.edges(); }
 
+  // -- vertices
   Vertices_iterator vertices_begin() const { return _tds.vertices_begin(); }
   Vertices_iterator vertices_end() const { return _tds.vertices_end(); }
+  All_vertices_iterator all_vertices_begin() const { return _tds.vertices_begin(); }
+  All_vertices_iterator all_vertices_end() const { return _tds.vertices_end(); }
+  Finite_vertices_iterator finite_vertices_begin() const { return _tds.vertices_begin(); }
+  Finite_vertices_iterator finite_vertices_end() const { return _tds.vertices_end(); }
+
   Vertex_handles vertex_handles() const
   {
     return make_prevent_deref_range(vertices_begin(), vertices_end());

From 4df6e497ef83274b506f4fa94cb2b2c60743db5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Apr 2021 23:24:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 102/171] Clarify the need for Eigen when calling arc
 subsampling utilities

---
 .../internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h             | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
index c7f9c349de6..b04b2552000 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/license/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h>
 
-#ifdef CGAL_EIGEN3_ENABLED
+#include <CGAL/triangulation_assertions.h>
 
+#ifdef CGAL_EIGEN3_ENABLED
 #include <CGAL/Eigen_solver_traits.h>
+#endif
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <list>
@@ -34,8 +36,12 @@ double get_theta( typename Kernel::Point_3& pt,
 {
   typedef typename Kernel::FT                                        FT;
 
+#ifdef CGAL_EIGEN3_ENABLED
   typedef Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 3, Eigen::DontAlign>                  Matrix;
   typedef Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 1>                                    Col;
+#else
+  CGAL_static_assertion(false, "Eigen is required to perform arc subsampling!");
+#endif
 
   auto V1c = V1.cartesian_begin(), V2c = V2.cartesian_begin(), V3c = V3.cartesian_begin();
 
@@ -154,6 +160,4 @@ void subsample_arc_on_sphere_2(const ArcOnSphere& arc,
 } // namespace Triangulations_on_sphere_2
 } // namespace CGAL
 
-#endif // CGAL_EIGEN3_ENABLED
-
 #endif // CGAL_TOS2_INTERNAL_ARC_ON_SPHERE_SUBSAMPLING_H

From 3816336a023d3727c52c6fa6bfe5b4b7a6344865 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Apr 2021 23:24:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 103/171] Avoid compilation error in Identity_edge_rejector

Some triangulation classes use the same type for all_ and finite_ edges
---
 .../Voronoi_diagram_2/Identity_rejectors.h    | 20 +++++--------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Identity_rejectors.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Identity_rejectors.h
index 4bbf7c67b44..5e1e2903af4 100644
--- a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Identity_rejectors.h
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Identity_rejectors.h
@@ -53,22 +53,12 @@ struct Identity_edge_rejector
     return false;
   }
 
-  bool operator()(const Delaunay_graph& , const Edge& ) const {
-    return false;
-  }
+  // handles Edge, All_edges_iterator, Finite_edges_iterator, Edge_circulator...
+  // use a single template in case some of these types (typically All_edges_iterator
+  // and Finite_edges_iterator) are equal
 
-  bool operator()(const Delaunay_graph& ,
-                  const All_edges_iterator& ) const {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  bool operator()(const Delaunay_graph& ,
-                  const Finite_edges_iterator& ) const {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  bool operator()(const Delaunay_graph& ,
-                  const Edge_circulator& ) const {
+  template <typename E>
+  bool operator()(const Delaunay_graph& , const E& ) const {
     return false;
   }
 };

From f98b3b687db85ceeaaa39d928534accd371cee5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2021 09:43:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 104/171] Fix warning

---
 Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.h b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.h
index 45d2e1887d1..4588fae8475 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.h
+++ b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.h
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ public:
 public:
   inline void setViewer(CGAL::QGLViewer* v) {  m_viewer = v;  }
   inline void showError(const QString & msg) {
-    if(!m_viewer) m_viewer->displayMessage( msg );
+    if(m_viewer != nullptr) m_viewer->displayMessage( msg );
   }
   inline bool isDTEmpty() {  return m_dt.number_of_vertices()==0;  }
   inline void eraseOldData() {  m_dt.clear();  m_vhArray.clear();  }

From 69a489039b386eb1cb7d58524c4c70d876d112aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2021 11:31:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 105/171] remove unused variable

---
 .../include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h           | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
index efb21c829e2..f269496d79d 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Aff_transformationH3.h
@@ -94,7 +94,9 @@ public:
   virtual  FT
            cartesian(int i, int j) const = 0;
 
-  virtual  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3* aff) const { return Aff_transformation_3(); }
+  // this function has a default here as it is only used for "pure" scaling and translation
+  // and not for the other types (Identity and general case)
+  virtual  Aff_transformation_3 compose(const Aff_transformation_rep_baseH3*) const { return Aff_transformation_3(); }
 };
 
 template < class R_ >

From e94127c23c5fe519bb1a46bcbc67f4febc81817a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2021 15:11:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 106/171] Add adaptation traits for ToS2

---
 ...angulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h | 62 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h | 25 ++++++++
 .../CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h   | 33 ++++++++--
 3 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h

diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a2733336e5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021 GeometryFactory
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org).
+//
+// $URL$
+// $Id$
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
+//
+//
+// Author(s)     : Mael Rouxel-Labbé
+
+#ifndef CGAL_DELAUNAY_TRIANGULATION_ADAPTATION_TRAITS_2_H
+#define CGAL_DELAUNAY_TRIANGULATION_ADAPTATION_TRAITS_2_H 1
+
+#include <CGAL/license/Voronoi_diagram_2.h>
+
+#include <CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/basic.h>
+#include <CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Adaptation_traits_functors.h>
+#include <CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h>
+#include <CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h>
+
+namespace CGAL {
+
+template <typename DTOS>
+struct Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2
+{
+public:
+  typedef DTOS                                                       Delaunay_graph;
+  typedef typename Delaunay_graph::Geom_traits                       Geom_traits;
+
+  typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::DToS2_Point_accessor<DTOS>     Access_site_2;
+  typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::DToS2_Voronoi_point_2<DTOS>    Construct_Voronoi_point_2;
+
+  typedef typename Delaunay_graph::Vertex_handle                     Delaunay_vertex_handle;
+  typedef typename Delaunay_graph::Edge                              Delaunay_edge;
+  typedef typename Delaunay_graph::Face_handle                       Delaunay_face_handle;
+
+  typedef CGAL::Tag_false                                            Has_nearest_site_2;
+  typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::Null_functor                   Nearest_site_2;
+
+  Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2(const DTOS& dtos) : dtos(dtos) { }
+
+  Access_site_2 access_site_2_object() const
+  { return Access_site_2(dtos); }
+
+  Construct_Voronoi_point_2 construct_Voronoi_point_2_object() const
+  { return Construct_Voronoi_point_2(dtos); }
+
+  Nearest_site_2 nearest_site_2_object() const
+  { return Nearest_site_2(); }
+
+  typedef typename Geom_traits::Point_on_sphere_2                    Point_2;
+  typedef Point_2                                                    Site_2;
+
+private:
+  const DTOS& dtos;
+};
+
+} //namespace CGAL
+
+#endif // CGAL_DELAUNAY_TRIANGULATION_ADAPTATION_TRAITS_2_H
diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h
index 993dacbeae9..af54b688b8d 100644
--- a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h
@@ -77,6 +77,31 @@ public:
 
 //=========================================================================
 
+template<class DTOS>
+struct DToS2_Voronoi_point_2
+{
+private:
+  typedef typename DTOS::Geom_traits                       Geom_traits;
+  typedef typename Geom_traits::Point_on_sphere_2          Point_on_sphere_2;
+
+public:
+  typedef Point_on_sphere_2                                result_type;
+  typedef typename DTOS::Face_handle                       Face_handle;
+
+  DToS2_Voronoi_point_2(const DTOS& dtos) : dtos(dtos) { }
+
+  result_type operator()(const Face_handle f) const
+  {
+    return dtos.geom_traits().construct_circumcenter_on_sphere_2_object()(
+             dtos.point(f, 0), dtos.point(f, 1), dtos.point(f, 2));
+  }
+
+private:
+  const DTOS& dtos;
+};
+
+//=========================================================================
+
 template<class SVD2>
 class Segment_Voronoi_diagram_Voronoi_point_2
 {
diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h
index 50f7a347f56..e1d45d99a15 100644
--- a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h
@@ -15,12 +15,11 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/license/Voronoi_diagram_2.h>
 
-
 #include <CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/basic.h>
 
 namespace CGAL {
-
-namespace VoronoiDiagram_2 { namespace Internal {
+namespace VoronoiDiagram_2 {
+namespace Internal {
 
 //=========================================================================
 //=========================================================================
@@ -71,10 +70,32 @@ struct Point_accessor
 };
 
 //=========================================================================
+
+template <typename DTOS>
+struct DToS2_Point_accessor
+{
+private:
+  typedef typename DTOS::Geom_traits::Point_on_sphere_2      Point_on_sphere_2;
+
+public:
+  typedef const Point_on_sphere_2&                           result_type;
+  typedef typename DTOS::Vertex_handle                       Vertex_handle;
+
+  DToS2_Point_accessor(const DTOS& dtos) : dtos(dtos) { }
+
+  result_type operator()(const Vertex_handle v) const
+  {
+    return dtos.point(v);
+  }
+
+private:
+  const DTOS& dtos;
+};
+
 //=========================================================================
 
-} } //namespace VoronoiDiagram_2::Internal
-
-} //namespace CGAL
+} // namespace Internal
+} // namespace VoronoiDiagram_2
+} // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_SITE_ACCESSORS_H

From 0d7eb2a9336671a37fca90382c28c80f63d51ddb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2021 17:37:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 107/171] Avoid a conversion warning

---
 Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
index f82e59f3604..a53184e65c5 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_utilities.h
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ test_utilities(const NT& x)
 
   // approximate_sqrt
   std::cout << "  approximate_sqrt()" << std::endl;
-  if(CGAL::approximate_sqrt(one) != one) return false;
+  if(NT(CGAL::approximate_sqrt(one)) != one) return false;
 
   return true;
 }

From 181cc4ebb8dedc222e60fbaff17c1439651b3f51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2021 17:37:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 108/171] Tiny logging fix

---
 Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
index 32e7fb13573..f8028bf59d6 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/utilities.cpp
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ int main()
        // TEST Sqrt_extension
 #ifdef CGAL_USE_GMP
       typedef CGAL::Sqrt_extension<int,int> Ext_int;
-      TESTIT(Ext_int     , "CGAL::Sqrt_extension<CGAL::Gmpz,CGAL::Gmpz>");
+      TESTIT(Ext_int     , "CGAL::Sqrt_extension<int,int>");
       typedef CGAL::Sqrt_extension<CGAL::Gmpz,CGAL::Gmpz> Ext_int_int;
       TESTIT(Ext_int_int , "CGAL::Sqrt_extension<CGAL::Gmpz,CGAL::Gmpz>");
       typedef CGAL::Sqrt_extension<CGAL::Gmpq,CGAL::Gmpz> Ext_rat_int;

From 755693ba4561bf4a367f1b5a92fcb04100c57065 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Mon, 3 May 2021 13:25:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 109/171] IO namespace in Arrangement package

---
 .../demo/Arrangement_on_surface_2/ArrangementIO.cpp |  4 ++--
 .../Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h | 11 ++++++++---
 .../CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h             |  4 ++++
 .../Arrangement_on_surface_2/PackageDescription.txt |  4 ++--
 .../Arrangement_on_surface_2/dcel_extension_io.cpp  |  4 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h                  | 13 +++++++++++++
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h     | 13 +++++++++++++
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Fig_stream_Conic_arc_2.h        |  5 +++++
 .../test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/Overlay_test.h    |  6 +++---
 9 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/demo/Arrangement_on_surface_2/ArrangementIO.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/demo/Arrangement_on_surface_2/ArrangementIO.cpp
index 8e1f6bbc972..5a9be364d6f 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/demo/Arrangement_on_surface_2/ArrangementIO.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/demo/Arrangement_on_surface_2/ArrangementIO.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct ArrReader
 
     ArrFormatter arrFormatter;
     auto arr = new Arrangement();
-    CGAL::read(*arr, ifs, arrFormatter);
+    CGAL::IO::read(*arr, ifs, arrFormatter);
     return arr;
   }
 };
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ struct ArrWriter
     using ArrFormatter = CGAL::Arr_with_history_text_formatter<TextFormatter>;
 
     ArrFormatter arrFormatter;
-    CGAL::write(*arr, ofs, arrFormatter);
+    CGAL::IO::write(*arr, ofs, arrFormatter);
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h
index bcdfd59968d..4b18dcd6656 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 namespace CGAL {
+
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
-  \defgroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2Read CGAL::read()
+  \defgroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2Read CGAL::IO::read()
   \ingroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2IO
 
 Reads a given arrangement from a given input stream
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ std::istream& read (Arrangement_2<Traits,Dcel>& arr,
 /// @}
 
 /*!
-  \defgroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2Write CGAL::write()
+  \defgroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2Write CGAL::IO::write()
   \ingroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2IO
 
 Writes a given arrangement into a given output stream
@@ -69,6 +72,8 @@ std::ostream& write (const Arrangement_2<Traits,Dcel>& arr,
 
 /// @}
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2op_left_shift
 Inserts the arrangement object `arr` into the output stream
@@ -93,4 +98,4 @@ template<class Traits, class Dcel>
 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Arrangement_2<Traits,Dcel>& arr);
 
 
-} /* end namespace CGAL*/
+} /* end namespace CGAL::IO*/
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
index 47caa509bcc..5c4b626e80b 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace OI {
+
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2Read
 
@@ -26,6 +28,8 @@ std::ostream& write (const Arrangement_with_history_2<Traits,Dcel>& arr,
                      std::ostream& os,
                      WithHistoryFormatter& formatter);
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2op_left_shift
 Inserts the arrangement-with-history object `arr` into the output
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/PackageDescription.txt b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/PackageDescription.txt
index 9696042adb3..19eda40a9ca 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ implemented as peripheral classes or as free (global) functions.
 - `CGAL::locate()`
 - `CGAL::decompose()`
 - `CGAL::overlay()`
-- `CGAL::read()`
-- `CGAL::write()`
+- `CGAL::IO::read()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write()`
 - `CGAL::remove_curve()`
 - \link PkgArrangementOnSurface2op_left_shift `CGAL::operator<<` \endlink
 - \link PkgArrangementOnSurface2op_right_shift `CGAL::operator<<` \endlink
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/dcel_extension_io.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/dcel_extension_io.cpp
index fc89f889611..130d6f62573 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/dcel_extension_io.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/dcel_extension_io.cpp
@@ -119,14 +119,14 @@ int main ()
   std::ofstream    out_file ("arr_ex_dcel_io.dat");
   Formatter        formatter;
 
-  write (arr, out_file, formatter);
+  CGAL::IO::write (arr, out_file, formatter);
   out_file.close();
 
   // Read the arrangement from the file.
   Arrangement_2    arr2;
   std::ifstream    in_file ("arr_ex_dcel_io.dat");
 
-  read (arr2, in_file, formatter);
+  CGAL::IO::read (arr2, in_file, formatter);
   in_file.close();
 
   std::cout << "The arrangement vertices: " << std::endl;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h
index 7e42544af2d..0ca1a6b6bd6 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_iostream.h
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
  * Write an arrangement to an output stream using a given formatter.
  * \param arr The arrangement.
@@ -51,6 +53,8 @@ std::ostream&
   return (os);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /*!
  * Output operator (importer).
  * \param os The output stream.
@@ -72,6 +76,8 @@ std::ostream&
   return (os);
 }
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
  * Read an arrangement from an input stream using a given formatter.
  * \param arr The arrangement.
@@ -94,6 +100,8 @@ std::istream&
   return (is);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /*!
  * Output operator (exporter).
  * \param is The input stream.
@@ -115,6 +123,11 @@ std::istream&
   return (is);
 }
 
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::read;
+using IO::write;
+#endif
+
 } //namespace CGAL
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
index d1a37040e91..3c366136072 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
  * Write an arrangement with history to an output stream using a given
  * formatter.
@@ -54,6 +56,8 @@ std::ostream& write
   return (os);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /*!
  * Output operator (importer).
  * \param os The output stream.
@@ -77,6 +81,8 @@ std::ostream& operator<<
   return (os);
 }
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
  * Read an arrangement with history from an input stream using a given
  * formatter.
@@ -101,6 +107,8 @@ std::istream& read
   return (is);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /*!
  * Output operator (exporter).
  * \param is The input stream.
@@ -124,6 +132,11 @@ std::istream& operator>>
   return (is);
 }
 
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::read;
+using IO::write;
+#endif
+
 } //namespace CGAL
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Fig_stream_Conic_arc_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Fig_stream_Conic_arc_2.h
index 5ca5bdecbb8..626087f67bb 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Fig_stream_Conic_arc_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Fig_stream_Conic_arc_2.h
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 #include <CGAL/IO/Fig_stream.h>
 #include <list>
 
+namespace CGAL {
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
  * Write an x-monotone conic arc to a FIG stream.
  */
@@ -97,4 +100,6 @@ void write_conic_arc
   return;
 }
 
+}} // namespace CGAL:IO
+
 #endif
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/Overlay_test.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/Overlay_test.h
index 6a45618aeb9..d1d1eaa56db 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/Overlay_test.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/Overlay_test.h
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ bool Overlay_test<T_Geom_traits, T_Topol_traits>::init()
 
   // Expected arrangement.
   Formatter formatter;
-  CGAL::read(m_arr, p_stream, formatter);
+  CGAL::IO::read(m_arr, p_stream, formatter);
 
   p_stream.close();
 
@@ -981,13 +981,13 @@ bool Overlay_test<T_Geom_traits, T_Topol_traits>::perform()
   Arrangement arr;
   Overlay_traits overlay_traits(m_verbose_level);
   // Formatter formatter;
-  // CGAL::write(m_arr2, std::cout, formatter);
+  // CGAL::IO::write(m_arr2, std::cout, formatter);
 
   CGAL::overlay(m_arr1, m_arr2, arr, overlay_traits);
 
   // Generate the output for debugging purposes
   // Formatter formatter;
-  // CGAL::write(arr, std::cout, formatter);
+  // CGAL::IO::write(arr, std::cout, formatter);
 
   // Verify the resulting arrangement:
   if (!equivalent_arr(arr, m_arr)) {

From eae1ffc2702a189d915c563e014223b1a4caddb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Mon, 3 May 2021 13:44:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 110/171] IO namespace in Mesh_2 package

---
 Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/conform.cpp           |  6 +++---
 Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/mesh.cpp              |  6 +++---
 Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h    |  3 ++-
 Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt             |  2 +-
 Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt |  2 +-
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h       | 23 ++++++++++++++++-------
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h       | 11 ++++++++---
 Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_conforming.cpp   |  2 +-
 Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_lloyd.cpp        |  2 +-
 Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_meshing.cpp      |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/conform.cpp b/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/conform.cpp
index a27d4d5549c..894185d02fb 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/conform.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/conform.cpp
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   if(input)
     {
       Tr t;
-      CGAL::read_triangle_poly_file(t, input);
+      CGAL::IO::read_triangle_poly_file(t, input);
       if(delaunay)
         {
           if(verbose)
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
       if(argc==arg_count+1)
         {
           if(terminal_output)
-            CGAL::write_triangle_poly_file(t, std::cout);
+            CGAL::IO::write_triangle_poly_file(t, std::cout);
         }
       else
         {
           std::ofstream output(argv[arg_count+1]);
-          CGAL::write_triangle_poly_file(t, output);
+          CGAL::IO::write_triangle_poly_file(t, output);
         }
 
       if(terminal_output)
diff --git a/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/mesh.cpp b/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/mesh.cpp
index 504eb065411..303420ca7f4 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/mesh.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_2/demo/Mesh_2/mesh.cpp
@@ -93,18 +93,18 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::ifstream input(argv[arg_count]);
   if(input)
     {
-      CGAL::read_triangle_poly_file(t, input);
+      CGAL::IO::read_triangle_poly_file(t, input);
       CGAL::refine_Delaunay_mesh_2(t, criteria);
 
       if(argc==arg_count+1)
         {
           if(terminal_output)
-            CGAL::write_triangle_poly_file(t, std::cout);
+            CGAL::IO::write_triangle_poly_file(t, std::cout);
         }
       else
         {
           std::ofstream output(argv[arg_count+1]);
-          CGAL::write_triangle_poly_file(t, output);
+          CGAL::IO::write_triangle_poly_file(t, output);
         }
       if(terminal_output)
         std::cerr
diff --git a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index 146cb6bb785..e9d35b05dfa 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 namespace CGAL{
+namespace IO {
 //!\ingroup PkgMesh2IO
 //! \brief writes the faces of a domain and its constrained edges embedded in
 //! a 2D constrained Delaunay triangulation using the `PolyData` XML format.
@@ -16,4 +17,4 @@ template <class CDT>
 void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
                const CDT& tr,
                IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY);
-}
+} }
diff --git a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt
index fef716532ff..bc1053fdb52 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt
+++ b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ in the Reference Manual.
 
 
 \section secMesh_2_IO Input/Output
-It is possible to export the result of a meshing in VTU, using the function `write_vtu()`.
+It is possible to export the result of a meshing in VTU, using the function `CGAL::IO::write_vtu()`.
 For more information about this format, see \ref IOStreamVTK.
 */
 } /* namespace CGAL */
diff --git a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt
index 2c39e083c2a..6919700cb23 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The package can handle intersecting input constraints  and set no restriction on
 - `CGAL::lloyd_optimize_mesh_2`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O Functions}
-- `CGAL::write_vtu()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_vtu()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{Enumerations}
 - `CGAL::Mesh_optimization_return_code`
diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h
index 79b2f7ee359..28743a9bc7d 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h
@@ -18,13 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
-template <class CDT>
-inline
-void
-read_triangle_poly_file(CDT& t, std::istream &f)
-{
-  read_triangle_poly_file(t, f, Emptyset_iterator());
-}
+namespace IO {
 
 //the function that reads a Shewchuk Triangle .poly file
 template <class CDT, class OutputIterator>
@@ -80,6 +74,14 @@ read_triangle_poly_file(CDT& t, std::istream &f,
     }
 }
 
+template <class CDT>
+inline
+void
+read_triangle_poly_file(CDT& t, std::istream &f)
+{
+  read_triangle_poly_file(t, f, Emptyset_iterator());
+}
+
 //the function that write a Shewchuk Triangle .poly file
 template <class CDT, typename InputIterator>
 void
@@ -156,6 +158,13 @@ write_triangle_poly_file(const CDT& t, std::ostream &f)
   write_triangle_poly_file(t, f, l.begin(), l.end());
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using read_triangle_poly_file;
+using write_triangle_poly_file;
+#endif
+
 } // end namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_FILE_POLY_H
diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index fe7a3f85b5b..4babefe8faf 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -361,16 +361,21 @@ void write_vtu_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace CGAL
 
 template <class CDT>
 void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
                const CDT& tr,
-               IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY)
+               IO::Mode mode = BINARY)
 {
   std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> > dummy_atts;
-  IO::internal::write_vtu_with_attributes(os, tr, dummy_atts, mode);
+  internal::write_vtu_with_attributes(os, tr, dummy_atts, mode);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using write_vtu;
+#endif
+
 } //end CGAL
 #endif // CGAL_WRITE_VTU_H
diff --git a/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_conforming.cpp b/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_conforming.cpp
index ece577c247f..bfd56abd7f0 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_conforming.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_conforming.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct Tester {
 
     std::cout << "Reading fish.poly...\n";
     std::ifstream poly_file("fish.poly");
-    CGAL::read_triangle_poly_file(cdt, poly_file);
+    CGAL::IO::read_triangle_poly_file(cdt, poly_file);
 
     const size_type number_of_vertices_poly = cdt.number_of_vertices();
     const size_type number_of_constrained_edges_poly =
diff --git a/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_lloyd.cpp b/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_lloyd.cpp
index 8543f1978b9..a07c417cc06 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_lloyd.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_lloyd.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct Lloyd_tester
 
     std::cerr << "Reading fish-and-rectangle.poly...";
     std::ifstream poly_file("fish-and-rectangle.poly");
-    CGAL::read_triangle_poly_file(cdt, poly_file, std::back_inserter(seeds));
+    CGAL::IO::read_triangle_poly_file(cdt, poly_file, std::back_inserter(seeds));
     CGAL_assertion( cdt.is_valid() );
 
     std::cerr << " done.\nNumber of vertices: " << cdt.number_of_vertices()
diff --git a/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_meshing.cpp b/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_meshing.cpp
index fc7b34e9a00..76c1eb8fa46 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_meshing.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_2/test/Mesh_2/test_meshing.cpp
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ struct Tester2 {
 
     std::cerr << "Reading fish-and-rectangle.poly...";
     std::ifstream poly_file("fish-and-rectangle.poly");
-    CGAL::read_triangle_poly_file(cdt, poly_file, std::back_inserter(seeds));
+    CGAL::IO::read_triangle_poly_file(cdt, poly_file, std::back_inserter(seeds));
     assert(cdt.is_valid());
     const size_type inititial_number_of_vertices = cdt.number_of_vertices();
     std::cerr << " done.\nNumber of vertices: " << cdt.number_of_vertices()

From 70058db9b72a4cbd078e35848a1de6a763c55d14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Mon, 3 May 2021 15:30:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 111/171] add IO namespace for Mesh_3 package

---
 Mesh_3/archive/applications/cgal_to_medit.cpp |   2 +-
 .../applications/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../mesh_polyhedral_edge_tolerance_region.cpp |   2 +-
 .../mesh_polyhedral_implicit_function.cpp     |   2 +-
 ...sh_polyhedral_surface_tolerance_region.cpp |   2 +-
 Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h        |   3 +-
 Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h        |   4 +-
 Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h       |   3 +-
 Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h     |   3 +-
 Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/Mesh_3.txt                  |   8 +-
 Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt      |   4 +-
 .../Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../mesh_cubes_intersection_with_features.cpp |   2 +-
 .../examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp |   2 +-
 .../Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains_2.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features.cpp  |   2 +-
 ...esh_polyhedral_domain_with_features_sm.cpp |   2 +-
 .../IO/Complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_vtk.h  |   8 +
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h           |  30 ++-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h   |  12 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_maya.h            |   7 +
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h           |   8 +
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h          |   9 +-
 .../IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h | 176 +----------------
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h        |  15 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h        |   2 +-
 .../Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_base.h  |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h  |   2 +-
 .../facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h    | 185 ++++++++++++++++++
 ...n_of_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_off.h |   2 +-
 Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3.cpp              |   4 +-
 .../test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_into_facegraph.cpp  |   2 +-
 Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp           |   8 +-
 Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_mesh_cell_base_3.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_determinism.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../test_meshing_polyhedron_with_features.cpp |   8 +-
 .../Mesh_3/test_meshing_polylines_only.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../Protect_edges_sizing_field.h              |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../Plugins/Mesh_3/Mesh_3_plugin_cgal_code.h  |   2 +-
 .../Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp       |   4 +-
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h  |   2 +-
 .../internal/tetrahedral_remeshing_helpers.h  |   2 +-
 45 files changed, 308 insertions(+), 245 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h

diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/cgal_to_medit.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/cgal_to_medit.cpp
index 932c2c89850..e69f729004e 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/cgal_to_medit.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/cgal_to_medit.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ int main(int , char** argv)
 //                                   &std::cout) ) // debug to cout
   {
     std::cout << "  Writing " << argv[2] << std::endl;
-    CGAL::output_to_medit(ofs, c2t3);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(ofs, c2t3);
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
   }
   else
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp
index 1f85de4129f..2a5a623dadd 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, !vm.count("no_label_rebind"), vm.count("show_patches"));
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, !vm.count("no_label_rebind"), vm.count("show_patches"));
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_edge_tolerance_region.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_edge_tolerance_region.cpp
index 36ccb42983a..771051e4ba3 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_edge_tolerance_region.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_edge_tolerance_region.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_implicit_function.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_implicit_function.cpp
index 6f4fc2a96e0..0b9fdcefb01 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_implicit_function.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_implicit_function.cpp
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_surface_tolerance_region.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_surface_tolerance_region.cpp
index 8f6ff483511..c13fd3615ec 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_surface_tolerance_region.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_surface_tolerance_region.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h
index 94c1c3684a6..f4f679a9eb5 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 namespace CGAL{
+namespace IO {
 /**
  * \ingroup PkgMesh3IOFunctions
  * @brief outputs mesh to avizo format
@@ -10,4 +11,4 @@ template <class C3T3>
 void
 output_to_avizo(std::ostream& os,
                  const C3T3& c3t3);
-}
+}}
diff --git a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h
index 62bb1476d86..bdbb7e0d01e 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 namespace CGAL {
-
+namespace IO {
 /// \ingroup PkgMesh3IOFunctions
 ///
 /// \brief outputs a mesh complex to the medit (`.mesh`) file format.
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ void output_to_medit(std::ostream& os,
                      bool rebind = false,
                      bool show_patches = false);
 
-} // end namespace CGAL
+}} // end namespace CGAL::IO
diff --git a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
index b142b41f0c7..8294618586b 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 namespace CGAL{
+namespace IO {
 /**
  * \ingroup PkgMesh3IOFunctions
  * @brief outputs a mesh complex to tetgen format
@@ -16,4 +17,4 @@ output_to_tetgen(std::string filename,
                  const C3T3& c3t3,
                  bool rebind = false,
                  bool show_patches = false);
-}
+} }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
index 70a64f586c7..cf96c166d83 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 namespace CGAL{
+namespace IO {
 //! \ingroup PkgMesh3IOFunctions
 //!
 //! \brief writes a tetrahedron mesh using the `UnstructuredGrid` XML format.
@@ -14,4 +15,4 @@ template <class C3T3>
 void output_to_vtu(std::ostream& os,
                    const C3T3& c3t3,
                    IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY);
-}
+} }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/Mesh_3.txt b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/Mesh_3.txt
index 364ef99de87..97d84bfb778 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/Mesh_3.txt
+++ b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/Mesh_3.txt
@@ -549,10 +549,10 @@ for more details.
 
 \section Mesh_3_section_io Input/Output
 Several file formats are supported for writing a mesh:
- - \ref IOStreamVTK, using `CGAL::output_to_vtu()`
- - \ref IOStreamAvizo, using `CGAL::output_to_avizo()`
- - \ref IOStreamMedit, using `CGAL::output_to_medit()`
- - \ref IOStreamTetgen, using `CGAL::output_to_tetgen()`
+ - \ref IOStreamVTK, using `CGAL::IO::output_to_vtu()`
+ - \ref IOStreamAvizo, using `CGAL::IO::output_to_avizo()`
+ - \ref IOStreamMedit, using `CGAL::IO::output_to_medit()`
+ - \ref IOStreamTetgen, using `CGAL::IO::output_to_tetgen()`
 
 \section Mesh_3_section_examples Examples
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt
index 9d9edbfd5ac..f7a09d8f473 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ and their associated classes:
 - `CGAL::Mesh_facet_topology`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{Input/Output Functions}
-- `CGAL::output_to_medit()`
-- `CGAL::output_to_vtu()`
+- `CGAL::IO::output_to_medit()`
+- `CGAL::IO::output_to_vtu()`
 */
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection.cpp b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection.cpp
index b25b4f127b7..12216cc2cbd 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection.cpp
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ int main()
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out_cubes_intersection.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection_with_features.cpp b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection_with_features.cpp
index 6b67c567c5d..61d2d78d993 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection_with_features.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_cubes_intersection_with_features.cpp
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ int main()
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out_cubes_intersection_with_features.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp
index efb5ea0f743..d8790c25fd3 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ int main()
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains_2.cpp b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains_2.cpp
index 4401a1ab468..6d50993bbdd 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains_2.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_implicit_domains_2.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ int main()
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("out.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features.cpp b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features.cpp
index 1f79004ce4b..ce185877344 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream file("out.vtu");
-  CGAL::output_to_vtu(file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_vtu(file, c3t3);
   // Could be replaced by:
   // c3t3.output_to_medit(file);
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features_sm.cpp b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features_sm.cpp
index ab357f2ca0c..33b95fafea6 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features_sm.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_polyhedral_domain_with_features_sm.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream file("out-sm.vtu");
-  CGAL::output_to_vtu(file, c3t3, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::output_to_vtu(file, c3t3, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   // Could be replaced by:
   // c3t3.output_to_medit(file);
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/Complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_vtk.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/Complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_vtk.h
index 2d101a4ea92..1586f5ac4f7 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/Complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_vtk.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/Complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_vtk.h
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 //if export_complex is false, there must be no far point.
 template <typename C3T3>
 vtkUnstructuredGrid*
@@ -121,6 +123,12 @@ output_c3t3_to_vtk_unstructured_grid(const C3T3& c3t3,
   return grid;
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::output_c3t3_to_vtk_unstructured_grid;
+#endif
+
 } // end namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_COMPLEX_3_IN_TRIANGULATION_3_TO_VTK
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h
index 704200b069b..f2b31d68d6c 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_avizo.h
@@ -24,9 +24,14 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
-namespace Mesh_3 {
-
+namespace IO {
 
+/**
+ * @brief outputs mesh to avizo format
+ * @param os the stream
+ * @param c3t3 the mesh
+ * \see \ref IOStreamAvizo
+ */
 template <class C3T3>
 void
 output_to_avizo(std::ostream& os,
@@ -137,24 +142,11 @@ output_to_avizo(std::ostream& os,
 
 } // end output_to_avizo(...)
 
-} // end namespace Mesh_3
+} // end namespace IO
 
-
-
-
-/**
- * @brief outputs mesh to avizo format
- * @param os the stream
- * @param c3t3 the mesh
- * \see \ref IOStreamAvizo
- */
-template <class C3T3>
-void
-output_to_avizo(std::ostream& os,
-                 const C3T3& c3t3)
-{
-  Mesh_3::output_to_avizo(os,c3t3);
-}
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::output_to_avizo;
+#endif
 
 } // end namespace CGAL
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h
index 52ac49d057b..2bf7931ff35 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
-namespace Mesh_3 {
+namespace IO {
 
 template <class C3T3>
 bool
@@ -77,7 +77,15 @@ bool load_binary_file(std::istream& is, C3T3& c3t3)
   // call operator!() twice, because operator bool() is C++11
 }
 
-} // end namespace Mesh_3
+} // end namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+namespace Mesh_3 {
+using IO::save_binary_file;
+using IO::load_binary_file;
+}
+#endif
+
 } // end namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_FILE_BINARY_MESH_3_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_maya.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_maya.h
index c482186b386..4546132bb95 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_maya.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_maya.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 
 namespace CGAL {
+namespace IO {
 template <class C3T3>
 void
 output_to_maya(std::ostream& os,
@@ -310,6 +311,12 @@ output_to_maya(std::ostream& os,
 #endif
 } // end output_to_maya(...)
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::output_to_maya;
+#endif
+
 } // end namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_FILE_MAYA_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h
index bac7e7b2560..95585dc1b82 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_medit.h
@@ -862,6 +862,8 @@ output_to_medit(std::ostream& os,
 
 } // end namespace Mesh_3
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
  * @brief outputs mesh to medit format
  * @param os the stream
@@ -912,6 +914,12 @@ bool read_MEDIT(std::istream& in, T3& t3)
   return CGAL::build_triangulation_from_file<T3, true>(in, t3);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::output_to_medit;
+#endif
+
 } // end namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_FILE_MEDIT_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
index 0eca7bdb760..2d3dca2dd20 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
@@ -187,8 +187,7 @@ output_to_tetgen(std::string filename,
 
 } // end namespace Mesh_3
 
-
-
+namespace IO {
 
 template <class C3T3>
 void
@@ -213,6 +212,12 @@ output_to_tetgen(std::string filename,
   }
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using output_to_tetgen;
+#endif
+
 } // end namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_FILE_TETGEN_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h
index d69f445716f..95b6d7eeddf 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h
@@ -11,175 +11,17 @@
 // Author(s)     : Maxime Gimeno,
 //                 Mael Rouxel-Labbé
 
-#ifndef CGAL_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
-#define CGAL_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
+#ifndef CGAL_IO_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
+#define CGAL_IO_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
 
 #include <CGAL/license/Triangulation_3.h>
 
-#include <CGAL/array.h>
-#include <CGAL/boost/graph/Euler_operations.h>
-#include <CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/orient_polygon_soup.h>
-#include <CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/polygon_soup_to_polygon_mesh.h>
-#include <CGAL/Time_stamper.h>
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 
-#include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
-#include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp>
+#define CGAL_DEPRECATED_HEADER "<CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>"
+#define CGAL_REPLACEMENT_HEADER "<CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>"
+#include <CGAL/internal/deprecation_warning.h>
+#endif
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace CGAL {
-
-namespace Mesh_3 {
-
-namespace internal {
-
-template <class Polygon>
-void resize(Polygon& p, std::size_t size)
-{
-  p.resize(size);
-}
-
-template <std::size_t N, class INT>
-void resize(std::array<INT, N>&, std::size_t CGAL_assertion_code(size))
-{
-  CGAL_assertion(size == N);
-}
-
-template<class C3T3, class PointContainer, class FaceContainer>
-void facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(const C3T3& c3t3,
-                                          const typename C3T3::Subdomain_index sd_index,
-                                          PointContainer& points,
-                                          FaceContainer& faces,
-                                          const bool normals_point_outside_of_the_subdomain = true,
-                                          const bool export_all_facets = false)
-{
-  typedef typename PointContainer::value_type                            Point_3;
-  typedef typename FaceContainer::value_type                             Face;
-
-  typedef typename C3T3::Triangulation                                   Tr;
-
-  typedef typename Tr::Vertex_handle                                     Vertex_handle;
-  typedef typename Tr::Cell_handle                                       Cell_handle;
-  typedef typename Tr::Weighted_point                                    Weighted_point;
-
-  typedef typename C3T3::Facets_in_complex_iterator                      Ficit;
-
-  typedef CGAL::Hash_handles_with_or_without_timestamps                  Hash_fct;
-  typedef boost::unordered_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t, Hash_fct>     VHmap;
-
-  typedef typename C3T3::size_type                                       size_type;
-
-  size_type nf = c3t3.number_of_facets_in_complex();
-  faces.reserve(faces.size() + nf);
-  points.reserve(points.size() + nf/2); // approximating Euler
-
-  VHmap vh_to_ids;
-  std::size_t inum = 0;
-
-  for(Ficit fit = c3t3.facets_in_complex_begin(),
-            end = c3t3.facets_in_complex_end(); fit != end; ++fit)
-  {
-    Cell_handle c = fit->first;
-    int s = fit->second;
-    Face f;
-    resize(f, 3);
-
-    typename C3T3::Subdomain_index cell_sdi = c3t3.subdomain_index(c);
-    typename C3T3::Subdomain_index opp_sdi = c3t3.subdomain_index(c->neighbor(s));
-
-    if(!export_all_facets && cell_sdi != sd_index && opp_sdi != sd_index)
-      continue;
-
-    for(std::size_t i=1; i<4; ++i)
-    {
-      typename VHmap::iterator map_entry;
-      bool is_new;
-      Vertex_handle v = c->vertex((s+i)&3);
-      CGAL_assertion(v != Vertex_handle() && !c3t3.triangulation().is_infinite(v));
-
-      boost::tie(map_entry, is_new) = vh_to_ids.insert(std::make_pair(v, inum));
-      if(is_new)
-      {
-        const Weighted_point& p = c3t3.triangulation().point(c, (s+i)&3);
-        const Point_3 bp = Point_3(CGAL::to_double(p.x()),
-                                   CGAL::to_double(p.y()),
-                                   CGAL::to_double(p.z()));
-        points.push_back(bp);
-        ++inum;
-      }
-
-      f[i-1] = map_entry->second;
-    }
-
-    if(export_all_facets)
-    {
-      if((cell_sdi > opp_sdi) == (s%2 == 1))
-        std::swap(f[0], f[1]);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      if(((cell_sdi == sd_index) == (s%2 == 1)) == normals_point_outside_of_the_subdomain)
-        std::swap(f[0], f[1]);
-    }
-
-    faces.push_back(f);
-  }
-}
-
-template<class C3T3, class PointContainer, class FaceContainer>
-void facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(const C3T3& c3t3,
-                                          PointContainer& points,
-                                          FaceContainer& faces)
-{
-  typedef typename C3T3::Subdomain_index              Subdomain_index;
-  Subdomain_index useless = Subdomain_index();
-  facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(c3t3, useless, points, faces,
-                                       true/*point outward*/, true /*extract all facets*/);
-}
-
-} // end namespace internal
-
-} // end namespace Mesh_3
-
-//! \ingroup PkgMesh3Functions
-//!
-//! \brief builds a `TriangleMesh` from the surface facets, with a consistent orientation
-//!        at the interface of two subdomains.
-//!
-//! This function exports the surface as a `TriangleMesh` and appends it to `graph`, using
-//! `orient_polygon_soup()`.
-//!
-//! @tparam C3T3 a model of `MeshComplexWithFeatures_3InTriangulation_3`.
-//! @tparam TriangleMesh a model of `MutableFaceGraph` with an internal point property map.
-//!         The point type should be compatible with the one used in `C3T3`.
-//!
-//! @param c3t3 an instance of `C3T3`.
-//! @param graph an instance of `TriangleMesh`.
-template<class C3T3, class TriangleMesh>
-void facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh(const C3T3& c3t3, TriangleMesh& graph)
-{
-  namespace PMP = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing;
-
-  typedef typename boost::property_map<TriangleMesh, boost::vertex_point_t>::type  VertexPointMap;
-  typedef typename boost::property_traits<VertexPointMap>::value_type              Point_3;
-
-  typedef std::array<std::size_t, 3>                                       Face;
-
-  std::vector<Face> faces;
-  std::vector<Point_3> points;
-
-  Mesh_3::internal::facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(c3t3, points, faces);
-
-  if(!PMP::is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh(faces))
-    PMP::orient_polygon_soup(points, faces);
-  CGAL_postcondition(PMP::is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh(faces));
-
-  PMP::polygon_soup_to_polygon_mesh(points, faces, graph);
-}
-
-} // namespace CGAL
-
-#endif // CGAL_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
+#endif // CGAL_IO_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
index 65a96d013d7..b318084532b 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
@@ -350,13 +350,12 @@ void output_to_vtu_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 //public API
 template <class C3T3>
 void output_to_vtu(std::ostream& os,
                const C3T3& c3t3,
-               IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY)
+               Mode mode = BINARY)
 {
   typedef typename C3T3::Cells_in_complex_iterator Cell_iterator;
   std::vector<double> mids;
@@ -368,12 +367,18 @@ void output_to_vtu(std::ostream& os,
     mids.push_back(v);
   }
 
-  std::vector<std::pair<const char*, IO::internal::Vtu_attributes > > atts;
-  IO::internal::Vtu_attributes v = &mids;
+  std::vector<std::pair<const char*, internal::Vtu_attributes > > atts;
+  internal::Vtu_attributes v = &mids;
   atts.push_back(std::make_pair("MeshDomain", v));
-  IO::internal::output_to_vtu_with_attributes(os, c3t3, atts, mode);
+  internal::output_to_vtu_with_attributes(os, c3t3, atts, mode);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::output_to_vtu;
+#endif
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_VTK_IO_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h
index 147d4ac59f4..427472d4b2d 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ struct Dump_c3t3 {
     std::clog<<"======dump c3t3===== to: " << prefix << std::endl;
     std::ofstream medit_file((prefix+".mesh").c_str());
     medit_file.precision(17);
-    CGAL::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, false /*rebind*/, true /*show_patches*/);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, false /*rebind*/, true /*show_patches*/);
     medit_file.close();
 
     std::string bin_filename = prefix;
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_base.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_base.h
index 618d8c51b8b..c12dac28be1 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_base.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_base.h
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ public:
                        bool show_patches = false) const
   {
     // Call global function
-    CGAL::output_to_medit(os,*this,rebind,show_patches);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(os,*this,rebind,show_patches);
   }
 
   /// Outputs the mesh to maya
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ public:
                       bool surfaceOnly = true) const
   {
     // Call global function
-    CGAL::output_to_maya(os,*this,surfaceOnly);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_maya(os,*this,surfaceOnly);
   }
 
   //-------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
index ab9a4844e5f..a5cb40496a5 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ refine_balls()
     std::ostringstream oss;
     oss << "dump_protecting_balls_" << refine_balls_iteration_nb << ".cgal";
     std::ofstream outfile(oss.str().c_str(), std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::out);
-    CGAL::Mesh_3::save_binary_file(outfile, c3t3_, true);
+    CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(outfile, c3t3_, true);
     outfile.close();
 #endif //CGAL_MESH_3_DUMP_FEATURES_PROTECTION_ITERATIONS
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d69f445716f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2009-2017 GeometryFactory (France).
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org).
+//
+// $URL$
+// $Id$
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
+//
+//
+// Author(s)     : Maxime Gimeno,
+//                 Mael Rouxel-Labbé
+
+#ifndef CGAL_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
+#define CGAL_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
+
+#include <CGAL/license/Triangulation_3.h>
+
+#include <CGAL/array.h>
+#include <CGAL/boost/graph/Euler_operations.h>
+#include <CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/orient_polygon_soup.h>
+#include <CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/polygon_soup_to_polygon_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/Time_stamper.h>
+
+#include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
+#include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace CGAL {
+
+namespace Mesh_3 {
+
+namespace internal {
+
+template <class Polygon>
+void resize(Polygon& p, std::size_t size)
+{
+  p.resize(size);
+}
+
+template <std::size_t N, class INT>
+void resize(std::array<INT, N>&, std::size_t CGAL_assertion_code(size))
+{
+  CGAL_assertion(size == N);
+}
+
+template<class C3T3, class PointContainer, class FaceContainer>
+void facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(const C3T3& c3t3,
+                                          const typename C3T3::Subdomain_index sd_index,
+                                          PointContainer& points,
+                                          FaceContainer& faces,
+                                          const bool normals_point_outside_of_the_subdomain = true,
+                                          const bool export_all_facets = false)
+{
+  typedef typename PointContainer::value_type                            Point_3;
+  typedef typename FaceContainer::value_type                             Face;
+
+  typedef typename C3T3::Triangulation                                   Tr;
+
+  typedef typename Tr::Vertex_handle                                     Vertex_handle;
+  typedef typename Tr::Cell_handle                                       Cell_handle;
+  typedef typename Tr::Weighted_point                                    Weighted_point;
+
+  typedef typename C3T3::Facets_in_complex_iterator                      Ficit;
+
+  typedef CGAL::Hash_handles_with_or_without_timestamps                  Hash_fct;
+  typedef boost::unordered_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t, Hash_fct>     VHmap;
+
+  typedef typename C3T3::size_type                                       size_type;
+
+  size_type nf = c3t3.number_of_facets_in_complex();
+  faces.reserve(faces.size() + nf);
+  points.reserve(points.size() + nf/2); // approximating Euler
+
+  VHmap vh_to_ids;
+  std::size_t inum = 0;
+
+  for(Ficit fit = c3t3.facets_in_complex_begin(),
+            end = c3t3.facets_in_complex_end(); fit != end; ++fit)
+  {
+    Cell_handle c = fit->first;
+    int s = fit->second;
+    Face f;
+    resize(f, 3);
+
+    typename C3T3::Subdomain_index cell_sdi = c3t3.subdomain_index(c);
+    typename C3T3::Subdomain_index opp_sdi = c3t3.subdomain_index(c->neighbor(s));
+
+    if(!export_all_facets && cell_sdi != sd_index && opp_sdi != sd_index)
+      continue;
+
+    for(std::size_t i=1; i<4; ++i)
+    {
+      typename VHmap::iterator map_entry;
+      bool is_new;
+      Vertex_handle v = c->vertex((s+i)&3);
+      CGAL_assertion(v != Vertex_handle() && !c3t3.triangulation().is_infinite(v));
+
+      boost::tie(map_entry, is_new) = vh_to_ids.insert(std::make_pair(v, inum));
+      if(is_new)
+      {
+        const Weighted_point& p = c3t3.triangulation().point(c, (s+i)&3);
+        const Point_3 bp = Point_3(CGAL::to_double(p.x()),
+                                   CGAL::to_double(p.y()),
+                                   CGAL::to_double(p.z()));
+        points.push_back(bp);
+        ++inum;
+      }
+
+      f[i-1] = map_entry->second;
+    }
+
+    if(export_all_facets)
+    {
+      if((cell_sdi > opp_sdi) == (s%2 == 1))
+        std::swap(f[0], f[1]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if(((cell_sdi == sd_index) == (s%2 == 1)) == normals_point_outside_of_the_subdomain)
+        std::swap(f[0], f[1]);
+    }
+
+    faces.push_back(f);
+  }
+}
+
+template<class C3T3, class PointContainer, class FaceContainer>
+void facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(const C3T3& c3t3,
+                                          PointContainer& points,
+                                          FaceContainer& faces)
+{
+  typedef typename C3T3::Subdomain_index              Subdomain_index;
+  Subdomain_index useless = Subdomain_index();
+  facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(c3t3, useless, points, faces,
+                                       true/*point outward*/, true /*extract all facets*/);
+}
+
+} // end namespace internal
+
+} // end namespace Mesh_3
+
+//! \ingroup PkgMesh3Functions
+//!
+//! \brief builds a `TriangleMesh` from the surface facets, with a consistent orientation
+//!        at the interface of two subdomains.
+//!
+//! This function exports the surface as a `TriangleMesh` and appends it to `graph`, using
+//! `orient_polygon_soup()`.
+//!
+//! @tparam C3T3 a model of `MeshComplexWithFeatures_3InTriangulation_3`.
+//! @tparam TriangleMesh a model of `MutableFaceGraph` with an internal point property map.
+//!         The point type should be compatible with the one used in `C3T3`.
+//!
+//! @param c3t3 an instance of `C3T3`.
+//! @param graph an instance of `TriangleMesh`.
+template<class C3T3, class TriangleMesh>
+void facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh(const C3T3& c3t3, TriangleMesh& graph)
+{
+  namespace PMP = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing;
+
+  typedef typename boost::property_map<TriangleMesh, boost::vertex_point_t>::type  VertexPointMap;
+  typedef typename boost::property_traits<VertexPointMap>::value_type              Point_3;
+
+  typedef std::array<std::size_t, 3>                                       Face;
+
+  std::vector<Face> faces;
+  std::vector<Point_3> points;
+
+  Mesh_3::internal::facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_soup(c3t3, points, faces);
+
+  if(!PMP::is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh(faces))
+    PMP::orient_polygon_soup(points, faces);
+  CGAL_postcondition(PMP::is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh(faces));
+
+  PMP::polygon_soup_to_polygon_mesh(points, faces, graph);
+}
+
+} // namespace CGAL
+
+#endif // CGAL_FACETS_IN_COMPLEX_3_TO_TRIANGLE_MESH_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Boundary_of_subdomain_of_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_off.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Boundary_of_subdomain_of_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_off.h
index b08974e545e..93f5b70d430 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Boundary_of_subdomain_of_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_off.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Boundary_of_subdomain_of_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_to_off.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/license/Triangulation_3.h>
 
-#include <CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3.cpp
index 7e4828a460d..ffbc80d090a 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3.cpp
@@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ struct Tester
     assert ( c3t3.surface_patch_index(*patch_fit_bis) == surface_patch_index_bis );
 
     std::ofstream out_medit("test-medit.mesh");
-    CGAL::output_to_medit(out_medit, c3t3);
-    CGAL::output_to_tetgen("test-tetgen", c3t3);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(out_medit, c3t3);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_tetgen("test-tetgen", c3t3);
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_into_facegraph.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_into_facegraph.cpp
index 6df89caf971..9a953580e1b 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_into_facegraph.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_into_facegraph.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
 
-#include <CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_triangulation_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3.h>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp
index 03f8e8e0a2d..233120d7ef7 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp
@@ -367,9 +367,9 @@ struct Test_c3t3_io {
                            ( binary ?
                              (std::ios_base::in | std::ios_base::binary)
                              : std::ios_base::in));
-      CGAL::Mesh_3::save_binary_file(ss, c3t3, binary);
+      CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(ss, c3t3, binary);
       assert(ss);
-      CGAL::Mesh_3::load_binary_file(ss, c3t3_bis);
+      CGAL::IO::load_binary_file(ss, c3t3_bis);
       assert(ss);
     }
     if(!check_equality(c3t3, c3t3_bis)) return false;
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ struct Test_c3t3_io {
       std::ofstream output(filename.c_str(),
                            binary ? (std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::binary)
                            : std::ios_base::out);
-      CGAL::Mesh_3::save_binary_file(output, c3t3_bis, binary);
+      CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(output, c3t3_bis, binary);
     }
 
     c3t3_bis.clear();
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ struct Test_c3t3_io {
                           binary ? (std::ios_base::in | std::ios_base::binary)
                           : std::ios_base::in);
       assert(input);
-      CGAL::Mesh_3::load_binary_file(input, c3t3_bis);
+      CGAL::IO::load_binary_file(input, c3t3_bis);
       assert(input);
     }
     if(!check_equality(c3t3, c3t3_bis)) return false;
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_mesh_cell_base_3.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_mesh_cell_base_3.cpp
index 0e433bb0922..2a4bc5a5748 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_mesh_cell_base_3.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_mesh_cell_base_3.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
 
-#include <CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_triangulation_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3.h>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_determinism.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_determinism.cpp
index d40f3563053..7ca31d4cfe4 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_determinism.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_determinism.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/odt_optimize_mesh_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/perturb_mesh_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/exude_mesh_3.h>
-#include <CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polyhedron_with_features.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polyhedron_with_features.cpp
index abb96ddf620..58cb2f6153c 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polyhedron_with_features.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polyhedron_with_features.cpp
@@ -90,16 +90,16 @@ struct Polyhedron_with_features_tester : public Tester<K>
                  Polyhedral_tag()); //, 1099, 1099, 1158, 1158, 4902, 4902);
 
     std::ofstream out_medit("test-medit.mesh");
-    CGAL::output_to_medit(out_medit, c3t3);
-    CGAL::output_to_tetgen("test-tetgen", c3t3);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_medit(out_medit, c3t3);
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_tetgen("test-tetgen", c3t3);
     std::ofstream out_binary("test-binary.mesh.cgal",
                              std::ios_base::out|std::ios_base::binary);
-    CGAL::Mesh_3::save_binary_file(out_binary, c3t3);
+    CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(out_binary, c3t3);
     out_binary.close();
     C3t3 c3t3_bis;
     std::ifstream in_binary("test-binary.mesh.cgal",
                              std::ios_base::in|std::ios_base::binary);
-    CGAL::Mesh_3::load_binary_file(in_binary, c3t3_bis);
+    CGAL::IO::load_binary_file(in_binary, c3t3_bis);
     assert(c3t3_bis.triangulation() == c3t3.triangulation());
 
   }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polylines_only.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polylines_only.cpp
index c82df518002..a8ad7dfc6a9 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polylines_only.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_meshing_polylines_only.cpp
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::ofstream medit_file("out-mesh-polylines.mesh");
   c3t3.output_to_medit(medit_file);
   std::ofstream binary_file("out-mesh-polylines.binary.cgal", std::ios::binary|std::ios::out);
-  save_binary_file(binary_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(binary_file, c3t3);
   std::cout << "Number of vertices in c3t3: "
             << c3t3.triangulation().number_of_vertices() << std::endl;
   assert(c3t3.triangulation().number_of_vertices() > 900);
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
index 8b0f3b1fb6c..978af85fb67 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
@@ -2267,7 +2267,7 @@ refine_balls()
     std::ostringstream oss;
     oss << "dump_protecting_balls_" << refine_balls_iteration_nb << ".cgal";
     std::ofstream outfile(oss.str().c_str(), std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::out);
-    CGAL::Mesh_3::save_binary_file(outfile, c3t3_, true);
+    CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(outfile, c3t3_, true);
     outfile.close();
 #endif //CGAL_MESH_3_DUMP_FEATURES_PROTECTION_ITERATIONS
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp
index 7dbc3eaa910..b9a83c648c5 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ public:
       os << std::setprecision(16);
       const C3t3& c3t3 = c3t3_item->c3t3();
 
-      CGAL::output_to_vtu(os, c3t3);
+      CGAL::IO::output_to_vtu(os, c3t3);
     }
     items.pop_front();
     return true;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp
index 4dfab1afc69..4955f52c498 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo, QList<Scene_item *> &items)
   else if (fileinfo.suffix() == "am")
   {
     std::ofstream avizo_file (qPrintable(path));
-    CGAL::output_to_avizo(avizo_file, c3t3_item->c3t3());
+    CGAL::IO::output_to_avizo(avizo_file, c3t3_item->c3t3());
     items.pop_front();
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Mesh_3_plugin_cgal_code.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Mesh_3_plugin_cgal_code.h
index 22c5ab667f7..2e72edebc9c 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Mesh_3_plugin_cgal_code.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Mesh_3_plugin_cgal_code.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include "Kernel_type.h"
 #include "Meshing_thread.h"
 #include "Scene_surface_mesh_item.h"
-#include <CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 #include <QList>
 
 class Scene_surface_mesh_item;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp
index a379cf36095..b436ee38f53 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Offset_meshing_plugin.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_criteria_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Three/Three.h>
 
-#include <CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 
 #include <memory> // std::shared_ptr
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp
index a9a3626d544..ea6e7ec566b 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/AABB_tree.h>
 #include <CGAL/AABB_traits.h>
 #include <CGAL/AABB_triangulation_3_cell_primitive.h>
-#include <CGAL/IO/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/facets_in_complex_3_to_triangle_mesh.h>
 
 #include "Scene_polygon_soup_item.h"
 
@@ -1530,7 +1530,7 @@ void Scene_c3t3_item_priv::computeElements()
 
 bool Scene_c3t3_item::load_binary(std::istream& is)
 {
-  if(!CGAL::Mesh_3::load_binary_file(is, c3t3())) return false;
+  if(!CGAL::IO::load_binary_file(is, c3t3())) return false;
   if(is && d->frame == 0) {
     d->frame = new CGAL::qglviewer::ManipulatedFrame();
   }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h
index 7d5e343ded0..fa32e1119cf 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public:
   void setColor(QColor c) Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
   bool save_binary(std::ostream& os) const
   {
-    return CGAL::Mesh_3::save_binary_file(os, c3t3());
+    return CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(os, c3t3());
   }
   bool save_ascii(std::ostream& os) const
   {
diff --git a/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/internal/tetrahedral_remeshing_helpers.h b/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/internal/tetrahedral_remeshing_helpers.h
index 5a1ca163d67..2b348e4574b 100644
--- a/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/internal/tetrahedral_remeshing_helpers.h
+++ b/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/internal/tetrahedral_remeshing_helpers.h
@@ -1671,7 +1671,7 @@ template<typename C3t3>
 void dump_binary(const C3t3& c3t3, const char* filename)
 {
   std::ofstream os(filename, std::ios::binary | std::ios::out);
-  CGAL::Mesh_3::save_binary_file(os, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::save_binary_file(os, c3t3);
   os.close();
 }
 

From 5c66c5d0e187077c6f8d78dc4bdd7c359d078d7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adrien Lefieux <adrien.lefieux@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2021 17:34:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 112/171] Solve linking issue on macOS with VTK for Mesh3
 Polyhedron demo

---
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/CMakeLists.txt b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/CMakeLists.txt
index dbd4b867b44..4a8cd5966ed 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ if (VTK_FOUND)
   endif()
   if ("${VTK_VERSION_MAJOR}" GREATER "5" OR VTK_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 5)
     if(TARGET VTK::IOImage)
-      set(VTK_LIBRARIES VTK::IOImage)
+      set(VTK_LIBRARIES VTK::IOImage VTK::ImagingGeneral)
     endif()
     if(NOT VTK_LIBRARIES)
       message(STATUS "NOTICE : the DICOM files (.dcm) need VTK libraries to be open and will not be able to.")

From 8005f91c22dcfba6d19c2c407bd641752ed99e27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Mon, 3 May 2021 19:21:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 113/171] add IO namespace for Point_set_3 and
 Point_set_processing_3 packages

---
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h     |  17 ++-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h |  12 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h |  14 ++-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h |  50 ++++----
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h |  18 ++-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/draw_point_set_3.h   |   2 +-
 .../PackageDescription.txt                    |  34 +++---
 .../average_spacing_example.cpp               |   4 +-
 .../bilateral_smooth_point_set_example.cpp    |  14 +--
 .../edge_aware_upsample_point_set_example.cpp |  16 +--
 .../Point_set_processing_3/edges_example.cpp  |   6 +-
 .../grid_simplification_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../hierarchy_simplification_example.cpp      |   4 +-
 .../normal_estimation.cpp                     |  12 +-
 .../normals_example.cpp                       |   6 +-
 .../orient_scanlines_example.cpp              |   6 +-
 .../random_simplification_example.cpp         |   4 +-
 .../read_las_example.cpp                      |  16 +--
 .../read_ply_points_with_colors_example.cpp   |  18 +--
 .../read_write_xyz_point_set_example.cpp      |  16 +--
 .../registration_with_OpenGR.cpp              |  20 +--
 ...tion_with_opengr_pointmatcher_pipeline.cpp |  18 +--
 .../registration_with_pointmatcher.cpp        |  16 +--
 .../remove_outliers_example.cpp               |   4 +-
 .../scale_estimation_example.cpp              |   2 +-
 .../structuring_example.cpp                   |  14 +--
 ...plify_and_regularize_point_set_example.cpp |   4 +-
 .../write_ply_points_example.cpp              |  16 +--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h         |  18 ++-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h         |  42 ++++---
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h         |  28 +++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h             |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h         |  66 +++++-----
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h        |  22 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h        |  16 ++-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h        |  26 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h            |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h        |  38 +++---
 .../Point_set_processing_3/analysis_test.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../bilateral_smoothing_test.cpp              |   8 +-
 .../edge_aware_upsample_test.cpp              |   8 +-
 .../normal_estimation_test.cpp                |  14 +--
 .../test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test.cpp |  24 ++--
 .../read_test_with_different_pmaps.cpp        |  48 ++++----
 .../remove_outliers_test.cpp                  |   2 +-
 .../Point_set_processing_3/smoothing_test.cpp |   2 +-
 .../test_read_write_point_set.cpp             | 114 +++++++++---------
 .../Point_set_processing_3/vcm_all_test.cpp   |   6 +-
 .../wlop_simplify_and_regularize_test.cpp     |   2 +-
 49 files changed, 469 insertions(+), 394 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h
index 994c8b0750d..340977be711 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h
@@ -73,19 +73,20 @@ std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is,
 
   is.seekg(0);
   if(line.find("OFF") == 0 || line.find("NOFF") == 0)
-    CGAL::read_OFF(is, ps);
+    CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, ps);
   else if(line.find("ply") == 0)
-    CGAL::read_PLY(is, ps);
+    CGAL::IO::read_PLY(is, ps);
 #ifdef CGAL_LINKED_WITH_LASLIB
   else if(line.find("LASF") == 0)
-    CGAL::read_LAS(is, ps);
+    CGAL::IO::read_LAS(is, ps);
 #endif // LAS
   else
-    CGAL::read_XYZ(is, ps);
+    CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(is, ps);
 
   return is;
 }
 
+namespace IO {
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IO
@@ -151,6 +152,8 @@ bool read_point_set(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
   return read_point_set(fname, ps, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /// \endcond
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -175,10 +178,12 @@ template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                          const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& ps)
 {
-  write_PLY(os, ps);
+  IO::write_PLY(os, ps);
   return os;
 }
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IO
 
@@ -249,6 +254,8 @@ bool write_point_set(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_POINT_SET_3_IO
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
index 14916e4e89c..140dedacc51 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ class Point_set_3;
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
 
+namespace IO {
+
 namespace internal {
 
 template <typename PointSet, typename PropertyMap>
@@ -162,6 +164,8 @@ bool read_LAS(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
   return read_LAS(is, point_set);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_point_set(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                         CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set) ///< point set
 {
-  return read_LAS(is, point_set);
+  return IO::read_LAS(is, point_set);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
@@ -183,6 +187,8 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_point_set(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IOLAS
 
@@ -394,6 +400,8 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& fname,
   return write_LAS(os, point_set);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
@@ -406,7 +414,7 @@ template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_las_point_set(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                                          CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)  ///< point set
 {
-  return write_LAS(os, point_set);
+  return IO::write_LAS(os, point_set);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
index b8882c97fdc..56c5babf653 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ class Point_set_3;
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IOOFF
 
@@ -55,9 +57,9 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
 {
   point_set.add_normal_map();
 
-  bool out = CGAL::read_OFF(is, point_set.index_back_inserter(),
-                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(point_set.point_push_map())
-                                             .normal_map(point_set.normal_push_map()));
+  bool out = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, point_set.index_back_inserter(),
+                                CGAL::parameters::point_map(point_set.point_push_map())
+                                                 .normal_map(point_set.normal_push_map()));
 
   bool has_normals = false;
   for(typename CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>::const_iterator it=point_set.begin(); it!=point_set.end(); ++it)
@@ -94,6 +96,8 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
   return read_OFF(is, point_set);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
@@ -115,6 +119,8 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off_point_set(std::istream& is,  ///< input stream.
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IOOFF
 
@@ -207,6 +213,8 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
index 4646ffbd974..cf8da2e5401 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
@@ -213,8 +213,6 @@ public:
 };
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
-
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -386,6 +384,8 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_point_set(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                         CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set, ///< point set
                                         std::string& comments) ///< PLY comments.
 {
-  return read_PLY(is, point_set, comments);
+  return IO::read_PLY(is, point_set, comments);
 }
 
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_point_set(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                         CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set) ///< point set
 {
   std::string dummy;
-  return read_PLY(is, point_set, dummy);
+  return IO::read_PLY(is, point_set, dummy);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
@@ -429,6 +429,8 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_point_set(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IOPLY
 
@@ -496,7 +498,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   set_stream_precision_from_NP(os, np);
 
   os << "ply" << std::endl
-     << ((get_mode(os) == IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
+     << ((CGAL::get_mode(os) == CGAL::IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
      << "comment Generated by the CGAL library" << std::endl;
 
   if(comments != std::string())
@@ -513,7 +515,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   os << "element vertex " << point_set.number_of_points() << std::endl;
 
   std::vector<std::string> prop = point_set.base().properties();
-  std::vector<IO::internal::Abstract_property_printer<Index>*> printers;
+  std::vector<internal::Abstract_property_printer<Index>*> printers;
 
   for(std::size_t i=0; i<prop.size(); ++i)
   {
@@ -534,7 +536,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
            << "property double y" << std::endl
            << "property double z" << std::endl;
       }
-      printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Property_printer<Index,Point_map>(point_set.point_map()));
+      printers.push_back(new internal::Property_printer<Index,Point_map>(point_set.point_map()));
       continue;
     }
     if(prop[i] == "normal")
@@ -551,7 +553,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
            << "property double ny" << std::endl
            << "property double nz" << std::endl;
       }
-      printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Property_printer<Index,Vector_map>(point_set.normal_map()));
+      printers.push_back(new internal::Property_printer<Index,Vector_map>(point_set.normal_map()));
       continue;
     }
 
@@ -562,7 +564,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property char " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Char_property_printer<Index,Int8_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Char_property_printer<Index,Int8_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -572,7 +574,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property uchar " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Char_property_printer<Index,Uint8_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Char_property_printer<Index,Uint8_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -582,7 +584,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property short " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Int16_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Int16_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -592,7 +594,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property ushort " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Uint16_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Uint16_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -602,7 +604,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property int " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Int32_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Int32_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -612,7 +614,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property uint " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Uint32_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Uint32_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -622,7 +624,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property int " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Int64_map,boost::int32_t>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Int64_map,boost::int32_t>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -632,7 +634,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property uint " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Uint64_map,boost::uint32_t>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Uint64_map,boost::uint32_t>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -642,7 +644,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property float " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Float_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Float_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -652,7 +654,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property double " << prop[i] << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Double_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Index,Double_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -665,11 +667,11 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     for(std::size_t i=0; i<printers.size(); ++i)
     {
       printers[i]->print(os, *it);
-      if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+      if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
         os << " ";
     }
 
-    if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+    if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
       os << std::endl;
   }
 
@@ -748,13 +750,13 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::set_mode(os, BINARY);
     return write_PLY(os, point_set, comments, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::set_mode(os, ASCII);
     return write_PLY(os, point_set, comments, np);
   }
 }
@@ -782,6 +784,8 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
@@ -795,7 +799,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_point_set(std::ostream& os,
                                          const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set,
                                          const std::string& comments = std::string())
 {
-  return write_PLY(os, point_set, comments);
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, point_set, comments);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
index a7b243fc192..2150e6a817b 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ class Point_set_3;
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IOXYZ
 
@@ -54,9 +56,9 @@ bool read_XYZ(std::istream& is,
 {
   point_set.add_normal_map();
 
-  bool out = CGAL::read_XYZ(is, point_set.index_back_inserter(),
-                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(point_set.point_push_map())
-                                             .normal_map(point_set.normal_push_map()));
+  bool out = CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(is, point_set.index_back_inserter(),
+                                CGAL::parameters::point_map(point_set.point_push_map())
+                                                 .normal_map(point_set.normal_push_map()));
 
   bool has_normals = false;
   for(typename CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>::const_iterator it=point_set.begin(); it!=point_set.end(); ++it)
@@ -93,6 +95,8 @@ bool read_XYZ(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
   return read_XYZ(is, point_set);
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ bool read_XYZ(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_xyz_point_set(std::istream& is, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)
 {
-  return read_XYZ(is, point_set);
+  return IO::read_XYZ(is, point_set);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
@@ -113,6 +117,8 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_xyz_point_set(std::istream& is, CGAL::Point_set_3<Poin
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IOXYZ
 
@@ -204,6 +210,8 @@ bool write_XYZ(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
@@ -215,7 +223,7 @@ bool write_XYZ(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_xyz_point_set(std::ostream& os, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)
 {
-  return write_XYZ(os, point_set);
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, point_set);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/draw_point_set_3.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/draw_point_set_3.h
index 510ba937a0c..54e3c413eb2 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/draw_point_set_3.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/draw_point_set_3.h
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ protected:
   void compute_vertex(const Point& p)
   {
     add_point(p);
-    // We can use add_point(p, c) with c a CGAL::Color to add a colored point
+    // We can use add_point(p, c) with c a CGAL::IO::Color to add a colored point
   }
 
   void compute_elements()
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/doc/Point_set_processing_3/PackageDescription.txt b/Point_set_processing_3/doc/Point_set_processing_3/PackageDescription.txt
index 0b57f4220c4..bf0029d6c94 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/doc/Point_set_processing_3/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/doc/Point_set_processing_3/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ format.
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O (All Formats)}
 
-- `CGAL::read_points()`
-- `CGAL::write_points()`
+- `CGAL::IO::read_points()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_points()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O (XYZ/OFF Formats)}
 
@@ -91,23 +91,23 @@ format.
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O (PLY Format)}
 
-- \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::read_PLY()` \endlink
-- `CGAL::read_PLY_with_properties()`
-- \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::write_PLY()` \endlink
-- `CGAL::write_PLY_with_properties()`
-- `CGAL::PLY_property<T>`
-- `CGAL::make_ply_point_reader()`
-- `CGAL::make_ply_point_writer()`
-- `CGAL::make_ply_normal_reader()`
-- `CGAL::make_ply_normal_writer()`
+- \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::read_PLY()` \endlink
+- `CGAL::IO::read_PLY_with_properties()`
+- \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::write_PLY()` \endlink
+- `CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties()`
+- `CGAL::IO::PLY_property<T>`
+- `CGAL::IO::make_ply_point_reader()`
+- `CGAL::IO::make_ply_point_writer()`
+- `CGAL::IO::make_ply_normal_reader()`
+- `CGAL::IO::make_ply_normal_writer()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O (LAS Format)}
 
-- `CGAL::read_LAS()`
-- `CGAL::read_LAS_with_properties()`
-- `CGAL::write_LAS()`
-- `CGAL::write_LAS_with_properties()`
-- `CGAL::make_las_point_reader()`
-- `CGAL::make_las_point_writer()`
+- `CGAL::IO::read_LAS()`
+- `CGAL::IO::read_LAS_with_properties()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_LAS()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_LAS_with_properties()`
+- `CGAL::IO::make_las_point_reader()`
+- `CGAL::IO::make_las_point_writer()`
 
 */
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/average_spacing_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/average_spacing_example.cpp
index 7d21a8237af..bb679700a26 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/average_spacing_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/average_spacing_example.cpp
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
   // we use a property map that accesses the 1st element of the tuple.
 
   std::vector<IndexedPointWithColorTuple> points;
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Nth_of_tuple_property_map<1, IndexedPointWithColorTuple>())))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points),
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Nth_of_tuple_property_map<1, IndexedPointWithColorTuple>())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smooth_point_set_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smooth_point_set_example.cpp
index dc37c7a7eb8..dd4c2cbb390 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smooth_point_set_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smooth_point_set_example.cpp
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Reads a point set file in points[] * with normals *.
   std::vector<PointVectorPair> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(input_filename, std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                         .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(input_filename, std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                             .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
   {
      std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_filename << std::endl;
      return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
   }
 
   //// Save point set.
-  if(!CGAL::write_XYZ(output_filename, points,
-                      CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                       .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                       .stream_precision(17)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_XYZ(output_filename, points,
+                          CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                           .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                           .stream_precision(17)))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_point_set_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_point_set_example.cpp
index 2456b2dc1bc..89247f76650 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_point_set_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_point_set_example.cpp
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   // Reads a .xyz point set file in points[], *with normals*.
   std::vector<PointVectorPair> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(input_filename,
-                        std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                         .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(input_filename,
+                            std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                             .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_filename << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     number_of_output_points(number_of_output_points));
 
   // Saves point set.
-  if(!CGAL::write_points(output_filename, points,
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                          .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                          .stream_precision(17)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_points(output_filename, points,
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                              .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                              .stream_precision(17)))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edges_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edges_example.cpp
index 24d29c76fbc..3f80772a7d4 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edges_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/edges_example.cpp
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ int main (int , char**)
 {
   // Reads a polygon mesh file in points[].
   std::list<PointVectorPair> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points("data/fandisk.off",
-                        std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points("data/fandisk.off",
+                            std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file data/fandisk.off" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/grid_simplification_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/grid_simplification_example.cpp
index ac026943b61..e949000b5ad 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/grid_simplification_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/grid_simplification_example.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Reads a point set file in points[].
   std::vector<Point> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/hierarchy_simplification_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/hierarchy_simplification_example.cpp
index 8226659a32d..d5e7f2b2d8d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/hierarchy_simplification_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/hierarchy_simplification_example.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Reads a point set file in points[].
   std::vector<Point> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
             << task_timer.time() << " seconds, "
             << (memory>>20) << " Mib allocated." << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_points("out.xyz", points, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_points("out.xyz", points, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation.cpp
index 3fdb8f53e0f..bd4847a22e4 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation.cpp
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     PointList points;
     std::cerr << "Open " << input_filename << " for reading..." << std::endl;
 
-    if(!CGAL::read_points(input_filename.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
-                          CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(input_filename.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
+                              CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
     {
       std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_filename << std::endl;
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -290,10 +290,10 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
 
     std::cerr << "Write file " << output_filename << std::endl << std::endl;
 
-    if(!CGAL::write_points(output_filename, points,
-                           CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                            .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                            .stream_precision(17)))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::write_points(output_filename, points,
+                               CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                                .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                                .stream_precision(17)))
     {
       std::cerr << "Error: cannot write file " << output_filename << std::endl;
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normals_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normals_example.cpp
index 9eb5e9b634a..40dfd2556ea 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normals_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/normals_example.cpp
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Reads a point set file in points[].
   std::list<PointVectorPair> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname,
-                        std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname,
+                            std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname<< std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
index 9e6beca4da1..aec42159da3 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ void dump (const char* filename, const std::vector<Point_with_info>& points)
 {
   std::ofstream ofile (filename, std::ios::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode(ofile);
-  CGAL::write_PLY
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY
     (ofile, points,
      CGAL::parameters::point_map (Point_map()).
      normal_map (Normal_map()));
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   std::cerr << "Reading input file " << fname << std::endl;
   std::ifstream ifile (fname, std::ios::binary);
   if (!ifile ||
-      !CGAL::read_LAS_with_properties
+      !CGAL::IO::read_LAS_with_properties
       (ifile, std::back_inserter (points),
-       CGAL::make_las_point_reader (Point_map()),
+       CGAL::IO::make_las_point_reader (Point_map()),
        std::make_pair (Scan_angle_map(),
                        CGAL::LAS_property::Scan_angle()),
        std::make_pair (Scanline_id_map(),
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/random_simplification_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/random_simplification_example.cpp
index d6ec4e2904a..fef22b7a078 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/random_simplification_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/random_simplification_example.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Reads a point set file in points[].
   std::vector<Point> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
   // Saves point set.
   const std::string output_filename = (argc>2) ? argv[2] : "Three_lady_copy.xyz";
-  if(!CGAL::write_points(output_filename, points, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_points(output_filename, points, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp
index 8cf2f1be534..7296f39637d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
   // Reads a .las point set file with normal vectors and colors
   std::ifstream in(fname, std::ios_base::binary);
   std::vector<PointWithColor> points; // store points
-  if(!CGAL::read_LAS_with_properties(in, std::back_inserter (points),
-                                     CGAL::make_las_point_reader(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointWithColor>()),
-                                     std::make_tuple(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointWithColor>(),
-                                                     CGAL::Construct_array(),
-                                                     CGAL::LAS_property::R(),
-                                                     CGAL::LAS_property::G(),
-                                                     CGAL::LAS_property::B(),
-                                                     CGAL::LAS_property::I())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_LAS_with_properties(in, std::back_inserter (points),
+                                         CGAL::IO::make_las_point_reader(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointWithColor>()),
+                                         std::make_tuple(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointWithColor>(),
+                                                         CGAL::Construct_array(),
+                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::R(),
+                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::G(),
+                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::B(),
+                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::I())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_ply_points_with_colors_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_ply_points_with_colors_example.cpp
index 347ac0aecf4..9d3fad1476d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_ply_points_with_colors_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_ply_points_with_colors_example.cpp
@@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
   // Reads a .ply point set file with normal vectors and colors
   std::vector<PNCI> points; // store points
   std::ifstream in(fname);
-  if(!CGAL::read_PLY_with_properties(in, std::back_inserter(points),
-                                     CGAL::make_ply_point_reader(Point_map()),
-                                     std::make_pair(Intensity_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("intensity")),
-                                     std::make_tuple(Color_map(),
-                                                     CGAL::Construct_array(),
-                                                     CGAL::PLY_property<unsigned char>("red"),
-                                                     CGAL::PLY_property<unsigned char>("green"),
-                                                     CGAL::PLY_property<unsigned char>("blue")),
-                                     CGAL::make_ply_normal_reader(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_PLY_with_properties(in, std::back_inserter(points),
+                                         CGAL::make_ply_point_reader(Point_map()),
+                                         std::make_pair(Intensity_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("intensity")),
+                                         std::make_tuple(Color_map(),
+                                                         CGAL::Construct_array(),
+                                                         CGAL::IO::PLY_property<unsigned char>("red"),
+                                                         CGAL::IO::PLY_property<unsigned char>("green"),
+                                                         CGAL::IO::PLY_property<unsigned char>("blue")),
+                                         CGAL::IO::make_ply_normal_reader(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_write_xyz_point_set_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_write_xyz_point_set_example.cpp
index 33e49442e6c..ae628ced81e 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_write_xyz_point_set_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_write_xyz_point_set_example.cpp
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
   // over points and as well as property maps to access each
   // point position and normal.
   std::vector<Pwn> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_XYZ(fname,
-                     std::back_inserter(points),
-                     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
-                                      .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(fname,
+                         std::back_inserter(points),
+                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
+                                          .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
   // Saves point set.
   // Note: write_XYZ() requires property maps to access each
   // point position and normal.
-  if(!CGAL::write_XYZ("oni_copy.xyz", points,
-                      CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
-                                       .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
-                                       .stream_precision(17)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_XYZ("oni_copy.xyz", points,
+                          CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
+                                           .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
+                                           .stream_precision(17)))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_OpenGR.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_OpenGR.cpp
index 983d5b5b811..b14e5527e28 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_OpenGR.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_OpenGR.cpp
@@ -26,17 +26,17 @@ int main(int argc, const char** argv)
   const char* fname2 = (argc>2) ? argv[2] : "data/hippo2.ply";
 
   std::vector<Pwn> pwns1, pwns2;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname1, std::back_inserter(pwns1),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
-                                         .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname1, std::back_inserter(pwns1),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
+                                             .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname1 << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname2, std::back_inserter(pwns2),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                         .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname2, std::back_inserter(pwns2),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                             .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname2 << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ int main(int argc, const char** argv)
                                       params::point_map(Point_map())
                                              .normal_map(Normal_map()));
 
-  if(!CGAL::write_points("pwns2_aligned.ply", pwns2,
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                          .normal_map(Normal_map())
-                                          .stream_precision(17)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_points("pwns2_aligned.ply", pwns2,
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                              .normal_map(Normal_map())
+                                              .stream_precision(17)))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   std::cout << "Registration score: " << score << ".\n"
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_opengr_pointmatcher_pipeline.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_opengr_pointmatcher_pipeline.cpp
index a26cb3e4dcc..f3988aaf24f 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_opengr_pointmatcher_pipeline.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_opengr_pointmatcher_pipeline.cpp
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ int main(int argc, const char** argv)
   const char* fname2 = (argc>2) ? argv[2] : "data/hippo2.ply";
 
   std::vector<Pwn> pwns1, pwns2;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname1, std::back_inserter(pwns1),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
-                                         .normal_map (Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname1, std::back_inserter(pwns1),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
+                                             .normal_map (Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname1 << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname2, std::back_inserter(pwns2),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                         .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname2, std::back_inserter(pwns2),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                             .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname2 << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ int main(int argc, const char** argv)
        params::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map()),
        params::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map()).transformation(res));
 
-  if(!CGAL::write_points("pwns2_aligned.ply", pwns2,
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                          .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_points("pwns2_aligned.ply", pwns2,
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                              .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_pointmatcher.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_pointmatcher.cpp
index cfbb6463d16..1d78d67f9a1 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_pointmatcher.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/registration_with_pointmatcher.cpp
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ int main(int argc, const char** argv)
   const char* fname2 = (argc>2)?argv[2]:"data/hippo2.ply";
 
   std::vector<Pwn> pwns1, pwns2;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname1, std::back_inserter(pwns1),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
-                                         .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname1, std::back_inserter(pwns1),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
+                                             .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname1 << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname2, std::back_inserter(pwns2),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                         .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname2, std::back_inserter(pwns2),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                             .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname2 << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ int main(int argc, const char** argv)
   }
   while (!converged);
 
-  if(!CGAL::write_points("pwns2_aligned.ply", pwns2,
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_points("pwns2_aligned.ply", pwns2,
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map())))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   std::cout << "Transformed version of " << fname2 << " written to pwn2_aligned.ply.\n";
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_example.cpp
index 777fb38828e..9ef2280fef9 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_example.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
   // Reads a point set file in points[].
   // The Identity_property_map property map can be omitted here as it is the default value.
   std::vector<Point> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point>())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point>())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/scale_estimation_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/scale_estimation_example.cpp
index 094de32e4aa..da20e6caf5f 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/scale_estimation_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/scale_estimation_example.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   // read input
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: can't read input file" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/structuring_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/structuring_example.cpp
index 11ce92c5aac..d53aa1a27d8 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/structuring_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/structuring_example.cpp
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   // Loading point set from a file.
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                         .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                             .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file cube.pwn" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   std::cerr << structured_pts.size ()
             << " structured point(s) generated." << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_points("out.pwn", structured_pts,
-                     CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                      .normal_map(Normal_map())
-                                      .stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_points("out.pwn", structured_pts,
+                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                          .normal_map(Normal_map())
+                                          .stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_point_set_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_point_set_example.cpp
index 524c080051b..a4cb0104130 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_point_set_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_point_set_example.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   // Reads a .xyz point set file in points[]
   std::vector<Point> points;
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(input_filename, std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(input_filename, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_filename  << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
      CGAL::parameters::select_percentage(retain_percentage).
      neighbor_radius (neighbor_radius));
 
-  if(!CGAL::write_points(output_filename, output, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_points(output_filename, output, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp
index 6542eb28ee6..a0397cb22ba 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ int main(int, char**)
   std::ofstream f("out.ply", std::ios::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode(f); // The PLY file will be written in the binary format
 
-  CGAL::write_PLY_with_properties(f, points,
-                                  CGAL::make_ply_point_writer (Point_map()),
-                                  std::make_tuple(Color_map(),
-                                                  CGAL::PLY_property<unsigned char>("red"),
-                                                  CGAL::PLY_property<unsigned char>("green"),
-                                                  CGAL::PLY_property<unsigned char>("blue"),
-                                                  CGAL::PLY_property<unsigned char>("alpha")),
-                                  std::make_pair(Intensity_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("intensity")));
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties(f, points,
+                                      CGAL::make_ply_point_writer (Point_map()),
+                                      std::make_tuple(Color_map(),
+                                                      CGAL::IO::PLY_property<unsigned char>("red"),
+                                                      CGAL::IO::PLY_property<unsigned char>("green"),
+                                                      CGAL::IO::PLY_property<unsigned char>("blue"),
+                                                      CGAL::IO::PLY_property<unsigned char>("alpha")),
+                                  std::make_pair(Intensity_map(), CGAL::IO::PLY_property<int>("intensity")));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
index 1a907e6d002..81148189230 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ typedef Base<unsigned short, Id::I> I;
 }
 /// \endcond
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOLas
 
@@ -572,10 +574,14 @@ bool read_LAS(const std::string& fname, OutputIterator output)
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
+using IO::make_las_point_reader;
+
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator,
           typename PointMap >
@@ -612,7 +618,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points_with_properties(std::istream& is,
                                                      OutputIterator output,
                                                      PropertyHandler&& ... properties)
 {
-  return read_LAS_with_properties(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+  return IO::read_LAS_with_properties(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -623,7 +629,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points_with_properties(std::istream& is,
                                                      OutputIterator output,
                                                      PropertyHandler&& ... properties)
 {
-  return read_LAS_with_properties<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+  return IO::read_LAS_with_properties<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -646,7 +652,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points(std::istream& is,
   typename CGAL::GetPointMap<Point_set_processing_3::Fake_point_range<OutputIteratorValueType>, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type point_map =
       choose_parameter<typename CGAL::GetPointMap<Point_set_processing_3::Fake_point_range<OutputIteratorValueType>, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type>(get_parameter(np, internal_np::point_map));
 
-  return read_LAS(is, output, make_las_point_reader(point_map));
+  return IO::read_LAS(is, output, make_las_point_reader(point_map));
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -655,21 +661,21 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points(std::istream& is,
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_LAS<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, CGAL::parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_LAS<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, CGAL::parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 // variant with default output iterator value type
 template <typename OutputIterator, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_LAS<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, np);
+  return IO::read_LAS<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, np);
 }
 
 // variant with default NP and output iterator value type
 template <typename OutputIterator>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_LAS<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, CGAL::parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_LAS<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, CGAL::parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
index 5c06ffcefdc..8c966bc236a 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff
 
@@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
               )
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  return read_OFF(is, output, np);
+  return read_OFF<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -303,6 +305,8 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, OutputIterator output,
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -319,10 +323,10 @@ bool read_off_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
                                  const Kernel& /*kernel*/) ///< geometric traits.
 {
-  return read_OFF<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
-                                           parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                      .normal_map(normal_map)
-                                                      .geom_traits(Kernel()));
+  return IO::read_OFF<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
+                                               parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                          .normal_map(normal_map)
+                                                          .geom_traits(Kernel()));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -336,10 +340,10 @@ bool read_off_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
                                  const Kernel& kernel) ///< geometric traits.
 {
-  return read_OFF<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
-                                                                    parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                                               .normal_map(normal_map)
-                                                                               .geom_traits(kernel));
+  return IO::read_OFF<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
+                                                                        parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                                                   .normal_map(normal_map)
+                                                                                   .geom_traits(kernel));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -352,7 +356,7 @@ bool read_off_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  PointPMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_OFF<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map)
+  return IO::read_OFF<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map)
                                                                       .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
@@ -365,9 +369,9 @@ bool read_off_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  PointPMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_OFF<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
-                                                                    parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                                               .normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_OFF<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
+                                                                        parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                                                   .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ bool read_off_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_OFF<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_OFF<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -388,7 +392,7 @@ bool read_off_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_OFF<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_OFF<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -455,7 +459,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off_points(std::istream& is,
                                      OutputIterator output,
                                      const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, output, np);
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, output, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -463,21 +467,21 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off_points(std::istream& is,
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, output);
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, output);
 }
 
 // variant with default output iterator value type
 template <typename OutputIterator, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, output, np);
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, output, np);
 }
 
 // variant with default NP and output iterator value type
 template <typename OutputIterator>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, output, CGAL::parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, output, CGAL::parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
index 6cf449e48e6..4afebdf219b 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 #ifdef DOXYGEN_RUNNING // Document some parts from Stream_support here for convenience
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly
@@ -398,6 +400,8 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname, OutputIterator output,
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -412,7 +416,7 @@ bool read_ply_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  PointMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                                  NormalMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map)
+  return IO::read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map)
                                                                       .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
@@ -425,7 +429,7 @@ bool read_ply_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  PointMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                                  NormalMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map)
+  return IO::read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map)
                                                                                                .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
@@ -437,7 +441,7 @@ bool read_ply_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                                  NormalMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator, typename NormalMap>
@@ -446,7 +450,7 @@ bool read_ply_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                                  NormalMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -457,7 +461,7 @@ bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                      OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                      PointMap point_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
 {
-  return read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map));
+  return IO::read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -467,7 +471,7 @@ bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                      OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                      PointMap point_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
 {
-  return read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map));
+  return IO::read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map));
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -481,7 +485,7 @@ bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator, typename ... PropertyHandler>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points_with_properties(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, PropertyHandler&& ... properties)
 {
-  return read_PLY_with_properties(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+  return IO::read_PLY_with_properties(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -493,7 +497,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points_with_properties(std::istream& is, OutputIte
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_PLY(is, output, np);
+  return IO::read_PLY(is, output, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -502,14 +506,14 @@ template <typename OutputIterator,
           typename ... PropertyHandler>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points_with_properties(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, PropertyHandler&& ... properties)
 {
-  return read_PLY_with_properties<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+  return IO::read_PLY_with_properties<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 // variant with default output iterator value type
@@ -517,14 +521,14 @@ template <typename OutputIterator,
           typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, np);
+  return IO::read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, np);
 }
 
 // variant with default NP and output iterator value type
 template <typename OutputIterator>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_PLY<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h
index 4b4a8eee0f6..6dec414fccc 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IO
 
@@ -128,6 +130,6 @@ bool read_points(const std::string& fname, OutputIterator output)
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+} } // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_POINT_SET_PROCESSING_READ_POINTS_H
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
index 00f64422095..0fe8b27888f 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz
 
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ bool read_XYZ(const std::string& fname,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  return read_XYZ(is, output, np);
+  return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -275,6 +277,8 @@ bool read_XYZ(const std::string& fname, OutputIterator output)
   return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(fname, output, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /// \endcond
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
@@ -293,10 +297,10 @@ bool read_xyz_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
                                  const Kernel& /*kernel*/) ///< geometric traits.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
-                                           parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                      .normal_map(normal_map)
-                                                      .geom_traits(Kernel()));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
+                                               parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                          .normal_map(normal_map)
+                                                          .geom_traits(Kernel()));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -310,10 +314,10 @@ bool read_xyz_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
                                  const Kernel& kernel) ///< geometric traits.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
-                                                                    parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                                               .normal_map(normal_map)
-                                                                               .geom_traits(kernel));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
+                                                                        parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                                                   .normal_map(normal_map)
+                                                                                   .geom_traits(kernel));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -326,9 +330,9 @@ bool read_xyz_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  PointPMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
-                                           parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                      .normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
+                                               parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                          .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -340,9 +344,9 @@ bool read_xyz_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  PointPMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
-                                                                    parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                                               .normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
+                                                                        parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                                                   .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -353,7 +357,7 @@ bool read_xyz_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -363,8 +367,8 @@ bool read_xyz_points_and_normals(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                                  OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                                  NormalPMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
-                                                                    parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
+                                                                        parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -377,9 +381,9 @@ bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                      PointPMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                      const Kernel& kernel) ///< geometric traits.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
-                                           parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                      .geom_traits(kernel));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output,
+                                               parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                          .geom_traits(kernel));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -391,9 +395,9 @@ bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                      PointPMap point_map, ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
                      const Kernel& kernel) ///< geometric traits.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
-                                                                    parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                                                                               .geom_traits(kernel));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
+                                                                        parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                                                                   .geom_traits(kernel));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
@@ -404,7 +408,7 @@ bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                      OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                      PointPMap point_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::point_map(point_map));
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -414,8 +418,8 @@ bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
                      OutputIterator output, ///< output iterator over points.
                      PointPMap point_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
 {
-  return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
-                                                                    parameters::point_map(point_map));
+  return IO::read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output,
+                                                                        parameters::point_map(point_map));
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -435,7 +439,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is,
                                      OutputIterator output,
                                      const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_XYZ(is, output, np);
+  return IO::read_XYZ(is, output, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -445,7 +449,7 @@ template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is,
                                      OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator,
@@ -454,14 +458,14 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is,
                                      OutputIterator output,
                                      const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, np);
+  return IO::read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, np);
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is,
                                      OutputIterator output)
 {
-  return read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_XYZ<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
index fc54662f2b8..56bd3144229 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOLas
 
@@ -286,7 +288,7 @@ bool write_LAS(std::ostream& os,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -341,7 +343,7 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& filename,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -355,14 +357,14 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& filename,
 // variant with default NP
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_LAS(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_LAS(os, points, CGAL::Point_set_processing_3::parameters::all_default(points));
 }
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_LAS(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   std::ofstream os(filename, std::ios::binary);
   CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
@@ -371,8 +373,12 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
+using IO::make_las_point_writer;
+
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator,
@@ -384,7 +390,7 @@ bool write_las_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                       PointMap point_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points (first, beyond);
-  return write_LAS(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map));
+  return IO::write_LAS(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map));
 }
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator>
@@ -394,7 +400,7 @@ bool write_las_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                       ForwardIterator beyond) ///< past-the-end input point.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points (first, beyond);
-  return write_LAS(os, points);
+  return IO::write_LAS(os, points);
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -415,7 +421,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_las_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os,
                                                       LAS_property::Z> point_property,
                                                       PropertyHandler&& ... properties)
 {
-  return write_LAS_with_properties(os, points, point_property, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+  return IO::write_LAS_with_properties(os, points, point_property, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -426,7 +432,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_las_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os,
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool write_las_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_LAS(os, points, np);
+  return IO::write_LAS(os, points, np);
 }
 
 #endif //CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
index ab5a9169338..5b7b59d5d6e 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ bool write_OFF_PSP(std::ostream& os,
 } // namespace internal
 } // namespace Point_set_processing_3
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff
 
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OFF(os, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& filename,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& filename,
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_OFF(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   std::ofstream os(filename);
   return write_OFF(os, points, parameters::all_default());
@@ -223,6 +225,8 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // IO namespace
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -325,7 +329,7 @@ bool write_off_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_OFF(os, points, np);
+  return IO::write_OFF(os, points, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -334,7 +338,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points
 template <typename PointRange>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points)
 {
-  return write_OFF(os, points, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::write_OFF(os, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
index 14cf9256949..994e6ccfcfa 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 #ifdef DOXYGEN_RUNNING // Document some parts from Stream_support here for convenience
   /**
      \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(os, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& filename,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -311,13 +313,15 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& filename,
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_PLY(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(filename, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -333,7 +337,7 @@ bool write_ply_points_and_normals(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                                   VectorMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points (first, beyond);
-  return write_PLY(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map)
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map)
                                               .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
@@ -346,7 +350,7 @@ bool write_ply_points_and_normals(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                                   VectorMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points(first, beyond);
-  return write_PLY(os, points, parameters::normal_map (normal_map));
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, points, parameters::normal_map (normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator,
@@ -358,7 +362,7 @@ bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                       PointMap point_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points(first, beyond);
-  return write_PLY(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map));
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map));
 }
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator >
@@ -368,7 +372,7 @@ bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                       ForwardIterator beyond) ///< past-the-end input point.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points (first, beyond);
-  return write_PLY(os, points);
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, points);
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -385,7 +389,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os, ///< out
                                                       const PointRange& points, ///< input point range.
                                                       PropertyHandler&& ... properties) ///< parameter pack of property handlers
 {
-  return write_PLY_with_properties(os, points, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+  return IO::write_PLY_with_properties(os, points, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -397,7 +401,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os, ///< out
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_PLY(os, points, np);
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, points, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -405,7 +409,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points
 template <typename PointRange>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points)
 {
-  return write_PLY(os, points, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h
index e663fbe318f..faccb3b08b1 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IO
 
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ bool write_points(const std::string& fname,
                   const PointRange& points,
                   const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np,
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                  typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+                  typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                   )
 {
@@ -120,13 +122,13 @@ bool write_points(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_points(const std::string& fname,const PointRange& points,
-                  typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+                  typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_points(fname, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+} } // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_POINT_SET_PROCESSING_WRITE_POINTS_H
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
index 5ccfa93d943..a3d3babb2a1 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ bool write_XYZ_PSP(std::ostream& os,
 } // namespace internal
 } // Point_set_processing_3
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz
 
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ bool write_XYZ(std::ostream& os,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ bool write_XYZ(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_XYZ(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ bool write_XYZ(const std::string& filename,
                const PointRange& points,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ bool write_XYZ(const std::string& filename,
 
 template <typename PointRange>
 bool write_XYZ(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   std::ofstream os(filename);
   return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::all_default());
@@ -216,6 +218,8 @@ bool write_XYZ(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -233,10 +237,10 @@ bool write_xyz_points_and_normals(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                                   const Kernel& /*kernel*/) ///< geometric traits.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points(first, beyond);
-  return write_XYZ(os, points,
-                   parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                              .normal_map(normal_map)
-                              .geom_traits(Kernel()));
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points,
+                       parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                  .normal_map(normal_map)
+                                  .geom_traits(Kernel()));
 }
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator,
@@ -250,9 +254,9 @@ bool write_xyz_points_and_normals(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                                   NormalMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points (first, beyond);
-  return write_XYZ(os, points,
-                   parameters::point_map(point_map)
-                              .normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points,
+                       parameters::point_map(point_map)
+                                  .normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator,
@@ -265,7 +269,7 @@ bool write_xyz_points_and_normals(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                                   NormalMap normal_map) ///< property map: value_type of ForwardIterator -> Vector_3.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points(first, beyond);
-  return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::normal_map(normal_map));
 }
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator,
@@ -279,7 +283,7 @@ bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                       const Kernel& kernel)
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points (first, beyond);
-  return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map)
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map)
                                               .geom_traits (kernel));
 }
 
@@ -292,7 +296,7 @@ bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                       PointMap point_map) ///< property map: value_type of OutputIterator -> Point_3.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points(first, beyond);
-  return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map));
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::point_map(point_map));
 }
 
 template <typename ForwardIterator>
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@ bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                       ForwardIterator beyond) ///< past-the-end input point.
 {
   CGAL::Iterator_range<ForwardIterator> points (first, beyond);
-  return write_XYZ(os, points);
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points);
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -316,7 +320,7 @@ bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_XYZ(os, points, np);
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -324,7 +328,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points
 template <typename PointRange>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points)
 {
-  return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::all_default(points));
+  return IO::write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::all_default(points));
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/analysis_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/analysis_test.cpp
index 5745b19fbb3..0912829311c 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/analysis_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/analysis_test.cpp
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     std::cerr << "Open " << argv[i] << " for reading..." << std::endl;
 
     // If XYZ file format:
-    if(CGAL::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
+    if(CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
     {
       std::cerr << "ok (" << points.size() << " points)" << std::endl;
     }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smoothing_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smoothing_test.cpp
index 45dad2baa51..479dc82fd93 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smoothing_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/bilateral_smoothing_test.cpp
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     std::cerr << "Opening " << argv[i] << " for reading..." << std::endl;
 
     // If XYZ file format:
-    if(CGAL::read_points(argv[i],
-                         std::back_inserter(points),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                          .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
+    if(CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[i],
+                             std::back_inserter(points),
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                              .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
     {
       std::cerr << "ok (" << points.size() << " points)" << std::endl;
     }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_test.cpp
index c6279fbeb48..efd939f928b 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/edge_aware_upsample_test.cpp
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     std::cerr << "Opening " << argv[i] << " for reading..." << std::endl;
 
     // If XYZ file format:
-   if(CGAL::read_points(argv[i],
-                        std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                         .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
+   if(CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[i],
+                            std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                             .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())))
     {
       std::cerr << "ok (" << points.size() << " points)" << std::endl;
     }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation_test.cpp
index cd011c9b71f..a2af205fa05 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/normal_estimation_test.cpp
@@ -310,10 +310,10 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     {
       std::ifstream stream(input_filename.c_str());
       success = stream &&
-                CGAL::read_OFF(stream,
-                                      std::back_inserter(points),
-                                      CGAL::parameters::normal_map
-                                      (CGAL::make_normal_of_point_with_normal_map(PointList::value_type()))
+                CGAL::IO::read_OFF(stream,
+                                   std::back_inserter(points),
+                                   CGAL::parameters::normal_map
+                                     (CGAL::make_normal_of_point_with_normal_map(PointList::value_type()))
                   );
     }
     // If XYZ file format
@@ -321,9 +321,9 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
              extension == ".pwn" || extension == ".PWN")
     {
       std::ifstream stream(input_filename.c_str());
-      success = stream && CGAL::read_XYZ(stream,
-                                         std::back_inserter(points),
-                                         CGAL::parameters::normal_map(CGAL::make_normal_of_point_with_normal_map(PointList::value_type())));
+      success = stream && CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(stream,
+                                             std::back_inserter(points),
+                                             CGAL::parameters::normal_map(CGAL::make_normal_of_point_with_normal_map(PointList::value_type())));
     }
     if (success)
     {
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test.cpp
index e4dacad400d..1f3217ca8c4 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test.cpp
@@ -17,33 +17,33 @@ typedef std::pair<Point_3, Vector_3> PointVectorPair;
 bool read(std::string s)
 {
   std::vector<PointVectorPair> pv_pairs;
-  return CGAL::read_points(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
-                           CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                            .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
+  return CGAL::IO::read_points(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
+                               CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                                .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
 }
 
 bool read(std::string s,
           std::vector<PointVectorPair>& pv_pairs)
 {
-  return CGAL::read_points(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
-                           CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                            .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
+  return CGAL::IO::read_points(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
+                               CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                                .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
 }
 
 bool read_off(std::string s,
               std::vector<PointVectorPair>& pv_pairs)
 {
-  return CGAL::read_OFF(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                         .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
+  return CGAL::IO::read_OFF(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                             .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
 }
 
 bool read_ply(std::string s,
               std::vector<PointVectorPair>& pv_pairs)
 {
-  return CGAL::read_PLY(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                         .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
+  return CGAL::IO::read_PLY(s, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                             .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
 }
 
 int main()
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test_with_different_pmaps.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test_with_different_pmaps.cpp
index 316e832db0d..93585569d14 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test_with_different_pmaps.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/read_test_with_different_pmaps.cpp
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_and_normals_xyz(const char* file_name)
   // read with custom output iterator type
   dummy_counter::counter = 0;
   std::ifstream input(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_XYZ<dummy_counter>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ<dummy_counter>(
     input, back_inserter(indices),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map (points).
     normal_map (normals).
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_and_normals_xyz(const char* file_name)
   input.clear();
   input.close();
   input.open(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
     normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_and_normals_off(const char* file_name)
   // read with custom output iterator type
   dummy_counter::counter = 0;
   std::ifstream input(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_OFF<dummy_counter>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF<dummy_counter>(
     input, back_inserter(indices),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(points).
     normal_map(normals).
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_and_normals_off(const char* file_name)
   input.clear();
   input.close();
   input.open(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input, back_inserter(pv_pairs),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
     normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_xyz(const char* file_name)
   // read with custom output iterator type
   dummy_counter::counter = 0;
   std::ifstream input(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_XYZ<dummy_counter>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ<dummy_counter>(
     input, back_inserter(indices),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(points_1).geom_traits(Kernel()));
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_xyz(const char* file_name)
   input.clear();
   input.close();
   input.open(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input, back_inserter(points_2),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()).
     geom_traits(Kernel()));
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_off(const char* file_name)
   // read with custom output iterator type
   dummy_counter::counter = 0;
   std::ifstream input(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_OFF<dummy_counter>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF<dummy_counter>(
     input, back_inserter(indices),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(points_1).
     geom_traits(Kernel()));
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ bool test_no_deduction_points_off(const char* file_name)
   input.clear();
   input.close();
   input.open(file_name);
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input, back_inserter(points_2),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()).
     geom_traits(Kernel()));
@@ -186,14 +186,14 @@ void compile_test() {
   std::ifstream input;
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points));
   input.clear();
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()).
@@ -211,21 +211,21 @@ void compile_test() {
 
   // this will span all OutputIteratorValueType versions
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ<Point_3>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ<Point_3>(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points));
   input.clear();
   input.close();
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points));
   input.clear();
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()).
@@ -243,14 +243,14 @@ void compile_test() {
 
   // this will span all OutputIteratorValueType versions
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF<Point_3>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF<Point_3>(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points));
   input.clear();
   input.close();
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::normal_map(boost::dummy_property_map()));
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(pv_pairs),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(pv_pairs),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.xyz");
-  CGAL::read_XYZ<Point_3>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_XYZ<Point_3>(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::normal_map(boost::dummy_property_map()));
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
   //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::normal_map(boost::dummy_property_map()));
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(pv_pairs),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(pv_pairs),
     CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()).
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ void compile_test() {
   input.close();
 
   input.open("data/read_test/simple.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF<Point_3>(
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF<Point_3>(
     input,
     std::front_inserter(points),
     CGAL::parameters::normal_map(boost::dummy_property_map()));
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_test.cpp
index 4f2966d2717..ff8b079ac9e 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/remove_outliers_test.cpp
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     std::cerr << "Open " << argv[i] << " for reading..." << std::endl;
 
     // If XYZ file format:
-    if(CGAL::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
+    if(CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
     {
       std::cerr << "ok (" << points.size() << " points)" << std::endl;
     }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/smoothing_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/smoothing_test.cpp
index 30ba51e94ff..0c9f141c13d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/smoothing_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/smoothing_test.cpp
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     std::cerr << "Open " << argv[i] << " for reading..." << std::endl;
 
     // If XYZ file format:
-    if(CGAL::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
+    if(CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
     {
       std::cerr << "ok (" << points.size() << " points)" << std::endl;
     }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp
index 9b41a439b14..102a45aac3a 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp
@@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ bool test_points_with_np(std::string s)
   points.push_back(std::make_pair(Point_3(0,0,1), Vector_3(0,0,1)));
   points.push_back(std::make_pair(Point_3(1,1,1), Vector_3(1,1,1)));
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::write_points(s, points,
-                               CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                                .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::write_points(s, points,
+                                   CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                                    .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
   assert(ok);
   std::vector<PointVectorPair> pv_pairs;
-  ok = CGAL::read_points(s, std::back_inserter(pv_pairs),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
-                                          .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_points(s, std::back_inserter(pv_pairs),
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>())
+                                              .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointVectorPair>()));
   assert(ok);
   assert(pv_pairs[0] == std::make_pair(Point_3(0,0,0), Vector_3(0,0,0)));
   assert(pv_pairs[1] == std::make_pair(Point_3(1,0,0), Vector_3(1,0,0)));
@@ -109,47 +109,47 @@ void test_##TYPE(const std::string& s)
 {                                                                                                  \
   std::cout << "Test Point_set_3: " << s << " extension: " << #TYPE << std::endl;                  \
   CGAL::Point_set_3<Point_3, Vector_3> ps;                                                         \
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(s, ps);                                                              \
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(s, ps);                                                              \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   ps.clear();                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(s.c_str(), ps);                                                           \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(s.c_str(), ps);                                                           \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   ps.clear();                                                                                      \
   std::ifstream in(s);                                                                             \
-  ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(in, ps);                                                                  \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(in, ps);                                                                  \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   const char* ext = type;                                                                          \
   std::string fname = "tmp.";                                                                      \
   fname.append(ext);                                                                               \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname, ps);                                                              \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname, ps);                                                              \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                      \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                      \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps);                                                      \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps);                                                      \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));              \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));              \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   std::ofstream out(fname);                                                                        \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(out, ps);                                                                \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(out, ps);                                                                \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   std::ofstream out2(fname);                                                                       \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(out2, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                       \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(out2, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                       \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   CGAL::Point_set_3<Point_3, Vector_3> ps2;                                                        \
   std::ifstream is(fname);                                                                         \
-  ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(is, ps2);                                                                 \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(is, ps2);                                                                 \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   assert(ps_are_equal(ps, ps2));                                                                   \
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname, ps2);                                                          \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname, ps2);                                                          \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname, ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                  \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname, ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                  \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2);                                                  \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2);                                                  \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));          \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));          \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   ps2.clear();                                                                                     \
-  ok = CGAL::read_point_set(fname, ps2);                                                           \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_point_set(fname, ps2);                                                           \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   assert(ps_are_equal(ps, ps2));                                                                   \
   }
@@ -162,44 +162,44 @@ void test_LAS(const std::string& s)
 {
   std::cout << "Test Point_set_3: " << s << " extension: las" <<std::endl;
   CGAL::Point_set_3<Point_3, Vector_3> ps;
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_LAS(s, ps);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(s, ps);
   assert(ok);
   ps.clear();
-  ok = CGAL::read_LAS(s.c_str(), ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(s.c_str(), ps);
   assert(ok);
   ps.clear();
   std::ifstream in(s, std::ios::binary);
   CGAL::set_mode(in, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
-  ok = CGAL::read_LAS(in, ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(in, ps);
   assert(ok);
   const char* ext = "las";
   std::string fname = "tmp.";
   fname.append(ext);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(fname, ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(fname, ps);
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(fname.c_str(), ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(fname.c_str(), ps);
   assert(ok);
   std::ofstream out(fname, std::ios::binary);
   CGAL::set_mode(out, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(out, ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(out, ps);
   assert(ok);
   CGAL::Point_set_3<Point_3, Vector_3> ps2;
 
   std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
   CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
-  ok = CGAL::read_LAS(is, ps2);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(is, ps2);
   assert(ok);
   assert(ps_are_equal(ps, ps2));
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname, ps2);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname, ps2);
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname, ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname, ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2);
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_point_set(fname.c_str(), ps2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
   assert(ok);
   ps2.clear();
-  ok = CGAL::read_point_set(fname, ps2);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_point_set(fname, ps2);
   assert(ok);
   assert(ps_are_equal(ps, ps2));
   }
@@ -212,41 +212,41 @@ void test_points_##TYPE(const std::string& s)
 {                                                                                                  \
   std::cout << "Test points: " << s << " extension: " << #TYPE << std::endl;                       \
   std::vector<Point_3> ps;                                                                         \
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(s, std::back_inserter(ps));                                          \
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(s, std::back_inserter(ps));                                          \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   ps.clear();                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(s.c_str(), std::back_inserter(ps));                                       \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(s.c_str(), std::back_inserter(ps));                                       \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   ps.clear();                                                                                      \
   std::ifstream in(s);                                                                             \
-  ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(in, std::back_inserter(ps));                                              \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(in, std::back_inserter(ps));                                              \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   const char* ext = type;                                                                          \
   std::string fname = "tmp.";                                                                      \
   fname.append(ext);                                                                               \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname, ps);                                                              \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname, ps);                                                              \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                      \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                      \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps);                                                      \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps);                                                      \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));              \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(fname.c_str(), ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));              \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   std::ofstream out(fname);                                                                        \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(out, ps);                                                                \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(out, ps);                                                                \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   std::ofstream out2(fname);                                                                       \
-  ok = CGAL::write_##TYPE(out2, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                       \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_##TYPE(out2, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));                       \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   std::vector<Point_3> ps2;                                                                        \
   std::ifstream is(fname);                                                                         \
-  ok = CGAL::read_##TYPE(is, std::back_inserter(ps2));                                             \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_##TYPE(is, std::back_inserter(ps2));                                             \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   assert(points_are_equal(ps, ps2));                                                               \
-  ok = CGAL::write_points(fname, ps2);                                                             \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_points(fname, ps2);                                                             \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   ps2.clear();                                                                                     \
-  ok = CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(ps2));                                          \
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(ps2));                                          \
   assert(ok);                                                                                      \
   assert(points_are_equal(ps, ps2));                                                               \
   }
@@ -259,41 +259,41 @@ void test_points_LAS(const std::string& s)
 {
   std::cout << "Test points: " << s << " extension: LAS "<< std::endl;
   std::vector<Point_3> ps;
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_LAS(s, std::back_inserter(ps));
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(s, std::back_inserter(ps));
   assert(ok);
   ps.clear();
-  ok = CGAL::read_LAS(s.c_str(), std::back_inserter(ps));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(s.c_str(), std::back_inserter(ps));
   assert(ok);
   ps.clear();
   std::ifstream in(s, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::read_LAS(in, std::back_inserter(ps));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(in, std::back_inserter(ps));
   assert(ok);
   const char* ext = "las";
   std::string fname = "tmp.";
   fname.append(ext);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(fname, ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(fname, ps);
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(fname, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(fname, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(fname.c_str(), ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(fname.c_str(), ps);
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(fname.c_str(), ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(fname.c_str(), ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
   assert(ok);
   std::ofstream out(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(out, ps);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(out, ps);
   assert(ok);
   std::ofstream out2(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::write_LAS(out2, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(out2, ps, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
   assert(ok);
   std::vector<Point_3> ps2;
   std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::read_LAS(is, std::back_inserter(ps2));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(is, std::back_inserter(ps2));
   assert(ok);
   assert(points_are_equal(ps, ps2));
-  ok = CGAL::write_points(fname, ps2);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_points(fname, ps2);
   assert(ok);
   ps2.clear();
-  ok = CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(ps2));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(ps2));
   assert(ok);
   assert(points_are_equal(ps, ps2));
   }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/vcm_all_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/vcm_all_test.cpp
index f746d972b16..d9df3d8e0ff 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/vcm_all_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/vcm_all_test.cpp
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ std::cout << "=== test_fandisk ===\n";
   points.reserve(nb_points);
   cov.reserve(nb_points);
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_points("data/fandisk.off",
-                        std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(pmap)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points("data/fandisk.off",
+                            std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(pmap)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file data/fandisk.off" << std::endl;
     return false;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_test.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_test.cpp
index 5b5611ed0eb..da4ab598335 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/wlop_simplify_and_regularize_test.cpp
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
     std::cerr << "Opening " << argv[i] << " for reading..." << std::endl;
 
     // If XYZ file format:
-    if(CGAL::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
+    if(CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[i], std::back_inserter(points)))
     {
       std::cerr << "ok (" << points.size() << " points)" << std::endl;
     }

From fb6f703b55fa9826392cfe7c8a1b692cccbd5d01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 14:07:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 114/171] IO namespace for files in IO directories

---
 .../AABB_tree/AABB_cached_bbox_example.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../AABB_tree/AABB_ray_shooting_example.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../reconstruction_structured.cpp             |   6 +-
 .../Arrangement_on_surface_2/arr_bench.cpp    |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/Arr_triangulation_point_location.h   |   2 +-
 BGL/doc/BGL/PackageDescription.txt            |   4 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/copy_lcc.cpp             |   2 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/distance_lcc.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../BGL_LCC/incident_vertices_lcc.cpp         |   2 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/normals_lcc.cpp          |   2 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/range_lcc.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../BGL_LCC/transform_iterator_lcc.cpp        |   2 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_OpenMesh/TriMesh.cpp         |   4 +-
 ...lection_borders_regularization_example.cpp |   2 +-
 .../BGL_surface_mesh/connected_components.cpp |   2 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/prim.cpp        |   2 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/seam_mesh.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_dual.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../surface_mesh_partition.cpp                |   4 +-
 BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/write_inp.cpp   |   2 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/3MF.h         |   6 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h       |  33 +-
 .../graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_builder.h      |   2 +-
 .../graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_printer.h      |   6 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h         |   4 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h         |  23 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h         |  62 +--
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h         |  69 ++--
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h         |   7 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h         |  25 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h         |  10 +-
 .../CGAL/boost/graph/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h     |  10 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph.h            |   6 +-
 ..._from_stream_vs_add_face_and_add_faces.cpp |   6 +-
 BGL/test/BGL/test_3mf_to_sm.cpp               |  10 +-
 BGL/test/BGL/test_Collapse_edge.cpp           |   2 +-
 BGL/test/BGL/test_Euler_operations.cpp        |   6 +-
 BGL/test/BGL/test_Prefix.h                    |   2 +-
 BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp          | 356 +++++++++---------
 BGL/test/BGL/test_clear.cpp                   |   2 +-
 BGL/test/BGL/test_deprecated_io.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../Classification/example_classification.cpp |  12 +-
 .../example_cluster_classification.cpp        |   6 +-
 .../example_ethz_random_forest.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../Classification/example_feature.cpp        |   6 +-
 .../example_mesh_classification.cpp           |   6 +-
 .../example_opencv_random_forest.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp   |  24 +-
 .../Classification/Feature/Color_channel.h    |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h       |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Classification/Label_set.h   |  58 +--
 .../Point_set_feature_generator.h             |   2 +-
 .../test_classification_point_set.cpp         |   6 +-
 .../Convex_hull_3/extreme_indices_3.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../Convex_hull_3/extreme_points_3_sm.cpp     |   2 +-
 .../examples/Convex_hull_3/graph_hull_3.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../examples/Convex_hull_3/quickhull_OM_3.cpp |   2 +-
 .../Convex_hull_3/test_ch_3_ambiguity.cpp     |   2 +-
 Geomview/TODO                                 |   2 +-
 Geomview/demo/Geomview/gv_terrain.cpp         |   6 +-
 Geomview/demo/Geomview/kernel.cpp             |   2 +-
 .../demo/Alpha_shapes_2/Alpha_shapes_2.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2.cpp |   4 +-
 .../Bounding_volumes/Bounding_volumes.cpp     |   4 +-
 .../Circular_kernel_2/Circular_kernel_2.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../L1_voronoi_diagram_2.cpp                  |   4 +-
 .../Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp   |   4 +-
 GraphicsView/demo/Polygon/Polygon_2.cpp       |   4 +-
 .../Segment_voronoi_2.cpp                     |   4 +-
 .../Segment_voronoi_linf_2.cpp                |   6 +-
 .../demo/Snap_rounding_2/Snap_rounding_2.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../Spatial_searching_2.cpp                   |   2 +-
 .../demo/Stream_lines_2/Stream_lines_2.cpp    |   4 +-
 .../Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp  |  10 +-
 .../Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp              |   4 +-
 .../Regular_triangulation_2.cpp               |   4 +-
 GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Buffer_for_vao.h    |  18 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Qt/Basic_viewer_qt.h         |  26 +-
 .../Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphGraphicsItem.h     |   4 +-
 .../Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphLinfGraphicsItem.h |   2 +-
 .../doc/HalfedgeDS/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_items_2.h  |   4 +-
 .../examples/HalfedgeDS/hds_prog_color.cpp    |  10 +-
 .../examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../heat_method_surface_mesh.cpp              |   2 +-
 .../heat_method_surface_mesh_direct.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../ht2_example_color.cpp                     |   6 +-
 Installation/CHANGES.md                       |   2 +-
 .../Interpolation/interpolation_2_demo.cpp    |   6 +-
 .../demo/Interpolation/surface_voronoi.cpp    |   8 +-
 .../demo/Linear_cell_complex/MainWindow.cpp   |  16 +-
 .../demo/Linear_cell_complex/Viewer.h         |  12 +-
 .../demo/Linear_cell_complex/typedefs.h       |  10 +-
 .../Linear_cell_complex/basic_viewer.h        |  16 +-
 .../include/CGAL/draw_linear_cell_complex.h   |  14 +-
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h            |   2 +-
 .../applications/Distribution_displayer.h     |   4 +-
 Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.cpp  |   4 +-
 Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.h    |   6 +-
 .../applications/Qt_widget_displayer.cpp      |   4 +-
 .../applications/Qt_widget_displayer.h        |   4 +-
 .../applications/display_distribution.cpp     |   6 +-
 Mesh_3/archive/applications/distribution.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../applications/lanteri_process_results.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../output_distribution_to_stdout.cpp         |   6 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h          |   2 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h        |  14 +-
 Nef_3/archive/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Visualizor.h |  12 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/OGL_helper.h         |  12 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SM_visualizor.h      |   4 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_SM_visualizor.h  |   4 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/draw_nef_3.h               |   8 +-
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_visualizor.h    |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry_OGL.h |  30 +-
 .../Optimal_bounding_box/bench_obb.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../Optimal_bounding_box/obb_example.cpp      |   2 +-
 .../obb_with_point_maps_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../rotated_aabb_tree_example.cpp             |   2 +-
 .../Periodic_2_triangulation_2.txt            |   2 +-
 .../p2t2_colored_vertices.cpp                 |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/draw_periodic_2_triangulation_2.h    |  20 +-
 .../Periodic_3_mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt  |   2 +-
 .../Periodic_3_mesh_3/Periodic_3_mesh_3.txt   |   2 +-
 .../mesh_implicit_multi_domain.cpp            |   6 +-
 .../Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape.cpp |   2 +-
 .../mesh_implicit_shape_with_features.cpp     |   4 +-
 .../mesh_implicit_shape_with_optimizers.cpp   |   6 +-
 .../mesh_implicit_shape_with_subdomains.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/IO/File_medit.h    |   8 +
 .../test_implicit_shapes_bunch.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../test_implicit_shapes_with_features.cpp    |   6 +-
 .../test_triply_periodic_minimal_surfaces.cpp |   2 +-
 .../Periodic_3_triangulation_3/README         |   2 +-
 .../colored_vertices.cpp                      |   4 +-
 .../doc/Point_set_3/PackageDescription.txt    |   4 +-
 .../examples/Point_set_3/draw_point_set_3.cpp |   2 +-
 .../Point_set_3/point_set_advanced.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../Point_set_3/point_set_read_ply.cpp        |   6 +-
 .../Point_set_3/point_set_read_xyz.cpp        |   4 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h     |   4 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h |   4 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h |   8 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h |  14 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h |   4 +-
 .../test/Point_set_3/point_set_test.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h         |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h         |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h         |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h         |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h        |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h        |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h        |   4 +-
 .../poisson_reconstruction.cpp                |   6 +-
 .../poisson_reconstruction_example.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../poisson_reconstruction_function.cpp       |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_example.cpp                      |   2 +-
 .../poisson_and_parallel_mesh_3.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../poisson_reconstruction_test.cpp           |   2 +-
 Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_2.h         |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/draw_polygon_with_holes_2.h  |   2 +-
 .../PackageDescription.txt                    |   2 +-
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing.txt               |   2 +-
 .../compute_normals_example.cpp               |   2 +-
 .../compute_normals_example_Polyhedron.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../connected_components_example.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../corefinement_LCC.cpp                      |   6 +-
 .../corefinement_SM.cpp                       |   6 +-
 .../corefinement_consecutive_bool_op.cpp      |   4 +-
 .../corefinement_difference_remeshed.cpp      |   6 +-
 .../corefinement_mesh_union.cpp               |   4 +-
 ...refinement_mesh_union_and_intersection.cpp |   6 +-
 ...orefinement_mesh_union_with_attributes.cpp |   4 +-
 .../corefinement_polyhedron_union.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../detect_features_example.cpp               |   2 +-
 .../face_filtered_graph_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../hole_filling_example.cpp                  |   2 +-
 .../hole_filling_example_LCC.cpp              |   4 +-
 .../hole_filling_example_SM.cpp               |   4 +-
 .../isotropic_remeshing_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../isotropic_remeshing_of_patch_example.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../manifoldness_repair_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../mesh_slicer_example.cpp                   |   2 +-
 .../mesh_smoothing_example.cpp                |   4 +-
 .../orient_polygon_soup_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../orientation_pipeline_example.cpp          |   4 +-
 .../point_inside_example.cpp                  |   2 +-
 .../polyhedral_envelope_of_triangle_soup.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../random_perturbation_SM_example.cpp        |   4 +-
 .../refine_fair_example.cpp                   |   2 +-
 .../self_intersections_example.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../shape_smoothing_example.cpp               |   4 +-
 .../stitch_borders_example.cpp                |   4 +-
 .../surface_mesh_intersection.cpp             |   2 +-
 .../triangulate_faces_example.cpp             |   4 +-
 ...riangulate_faces_split_visitor_example.cpp |   2 +-
 .../volume_connected_components.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../IO/polygon_mesh_io.h                      |   9 +-
 .../repair_degeneracies.h                     |   6 +-
 .../repair_self_intersections.h               |   6 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Polyhedral_envelope.h        |   3 +
 .../autorefinement_sm.cpp                     |   8 +-
 .../surface_intersection_sm_poly.cpp          |   4 +-
 .../test_corefinement_bool_op.cpp             |   8 +-
 .../test_is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../test_merging_border_vertices.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../test_pmp_distance.cpp                     |   2 +-
 .../test_pmp_non_conforming_snapping.cpp      |   2 +-
 .../test_pmp_polyhedral_envelope.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../test_pmp_read_polygon_mesh.cpp            |  14 +-
 .../test_remove_caps_needles.cpp              |   2 +-
 .../triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp      |   4 +-
 ...olyfit_example_model_complexty_control.cpp |  16 +-
 .../polyfit_example_user_provided_planes.cpp  |  12 +-
 .../polyfit_example_with_region_growing.cpp   |   6 +-
 .../polyfit_example_without_input_planes.cpp  |   8 +-
 ...al_surface_reconstruction_test_framework.h |  41 +-
 .../Classification/Cluster_classification.cpp |  10 +-
 .../Classification/Cluster_classification.h   |   2 +-
 .../Classification/Item_classification_base.h |   2 +-
 .../Point_set_item_classification.cpp         |  10 +-
 .../Point_set_item_classification.h           |   2 +-
 .../Surface_mesh_item_classification.cpp      |  22 +-
 .../Surface_mesh_item_classification.h        |   4 +-
 .../Display/Display_property_plugin.cpp       |  40 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/3mf_io_plugin.cpp   |  30 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/GOCAD_io_plugin.cpp |   4 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/LAS_io_plugin.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/OFF_io_plugin.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp   |  14 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/WKT_io_plugin.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../Plugins/PMP/Orient_soup_plugin.cpp        |  16 +-
 .../Surface_mesh_approximation_plugin.cpp     |   6 +-
 .../Scene_edit_polyhedron_item.cpp            |   4 +-
 .../demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp       |   6 +-
 .../Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp         |  12 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.cpp    |  26 +-
 .../demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.h |  10 +-
 .../demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polylines_item.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.cpp    |   4 +-
 .../demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.h      |   4 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Scene_surface_mesh_item.cpp    |  62 +--
 .../Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h  |   4 +-
 Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/Polyhedron.txt      |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_color.cpp      |   4 +-
 .../polyhedron_prog_vertex_color.cpp          |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h |  14 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_scan_OFF.h     |   2 +-
 .../test/Polyhedron/test_polyhedron_io.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../Polyline_simplification_2.cpp             |   2 +-
 .../points_and_vertices.cpp                   |   2 +-
 .../Polyline_simplification_2/simplify.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../simplify_polygon.cpp                      |   4 +-
 .../simplify_polyline.cpp                     |   2 +-
 .../examples/Ridges_3/Ridges_Umbilics_LCC.cpp |   2 +-
 .../scale_space.cpp                           |   2 +-
 .../scale_space_advancing_front.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../scale_space_incremental.cpp               |   2 +-
 .../scale_space_manifold.cpp                  |   2 +-
 ...icient_RANSAC_and_plane_regularization.cpp |   2 +-
 .../efficient_RANSAC_basic.cpp                |   2 +-
 .../efficient_RANSAC_with_callback.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../efficient_RANSAC_with_custom_shape.cpp    |   6 +-
 .../efficient_RANSAC_with_parameters.cpp      |   2 +-
 .../efficient_RANSAC_with_point_access.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../shape_detection_basic_deprecated.cpp      |   8 +-
 .../test_efficient_RANSAC_scene.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../test_validity_sampled_data.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../searching_surface_mesh_vertices.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h              |  32 +-
 .../include/CGAL/draw_straight_skeleton_2.h   |  14 +-
 .../test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp     |  13 +-
 .../File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt   | 124 +++---
 .../doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt           |   2 +-
 .../doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt |   6 +-
 .../Stream_support/Linestring_WKT.cpp         |   4 +-
 .../examples/Stream_support/Point_WKT.cpp     |   2 +-
 .../examples/Stream_support/Polygon_WKT.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../examples/Stream_support/read_WKT.cpp      |   2 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF.h          |  10 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF/read_3mf.h |   2 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/Color.h        |  17 +
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h        |  20 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h          |  25 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF.h          |  43 +--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h    | 310 +++++++--------
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h          | 145 +++----
 .../include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h          |  13 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h          |  34 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/STL/STL_reader.h          |   4 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h          |  21 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h          |  41 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h           |   6 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/polygon_soup_io.h         |   8 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_GOCAD.cpp        |  16 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_OBJ.cpp          |  16 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_OFF.cpp          |  16 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp          |  16 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp          |  18 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_WKT.cpp          |  36 +-
 Surface_mesh/benchmark/lcc_performance_2.h    |   2 +-
 .../benchmark/surface_mesh_performance.h      |   6 +-
 .../Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../draw_surface_mesh_small_faces.h           |   4 +-
 Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_bgl.cpp |   2 +-
 .../examples/Surface_mesh/sm_do_intersect.cpp |   2 +-
 .../Surface_mesh/sm_draw_small_faces.cpp      |   2 +-
 .../examples/Surface_mesh/sm_join.cpp         |   4 +-
 .../examples/Surface_mesh/sm_kruskal.cpp      |   2 +-
 Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h   |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h        |  18 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h        |  71 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h        | 105 +++---
 .../include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh.h  |   4 +-
 Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/SM_common.h    |   2 +-
 .../test/Surface_mesh/sm_open_colored_off.cpp |  18 +-
 Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp  |   6 +-
 .../vsa_approximation_2_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../vsa_approximation_example.cpp             |   2 +-
 .../vsa_class_interface_example.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../vsa_isotropic_metric_example.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../vsa_segmentation_example.cpp              |   2 +-
 .../vsa_simple_approximation_example.cpp      |   2 +-
 .../all_roi_assign_example_Surface_mesh.cpp   |   2 +-
 ...ring_roi_translate_rotate_Surface_mesh.cpp |   2 +-
 .../discrete_authalic.cpp                     |   2 +-
 .../Surface_mesh_parameterization/lscm.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../orbifold.cpp                              |   2 +-
 .../simple_parameterization.cpp               |   2 +-
 ...extract_segmentation_into_mesh_example.cpp |   2 +-
 ...gmentation_from_sdf_values_LCC_example.cpp |   2 +-
 ...egmentation_from_sdf_values_SM_example.cpp |   2 +-
 .../shortest_path_sequence.cpp                |   2 +-
 .../shortest_path_with_locate.cpp             |   2 +-
 .../shortest_paths.cpp                        |   2 +-
 .../shortest_paths_multiple_sources.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../edge_collapse_bounded_normal_change.cpp   |   2 +-
 ...llapse_constrained_border_surface_mesh.cpp |   2 +-
 .../edge_collapse_garland_heckbert.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../edge_collapse_linear_cell_complex.cpp     |   4 +-
 .../edge_collapse_surface_mesh.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../edge_collapse_visitor_surface_mesh.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../MCF_Skeleton_LCC_example.cpp              |   2 +-
 .../simple_mcfskel_LCC_example.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../Surface_mesh_topology/draw_facewidth.h    |  14 +-
 .../edgewidth_surface_mesh.cpp                |   2 +-
 .../path_homotopy_with_sm_and_polyhedron.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../unsew_edgewidth_repeatedly.cpp            |  12 +-
 .../include/CGAL/draw_face_graph_with_paths.h |  10 +-
 .../tetrahedral_remeshing_from_mesh.cpp       |   4 +-
 .../examples/Triangulation_2/colored_face.cpp |   6 +-
 .../include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_2.h       |   4 +-
 .../demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.cpp            |  14 +-
 .../Triangulation_3_color_demo.cpp            |   6 +-
 .../Triangulation_3_demo.cpp                  |   2 +-
 .../Triangulation_3_remove_demo.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../Triangulation_3_voronoi_demo.cpp          |   4 +-
 .../examples/Triangulation_3/color.cpp        |   4 +-
 .../segment_cell_traverser_3.cpp              |   2 +-
 .../segment_simplex_traverser_3.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_3.h       |   6 +-
 .../test_simplex_iterator_3.cpp               |   2 +-
 .../triang_on_sphere.cpp                      |   2 +-
 .../triang_on_sphere_geo.cpp                  |   2 +-
 .../triang_on_sphere_proj.cpp                 |   2 +-
 .../triang_on_sphere_range.cpp                |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/IO/OFF.h   |   4 +-
 .../Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../test_dtos_dual.cpp                        |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/draw_voronoi_diagram_2.h     |  10 +-
 372 files changed, 1802 insertions(+), 1716 deletions(-)

diff --git a/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_cached_bbox_example.cpp b/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_cached_bbox_example.cpp
index dc81b53098d..6b2fc21e603 100644
--- a/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_cached_bbox_example.cpp
+++ b/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_cached_bbox_example.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ void triangle_mesh(const char* fname)
   typedef CGAL::AABB_tree<Traits> Tree;
 
   TriangleMesh tmesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(fname, tmesh) || CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tmesh))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(fname, tmesh) || CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tmesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return;
diff --git a/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_ray_shooting_example.cpp b/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_ray_shooting_example.cpp
index 2a8bfbec29b..f1d983eccf1 100644
--- a/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_ray_shooting_example.cpp
+++ b/AABB_tree/examples/AABB_tree/AABB_ray_shooting_example.cpp
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/tetrahedron.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/examples/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/reconstruction_structured.cpp b/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/examples/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/reconstruction_structured.cpp
index c0aedf6974b..8dda55c4597 100644
--- a/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/examples/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/reconstruction_structured.cpp
+++ b/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/examples/Advancing_front_surface_reconstruction/reconstruction_structured.cpp
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ int main (int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* fname = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube.pwn";
   // Loading point set from a file.
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
-                                           normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points),
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
+                                               normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
       std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file" << std::endl;
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/benchmark/Arrangement_on_surface_2/arr_bench.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/benchmark/Arrangement_on_surface_2/arr_bench.cpp
index 391544b48e3..ed93820690c 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/benchmark/Arrangement_on_surface_2/arr_bench.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/benchmark/Arrangement_on_surface_2/arr_bench.cpp
@@ -277,11 +277,11 @@ inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Arr::Vertex & vertex)
 inline Window_stream & operator<<(Window_stream & ws, Arr & arr)
 {
   Arr::Edge_iterator ei;
-  ws << CGAL::blue();
+  ws << CGAL::IO::blue();
   for (ei = arr.edges_begin(); ei != arr.edges_end(); ++ei)
     ws << (*ei).curve();
   Arr::Vertex_iterator vi;
-  ws << CGAL::red();
+  ws << CGAL::IO::red();
   for (vi = arr.vertices_begin(); vi != arr.vertices_end(); ++vi)
     ws << (*vi).point();
   return ws;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_triangulation_point_location.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_triangulation_point_location.h
index 0203f0466bd..e3f5c3565ff 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_triangulation_point_location.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_triangulation_point_location.h
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public:
   typedef Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_2<Vertex_const_handle, Kernel>
     Vbb;
   typedef Triangulation_hierarchy_vertex_base_2<Vbb>                  Vb;
-  //typedef Triangulation_face_base_with_info_2<CGAL::Color,Kernel>    Fbt;
+  //typedef Triangulation_face_base_with_info_2<CGAL::IO::Color,Kernel>    Fbt;
   typedef Constrained_triangulation_face_base_2<Kernel>               Fb;
   typedef Triangulation_data_structure_2<Vb,Fb>                       TDS;
   typedef Exact_predicates_tag                                        Itag;
diff --git a/BGL/doc/BGL/PackageDescription.txt b/BGL/doc/BGL/PackageDescription.txt
index cf7e059049b..d74834a3c19 100644
--- a/BGL/doc/BGL/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/BGL/doc/BGL/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -756,8 +756,8 @@ user might encounter.
 - `CGAL::alpha_expansion_graphcut()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O Functions}
-- `CGAL::read_polygon_mesh()`
-- `CGAL::write_polygon_mesh()`
+- `CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh()`
 - \link PkgBGLIoFuncsSTL I/O for STL files \endlink
 - \link PkgBGLIoFuncsPLY I/O for PLY files \endlink
 - \link PkgBGLIoFuncsOBJ I/O for OBJ files \endlink
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/copy_lcc.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/copy_lcc.cpp
index 65086dfeb7f..4d317edc099 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/copy_lcc.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/copy_lcc.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   Target1 T1;
   {
     CGAL::copy_face_graph(S, T1);
-    CGAL::write_OFF("lcc.off", T1);
+    CGAL::IO::write_OFF("lcc.off", T1);
   }
 
   S.clear();
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/distance_lcc.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/distance_lcc.cpp
index afc32287a34..73dd211644c 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/distance_lcc.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/distance_lcc.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ typedef boost::graph_traits<LCC>::vertex_iterator   vertex_iterator;
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
   LCC lcc;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
 
   // This is the vector where the distance gets written to
   std::vector<int> distance(lcc.vertex_attributes().size());
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/incident_vertices_lcc.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/incident_vertices_lcc.cpp
index fdffd6121a5..09cf04839e5 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/incident_vertices_lcc.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/incident_vertices_lcc.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ OutputIterator adjacent_vertices_V2(const LCC& g,
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
   LCC lcc;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
 
   GraphTraits::vertex_iterator vi = vertices(lcc).first;
   std::list<vertex_descriptor> V;
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/normals_lcc.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/normals_lcc.cpp
index 7487e1876a0..38e98f63cc6 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/normals_lcc.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/normals_lcc.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
                  Face_index_map;
 
   LCC lcc;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
 
   // Ad hoc property_map to store normals. Face_index_map is used to
   // map face_descriptors to a contiguous range of indices. See
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/range_lcc.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/range_lcc.cpp
index ad261980311..fa9220127ba 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/range_lcc.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/range_lcc.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ void fct(const LCC& lcc)
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
   LCC lcc;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
 
   fct(lcc);
   return 0;
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/transform_iterator_lcc.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/transform_iterator_lcc.cpp
index 12533a4ed0d..299edae306d 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/transform_iterator_lcc.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_LCC/transform_iterator_lcc.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ struct Source {
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
   LCC lcc;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh((argc>1)?argv[1]:"cube.off", lcc);
   GraphTraits::vertex_descriptor vd = *(vertices(lcc).first);
 
   typedef boost::transform_iterator<Source<LCC>,halfedge_around_target_iterator> adjacent_vertex_iterator;
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_OpenMesh/TriMesh.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_OpenMesh/TriMesh.cpp
index 126ba82744f..df325b56457 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_OpenMesh/TriMesh.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_OpenMesh/TriMesh.cpp
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv )
   std::vector<vertex_descriptor> V;
   const char* filename = (argc>1)?argv[1]:"in.off";
   const char* outname= (argc>2)?argv[2]:"out.off";
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh);
 
   for(vertex_descriptor vd : vertices(mesh)){
     for(halfedge_descriptor hd : CGAL::halfedges_around_target(vd,mesh)){
       if(! CGAL::is_border(edge(hd,mesh),mesh)){
         CGAL::Euler::flip_edge(hd,mesh);
-        CGAL::write_polygon_mesh(outname, mesh);
+        CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh(outname, mesh);
         return 0;
       }
     }
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_graphcut/face_selection_borders_regularization_example.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_graphcut/face_selection_borders_regularization_example.cpp
index 9904bfffecc..ab5875e1184 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_graphcut/face_selection_borders_regularization_example.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_graphcut/face_selection_borders_regularization_example.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   }
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  CGAL::read_OFF (in, mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF (in, mesh);
 
   boost::unordered_map<Face_index, bool> is_selected_map;
 
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/connected_components.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/connected_components.cpp
index e76fe3c31f7..d078cb5e64c 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/connected_components.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/connected_components.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/prim.off";
 
   Mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/prim.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/prim.cpp
index c98b0b4a582..2e55814270d 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/prim.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/prim.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/prim.off";
 
   Mesh P;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, P))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, P))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/seam_mesh.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/seam_mesh.cpp
index 92e446a0ee7..ab524cabdcc 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/seam_mesh.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/seam_mesh.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube.off";
 
   Mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_dual.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_dual.cpp
index fd5535d0ea7..d278a383cab 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_dual.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_dual.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/prim.off";
 
   Mesh primal;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, primal))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, primal))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_partition.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_partition.cpp
index 629fddfb640..1bc03831e72 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_partition.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/surface_mesh_partition.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   int number_of_parts = (argc>2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 8;
 
   SM sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   CGAL::copy_face_graph(filtered_sm, part_sm);
 
   // Output the mesh extracted from subpart n°0
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("sm_part_0.off", part_sm, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("sm_part_0.off", part_sm, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   // Output all the vertices that are in the part n°0
   std::ofstream outxyz("out.xyz");
diff --git a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/write_inp.cpp b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/write_inp.cpp
index 71c86535874..7554bed208d 100644
--- a/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/write_inp.cpp
+++ b/BGL/examples/BGL_surface_mesh/write_inp.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ int main()
 
   std::ofstream out("out.inp");
   out.precision(17);
-  CGAL::write_INP(out, "out.inp", "S4R", sm);
+  CGAL::IO::write_INP(out, "out.inp", "S4R", sm);
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/3MF.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/3MF.h
index ebc47bc0e49..664551c9af2 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/3MF.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/3MF.h
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ bool write_3MF(const std::string& filename,
                const std::vector<std::string>& names
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
                , typename boost::disable_if<
-                   IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<
+                   internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<
                      typename boost::range_value<GraphRange>::type> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ bool write_3MF(const std::string& filename,
   return write_3MF(filename, all_points, all_triangles, names);
 }
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+} } // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // defined(CGAL_LINKED_WITH_3MF) || defined(DOXYGEN_RUNNING)
 
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h
index 966e4f4219d..9bdeea347d3 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ public:
 };
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /// \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsGOCAD
 ///
@@ -120,14 +119,14 @@ bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is,
                 Graph& g,
                 const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+                , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                 )
 {
   typedef typename CGAL::GetVertexPointMap<Graph, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type     VPM;
   typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPM>::value_type                     Point;
 
-  IO::internal::GOCAD_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
+  internal::GOCAD_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
   if(!builder(g, np))
     return false;
 
@@ -141,14 +140,14 @@ bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is, std::pair<std::string, std::string>& name_and_color, Graph& g,
-                typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_GOCAD(is, name_and_color, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np,
-                typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   std::pair<std::string, std::string> dummy;
   return read_GOCAD(is, dummy, g, np);
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is, Graph& g,
-                typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_GOCAD(is, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                 Graph& g,
                 const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+                , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                 )
 {
@@ -220,14 +219,14 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, std::pair<std::string, std::string>& name_and_color, Graph& g,
-                typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_GOCAD(fname, name_and_color, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np,
-                typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   std::pair<std::string, std::string> dummy;
   return read_GOCAD(fname, dummy, g, np);
@@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, Graph& g,
-                typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_GOCAD(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -284,7 +283,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
                  const Graph& g,
                  const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                 , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+                 , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                  )
 {
@@ -346,7 +345,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os, const char* name, const Graph& g,
-                 typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                 typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_GOCAD(os, name, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -391,7 +390,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
                  const Graph& g,
                  const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                 , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+                 , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                  )
 {
@@ -402,7 +401,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g,
-                 typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                 typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_GOCAD(os, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                  const Graph& g,
                  const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                 , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+                 , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                  )
 {
@@ -461,13 +460,13 @@ bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g,
-                 typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+                 typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_GOCAD(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+}} // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_BGL_IO_GOCAD_H
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_builder.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_builder.h
index 3f1d724fae3..b78d97f5af8 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_builder.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_builder.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public:
     typedef typename GetK<Graph, NamedParameters>::Kernel                              Kernel;
     typedef typename Kernel::Vector_3                                                  Vector;
     typedef typename Kernel::Point_2                                                   Texture;
-    typedef CGAL::Color                                                                Color;
+    typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                            Color;
 
     typedef typename CGAL::GetVertexPointMap<Graph, NamedParameters>::type             VPM;
 
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_printer.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_printer.h
index 5fb75be5363..c78861a855d 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_printer.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/Generic_facegraph_printer.h
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public:
     typedef typename GetVertexPointMap<Graph, NamedParameters>::const_type         VPM;
     typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPM>::reference                        Point_ref;
 
-    typedef CGAL::Color                                                            Color;
+    typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                        Color;
 
     typedef typename internal_np::Lookup_named_param_def<
       internal_np::vertex_color_map_t, NamedParameters,
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public:
 
       if(has_vertex_colors)
       {
-        const CGAL::Color& vc = get(vcm, v);
+        const CGAL::IO::Color& vc = get(vcm, v);
         m_writer.write_vertex_color(vc.red(), vc.green(), vc.blue()); // @fixme correct?
       }
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ public:
 
       if(has_face_colors)
       {
-        const CGAL::Color& fc = get(fcm, f);
+        const CGAL::IO::Color& fc = get(fcm, f);
         m_writer.write_face_color(fc.red(), fc.green(), fc.blue());
       }
 
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h
index fbc15b04d96..61d2ea7409e 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
@@ -98,6 +100,6 @@ bool write_INP(const std::string& fname, const std::string& type, const Graph& g
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+}} // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_BGL_IO_INP_H
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h
index 7d733c9f8b4..a21c92a9a94 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ public:
 };
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsOBJ
@@ -115,14 +114,14 @@ bool read_OBJ(std::istream& is,
               Graph& g,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
   typedef typename CGAL::GetVertexPointMap<Graph, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type  VPM;
   typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPM>::value_type                  Point;
 
-  IO::internal::OBJ_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
+  internal::OBJ_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
   return builder(g, np);
 }
 
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ bool read_OBJ(std::istream& is,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_OBJ(std::istream& is, Graph& g,
-              typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OBJ(is, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
               Graph& g,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname, Graph& g,
-              typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OBJ(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -245,11 +244,11 @@ bool write_OBJ(std::ostream& os,
                const Graph& g,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
-  IO::internal::Generic_facegraph_printer<std::ostream, Graph, CGAL::File_writer_wavefront> printer(os);
+  internal::Generic_facegraph_printer<std::ostream, Graph, CGAL::File_writer_wavefront> printer(os);
   return printer(g, np);
 }
 
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ bool write_OBJ(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_OBJ(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OBJ(os, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -302,7 +301,7 @@ bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
                const Graph& g,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -315,13 +314,13 @@ bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OBJ(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+}} // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_BGL_IO_OBJ_H
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
index 57685046e79..997d9f96ef0 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
@@ -78,12 +78,11 @@ bool read_OFF_BGL(std::istream& is,
   typedef typename CGAL::GetVertexPointMap<Graph, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type  VPM;
   typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPM>::value_type                  Point;
 
-  IO::internal::OFF_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
+  internal::OFF_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
   return builder(g, np);
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsOFF
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ bool read_OFF_BGL(std::istream& is,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{vertex colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ bool read_OFF_BGL(std::istream& is,
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{face colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -162,18 +161,18 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
               Graph& g,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
-  return IO::internal::read_OFF_BGL(is, g, np);
+  return internal::read_OFF_BGL(is, g, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_OFF(std::istream& is, Graph& g,
-              typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OFF(is, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -222,7 +221,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is, Graph& g,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{vertex colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is, Graph& g,
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{face colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
               Graph& g,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -269,35 +268,37 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, Graph& g,
-              typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OFF(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, g, np);
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, g, np);
 }
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(const char* fname, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
- return read_OFF(fname, g, np);
+ return IO::read_OFF(fname, g, np);
 }
 
 template <typename Graph>
@@ -326,12 +327,11 @@ bool write_OFF_BGL(std::ostream& os,
                    const Graph& g,
                    const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  IO::internal::Generic_facegraph_printer<std::ostream, Graph, CGAL::File_writer_OFF> printer(os);
+  internal::Generic_facegraph_printer<std::ostream, Graph, CGAL::File_writer_OFF> printer(os);
   return printer(g, np);
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsOFF
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ bool write_OFF_BGL(std::ostream& os,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{no vertex colors in the output}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ bool write_OFF_BGL(std::ostream& os,
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{no face colors in the output}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -400,18 +400,18 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os,
                const Graph& g,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
-  return IO::internal::write_OFF_BGL(os, g, np);
+  return internal::write_OFF_BGL(os, g, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OFF(os, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{no vertex colors in the output}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g,
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{no face colors in the output}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname,
                const Graph& g,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -503,24 +503,26 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OFF(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_OFF(os, g, np);
+  return IO::write_OFF(os, g, np);
 }
 
 template <typename Graph>
@@ -531,12 +533,12 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g)
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(const char* fname, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
- return write_OFF(fname, g, np);
+ return IO::write_OFF(fname, g, np);
 }
 
 template <typename Graph>
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h
index c571c07d629..d06a141baa0 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h
@@ -71,12 +71,11 @@ bool read_PLY_BGL(std::istream& is,
   typedef typename CGAL::GetVertexPointMap<Graph, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type      VPM;
   typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPM>::value_type                      Point;
 
-  IO::internal::PLY_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
+  internal::PLY_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
   return builder(g, np);
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsPLY
@@ -114,14 +113,14 @@ bool read_PLY_BGL(std::istream& is,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{vertex colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{face colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -142,20 +141,20 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
               Graph& g,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
-  return IO::internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
+  return internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_PLY(std::istream& is, Graph& g,
-              typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
-  return IO::internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, parameters::all_default());
+  return internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -200,14 +199,14 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is, Graph& g,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{vertex colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{face colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
               Graph& g,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -237,13 +236,13 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
     CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
-    return IO::internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
+    return internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname);
     CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
-    return IO::internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
+    return internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
   }
 }
 
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname, Graph& g,
-              typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_PLY(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -297,14 +296,14 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname, Graph& g,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{vertex colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{face colors that may exist in the input will be ignored}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
                const std::string& comments,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   typedef typename CGAL::GetInitializedVertexIndexMap<Graph, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::const_type VIMap;
   typedef typename GetVertexPointMap<Graph, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::const_type                  Vpm;
   typedef typename boost::property_traits<Vpm>::reference                                   Point_3;
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                                                       Color;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                                   Color;
   typedef typename internal_np::Lookup_named_param_def<
                      internal_np::vertex_color_map_t,
                      CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS,
@@ -365,7 +364,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
 
   // Write header
   os << "ply" << std::endl
-      << ((get_mode(os) == IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
+      << ((get_mode(os) == BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
       << "comment Generated by the CGAL library" << std::endl;
 
   if(comments != std::string())
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   }
 
   os << "element vertex " << vertices(g).size() << std::endl;
-  IO::internal::output_property_header(os, make_ply_point_writer (CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
+  internal::output_property_header(os, make_ply_point_writer (CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
   //if vcm is not default add v:color property
   if(has_vcolor)
   {
@@ -391,7 +390,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   }
 
   os << "element face " << faces(g).size() << std::endl;
-  IO::internal::output_property_header(
+  internal::output_property_header(
         os, std::make_pair(CGAL::Identity_property_map<std::vector<std::size_t> >(),
                             PLY_property<std::vector<int> >("vertex_indices")));
   //if fcm is not default add f:color property
@@ -407,10 +406,10 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   for(vertex_descriptor vd : vertices(g))
   {
     Point_3 p = get(vpm, vd);
-    IO::internal::output_properties(os, &p, make_ply_point_writer (CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
+    internal::output_properties(os, &p, make_ply_point_writer (CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
     if(has_vcolor)
     {
-      const CGAL::Color& c = get(vcm, vd);
+      const CGAL::IO::Color& c = get(vcm, vd);
       if(get_mode(os) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
         os << c << std::endl;
       else
@@ -425,12 +424,12 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     for(halfedge_descriptor hd : halfedges_around_face(halfedge(fd, g), g))
       polygon.push_back(get(vim, target(hd,g)));
 
-    IO::internal::output_properties(os, &polygon,
+    internal::output_properties(os, &polygon,
                                     std::make_pair(CGAL::Identity_property_map<std::vector<std::size_t> >(),
                                                    PLY_property<std::vector<int> >("vertex_indices")));
     if(has_fcolor)
     {
-      const CGAL::Color& c = get(fcm, fd);
+      const CGAL::IO::Color& c = get(fcm, fd);
       if(get_mode(os) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
         os << c << std::endl;
       else
@@ -447,21 +446,21 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const std::string& comments,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(os, g, comments, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(os, g, std::string(), np);
 }
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(os, g, std::string(), parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -507,14 +506,14 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g,
     \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%vertex_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{no vertex color in the output}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
     \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
       \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `g`}
       \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<Graph>::%face_descriptor`
-                     as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+                     as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
       \cgalParamDefault{no face color in the output}
     \cgalParamNEnd
 
@@ -534,7 +533,7 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
                const std::string& comments,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -558,27 +557,27 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g, const std::string comments,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(fname, g, comments, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(fname, g, std::string(), np);
 }
 
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g,
-               typename boost::disable_if<IO::internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::disable_if<internal::is_Point_set_or_Range_or_Iterator<Graph> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(fname, g, std::string(), parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+} } // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_BGL_IO_PLY_H
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h
index 78bd1fcb588..d9bf634012e 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ public:
 };
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsSTL
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ bool read_STL(std::istream& is,
   typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPM>::value_type                      Point;
   if(!is.good())
     return false;
-  IO::internal::STL_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
+  internal::STL_builder<Graph, Point> builder(is);
   return builder(g, np);
 }
 
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ bool write_STL(std::ostream& os,
 
   set_stream_precision_from_NP(os, np);
 
-  if(get_mode(os) == IO::BINARY)
+  if(get_mode(os) == BINARY)
   {
     os << "FileType: Binary                                                                ";
     const boost::uint32_t N32 = static_cast<boost::uint32_t>(faces(g).size());
@@ -385,6 +384,6 @@ bool write_STL(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g) { return write_STL(fnam
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+}} // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_BGL_IO_STL_H
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
index 894b3598b09..5aa8d565965 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
@@ -113,7 +113,6 @@ bool vtkPointSet_to_polygon_mesh(vtkPointSet* poly_data,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
  * \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsVTP
@@ -160,13 +159,13 @@ bool read_VTP(const std::string& fname,
   }
   test.close();
   vtkSmartPointer<vtkPointSet> data;
-  vtkSmartPointer<IO::internal::ErrorObserverVtk> obs =
-    vtkSmartPointer<IO::internal::ErrorObserverVtk>::New();
+  vtkSmartPointer<internal::ErrorObserverVtk> obs =
+    vtkSmartPointer<internal::ErrorObserverVtk>::New();
 
-  data = vtkPolyData::SafeDownCast(IO::internal::read_vtk_file<vtkXMLPolyDataReader>(fname, obs)->GetOutput());
+  data = vtkPolyData::SafeDownCast(internal::read_vtk_file<vtkXMLPolyDataReader>(fname, obs)->GetOutput());
   if (obs->GetError())
     return false;
-  return IO::internal::vtkPointSet_to_polygon_mesh(data, g, np);
+  return internal::vtkPointSet_to_polygon_mesh(data, g, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -180,7 +179,6 @@ bool read_VTP(const std::string& fname, Graph& g) { return read_VTP(fname, g, pa
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
-namespace IO {
 namespace internal {
 
 // writes the polys appended data at the end of the .vtp file
@@ -381,7 +379,6 @@ void write_polys_points(std::ostream& os,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*! \ingroup PkgBGLIoFuncsVTP
  *
@@ -465,16 +462,16 @@ bool write_VTP(std::ostream& os,
   std::size_t offset = 0;
   const bool binary = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::use_binary_mode), true);
 
-  IO::internal::write_points_tag(os, g, binary, offset, np);
-  IO::internal::write_polys_tag(os, g, binary, offset, np);
+  internal::write_points_tag(os, g, binary, offset, np);
+  internal::write_polys_tag(os, g, binary, offset, np);
 
   os << "   </Piece>\n"
      << "  </PolyData>\n";
   if(binary)
   {
     os << "<AppendedData encoding=\"raw\">\n_";
-    IO::internal::write_polys_points(os, g, np);
-    IO::internal::write_polys(os, g, np);
+    internal::write_polys_points(os, g, np);
+    internal::write_polys(os, g, np);
   }
   os << "</VTKFile>" << std::endl;
 
@@ -551,17 +548,19 @@ bool write_VTP(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g) { return write_VTP(fnam
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_VTP()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_VTP()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_vtp(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_VTP(os, g, np);
+  return IO::write_VTP(os, g, np);
 }
 
 template <typename Graph>
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h
index dc8186862c7..3c19ef09642 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ bool write_WRL(std::ostream& os,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
   CGAL::VRML_2_ostream vos(os);
-  IO::internal::Generic_facegraph_printer<CGAL::VRML_2_ostream, Graph, CGAL::File_writer_VRML_2> printer(vos);
+  internal::Generic_facegraph_printer<CGAL::VRML_2_ostream, Graph, CGAL::File_writer_VRML_2> printer(vos);
   return printer(g, np);
 }
 
@@ -118,17 +120,19 @@ bool write_WRL(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g) { return write_WRL(os, g, param
 template <typename Graph>
 bool write_WRL(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g) { return write_WRL(fname, g, parameters::all_default()); }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_WRL()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_WRL()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_wrl(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_WRL(os, g, np);
+  return IO::write_WRL(os, g, np);
 }
 
 template <typename Graph>
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h
index 6fb5cdfec20..bd54d53014e 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
@@ -121,7 +123,7 @@ bool read_polygon_mesh(std::istream& is,
  *
  * \return `true` if reading was successful, `false` otherwise.
  *
- * \sa \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()`\endlink if the data is not 2-manifold
+ * \sa \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()`\endlink if the data is not 2-manifold
 */
 template <class Graph, typename NamedParameters>
 bool read_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname,
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ bool read_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname,
 {
   const bool verbose = parameters::choose_parameter(parameters::get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), false);
 
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
   if(ext == std::string())
   {
     if(verbose)
@@ -233,7 +235,7 @@ bool write_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname,
 {
   const bool verbose = parameters::choose_parameter(parameters::get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), false);
 
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
   if(ext == std::string())
   {
     if(verbose)
@@ -275,6 +277,6 @@ bool write_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname, Graph& g)
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+}} // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_BOOST_GRAPH_POLYGON_MESH_IO_H
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph.h
index 0bc8531ed03..00e22278c7b 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph.h
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ namespace CGAL
 struct DefaultColorFunctorFaceGraph
 {
   template<typename Graph>
-  CGAL::Color operator()(const Graph&,
+  CGAL::IO::Color operator()(const Graph&,
                          typename boost::graph_traits<Graph>::face_descriptor fh) const
   {
     if (fh==boost::graph_traits<Graph>::null_face()) // use to get the mono color
-      return CGAL::Color(100, 125, 200); // R G B between 0-255
+      return CGAL::IO::Color(100, 125, 200); // R G B between 0-255
 
     return get_random_color(CGAL::get_default_random());
   }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ protected:
         {
           if (fh!=boost::graph_traits<SM>::null_face())
           {
-            CGAL::Color c=fcolor(sm, fh);
+            CGAL::IO::Color c=fcolor(sm, fh);
             face_begin(c);
             auto hd=halfedge(fh, sm);
             const auto first_hd = hd;
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/bench_read_from_stream_vs_add_face_and_add_faces.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/bench_read_from_stream_vs_add_face_and_add_faces.cpp
index cf084977444..bfec2a708f3 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/bench_read_from_stream_vs_add_face_and_add_faces.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/bench_read_from_stream_vs_add_face_and_add_faces.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   Mesh m;
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/genus3.off";
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, m);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, m);
 
   std::cout << "  is_valid? " << CGAL::is_valid_polygon_mesh(m) << "\n";
   std::cout << "Total time: " << timer.time() << std::endl << std::endl;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby.off";
   std::vector<Kernel::Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::array<std::size_t, 3> > faces_ids;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, faces_ids);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, faces_ids);
   std::cout << "  Read soup: " << timer.time() << std::endl;
 
   std::vector<std::array<Mesh::Vertex_index, 3> > triangles;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::vector<Kernel::Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::array<std::size_t, 3> > faces_ids;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, faces_ids);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, faces_ids);
   std::cout << "  Read soup: " << timer.time() << std::endl;
 
   std::vector<std::array<Mesh::Vertex_index, 3> > triangles;
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_3mf_to_sm.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/test_3mf_to_sm.cpp
index 20d55a4924a..2feaa7e1061 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_3mf_to_sm.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_3mf_to_sm.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Surface_mesh<Point_3> Mesh;
 typedef std::vector<Point_3> PointRange;
 typedef std::vector<std::size_t> Polygon;
 typedef std::vector<Polygon> PolygonRange;
-typedef std::vector<CGAL::Color> ColorRange;
+typedef std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> ColorRange;
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<Mesh> meshes;
 
   //testing reading functions.
-  if(!CGAL::read_3MF(filename, meshes))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_3MF(filename, meshes))
     return 1;
   for(std::size_t i = 0; i< meshes.size(); ++i)
   {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
       triangle.push_back(vertex_id_map[vert]);
     }
     triangles.push_back(triangle);
-    colors.push_back(CGAL::Color(255,0,0,255));
+    colors.push_back(CGAL::IO::Color(255,0,0,255));
   }
 
   all_polygons.push_back(triangles);
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
       triangle.push_back(vertex_id_map[vert]);
     }
     triangles.push_back(triangle);
-    colors.push_back(CGAL::Color(0,0,255,255));
+    colors.push_back(CGAL::IO::Color(0,0,255,255));
 
   }
   all_polygons.push_back(triangles);
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   meshes[0] = sphere;
   meshes[1] = tube;
 
-  CGAL::write_3MF("meshes.3mf", meshes, names);
+  CGAL::IO::write_3MF("meshes.3mf", meshes, names);
 
   std::cout << "OK." << std::endl;
 #endif //CGAL_LINKED_WITH_3MF
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_Collapse_edge.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/test_Collapse_edge.cpp
index 28bb61af4b1..69f1c347a5e 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_Collapse_edge.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_Collapse_edge.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ collapse_edge_test()
 
   const std::string fname = "data/flat_hexahedron.off";
   Mesh m;
-  if(!CGAL::read_OFF(fname, m))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_OFF(fname, m))
     std::cout << "Error reading file: " << fname << std::endl;
 
   bool m_is_valid = CGAL::is_valid(m);
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_Euler_operations.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/test_Euler_operations.cpp
index 21b8809897d..8d2f9df3b5c 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_Euler_operations.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_Euler_operations.cpp
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ add_faces()
     std::ifstream in("data/head.off");
     std::vector<Kernel::Point_3> points;
     std::vector<std::array<std::size_t, 3> > faces_ids;
-    CGAL::read_OFF(in, points, faces_ids);
+    CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, points, faces_ids);
 
     std::vector<vertex_descriptor> verts;
     verts.reserve(points.size());
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ add_faces()
   {
     std::ifstream in("data/open_cube.off");
     T m;
-    CGAL::read_OFF(in, m);
+    CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, m);
     std::vector<vertex_descriptor> verts(vertices(m).begin(), vertices(m).end());
     std::list< std::vector<vertex_descriptor> > new_faces;
     new_faces.push_back({verts[1], verts[7], verts[4]});
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ add_faces()
   {
     std::ifstream in("data/open_cube.off");
     T m;
-    CGAL::read_OFF(in, m);
+    CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, m);
     std::vector<vertex_descriptor> verts(vertices(m).begin(), vertices(m).end());
     verts.push_back(add_vertex(m));
     put(CGAL::vertex_point, m, verts.back(), Kernel::Point_3(50,0,50));
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_Prefix.h b/BGL/test/BGL/test_Prefix.h
index be2f523aaec..10851e57cce 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_Prefix.h
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_Prefix.h
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ bool read_a_mesh(OMesh& s, const std::string& str) {
 template<typename T>
 bool read_a_mesh(T& m, const std::string& str)
 {
-  return CGAL::read_OFF(str, m);
+  return CGAL::IO::read_OFF(str, m);
 }
 
 bool read_a_mesh(Polyhedron& p, const std::string& str)
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp
index 5be2d9e33e9..ee2a4f8c644 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp
@@ -118,35 +118,35 @@ void test_bgl_OFF(const char* filename)
   // read with OFF
   Mesh fg;
   std::ifstream is(filename);
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_OFF(is, fg);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, fg);
   assert(ok);
   assert(num_vertices(fg) != 0 && num_faces(fg) != 0);
   is.close();
   fg.clear();
 
   is.open(filename, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF(is, fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, fg);
   assert(ok);
   assert(num_vertices(fg) != 0 && num_faces(fg) != 0);
   // write with OFF
   {
     std::ofstream os("tmp.off");
-    ok = CGAL::write_OFF(os, fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_OFF(os, fg);
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_OFF("tmp.off", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("tmp.off", fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
 
   // write with PM
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj.off", fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj.off", fg);
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj.off", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj.off", fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
@@ -156,63 +156,63 @@ void test_bgl_OFF(const char* filename)
   typedef typename K::Point_2                                                                Point_2;
   typedef typename K::Vector_3                                                               Vector;
   typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector> >::type VertexNormalMap;
-  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color> >::type VertexColorMap;
+  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color> >::type VertexColorMap;
   typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Point_2> >::type VertexTextureMap;
-  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color> >::type FaceColorMap;
+  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color> >::type FaceColorMap;
 
   // COFF
   {
     CGAL::clear(fg);
-    VertexColorMap vcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
-    FaceColorMap fcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
+    VertexColorMap vcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
+    FaceColorMap fcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/mesh_with_colors.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                                                          .face_color_map(fcm));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/mesh_with_colors.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                                              .face_color_map(fcm));
     assert(ok);
     assert(num_vertices(fg) == 8 && num_faces(fg) == 4);
 
     for(auto v : vertices(fg))
-      assert(get(vcm, v) != CGAL::Color());
+      assert(get(vcm, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
 
     for(auto f : faces(fg))
-      assert(get(fcm, f) != CGAL::Color());
+      assert(get(fcm, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
 
     // write with OFF
     {
-      ok = CGAL::write_OFF("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                                           .face_color_map(fcm));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_OFF("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                               .face_color_map(fcm));
       assert(ok);
 
       Mesh fg2;
-      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
-      FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
+      FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
 
-      ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2)
-                                                                    .face_color_map(fcm2));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2)
+                                                                        .face_color_map(fcm2));
       assert(ok);
       assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
       for(auto v : vertices(fg2))
-        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::Color());
+        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
 
       for(auto f : faces(fg2))
-        assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::Color());
+        assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
     }
 
     // write with PM
     {
-      ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm));
       assert(ok);
 
       Mesh fg2;
-      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
 
-      ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2));
       assert(ok);
       assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
       for(auto v : vertices(fg2))
-        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::Color());
+        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
     }
   }
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ void test_bgl_OFF(const char* filename)
     CGAL::clear(fg);
     VertexNormalMap vnm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector>(), fg);
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/mesh_with_normals.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/mesh_with_normals.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm));
     assert(ok);
 
     for(auto v : vertices(fg))
@@ -230,13 +230,13 @@ void test_bgl_OFF(const char* filename)
     // write with OFF
     {
       std::ofstream os("tmp.off");
-      ok = CGAL::write_OFF("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_OFF("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm));
       assert(ok);
 
       Mesh fg2;
       VertexNormalMap vnm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector>(), fg2);
 
-      ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2));
       assert(ok);
       assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
@@ -246,13 +246,13 @@ void test_bgl_OFF(const char* filename)
 
     // write with PM
     {
-      ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm));
       assert(ok);
 
       Mesh fg2;
       VertexNormalMap vnm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector>(), fg2);
 
-      ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2));
       assert(ok);
       assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
@@ -267,121 +267,121 @@ void test_bgl_OFF(const char* filename)
     std::ifstream is("data/full.off", std::ios::binary);
 
     VertexNormalMap vnm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector>(), fg);
-    VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
+    VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
     VertexTextureMap vtm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Point_2>(), fg);
-    FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
+    FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_OFF(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2)
-                                                 .vertex_color_map(vcm2)
-                                                 .vertex_texture_map(vtm2)
-                                                 .face_color_map(fcm2));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2)
+                                                     .vertex_color_map(vcm2)
+                                                     .vertex_texture_map(vtm2)
+                                                     .face_color_map(fcm2));
     assert(ok);
     assert(num_vertices(fg) != 0 && num_faces(fg) != 0);
 
     for(auto v : vertices(fg))
     {
       assert(get(vnm2, v) != CGAL::NULL_VECTOR);
-      assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::Color());
+      assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
     }
 
     for(auto f : faces(fg))
-      assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::Color());
+      assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
     fg.clear();
     is.close();
 
     is.open("data/full.off");
     VertexNormalMap vnm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector>(), fg);
-    VertexColorMap vcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
+    VertexColorMap vcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
     VertexTextureMap vtm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Point_2>(), fg);
-    FaceColorMap fcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
-    ok = CGAL::read_OFF(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm)
-                                                 .vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                                 .vertex_texture_map(vtm)
-                                                 .face_color_map(fcm));
+    FaceColorMap fcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm)
+                                                     .vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                     .vertex_texture_map(vtm)
+                                                     .face_color_map(fcm));
     assert(ok);
     assert(num_vertices(fg) != 0 && num_faces(fg) != 0);
 
     for(auto v : vertices(fg))
     {
       assert(get(vnm, v) != CGAL::NULL_VECTOR);
-      assert(get(vcm, v) != CGAL::Color());
+      assert(get(vcm, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
     }
     // write with OFF
     {
       std::ofstream os("tmp.off");
-      ok = CGAL::write_OFF("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm)
-                                                           .vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                                           .vertex_texture_map(vtm)
-                                                           .face_color_map(fcm));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_OFF("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm)
+                                                               .vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                               .vertex_texture_map(vtm)
+                                                               .face_color_map(fcm));
       assert(ok);
 
       Mesh fg2;
       VertexNormalMap vnm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector>(), fg2);
-      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
       VertexTextureMap vtm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Point_2>(), fg2);
-      FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+      FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
 
-      ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2)
-                                                                    .vertex_color_map(vcm2)
-                                                                    .vertex_texture_map(vtm2)
-                                                                    .face_color_map(fcm2));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2)
+                                                                        .vertex_color_map(vcm2)
+                                                                        .vertex_texture_map(vtm2)
+                                                                        .face_color_map(fcm2));
       assert(ok);
       assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
       for(auto v : vertices(fg2))
       {
         assert(get(vnm2, v) != CGAL::NULL_VECTOR);
-        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::Color());
+        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
       }
 
       for(auto f : faces(fg2))
-        assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::Color());
+        assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
     }
 
     // write with PM
     {
-      ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm)
-                                    .vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                    .vertex_texture_map(vtm)
-                                    .face_color_map(fcm));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm)
+                                                                        .vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                                        .vertex_texture_map(vtm)
+                                                                        .face_color_map(fcm));
       assert(ok);
 
       Mesh fg2;
       VertexNormalMap vnm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Vector>(), fg2);
-      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+      VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
       VertexTextureMap vtm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Point_2>(), fg2);
-      FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+      FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
 
-      ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2)
-                                                                    .vertex_color_map(vcm2)
-                                                                    .vertex_texture_map(vtm2)
-                                                                    .face_color_map(fcm2));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.off", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnm2)
+                                                                        .vertex_color_map(vcm2)
+                                                                        .vertex_texture_map(vtm2)
+                                                                        .face_color_map(fcm2));
       assert(ok);
       assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
       for(auto v : vertices(fg2))
       {
         assert(get(vnm2, v) != CGAL::NULL_VECTOR);
-        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::Color());
+        assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
       }
 
       for(auto f : faces(fg2))
-        assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::Color());
+        assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
     }
   }
   //@todo test multi objects in a single file
 
   // test wrong inputs
   std::cerr << " ########### Error text is expected to follow." << std::endl;
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.off", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.off", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/invalid_cut.off", fg); // cut in half
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/invalid_cut.off", fg); // cut in half
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/invalid_nv.off", fg); // wrong number of points
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/invalid_nv.off", fg); // wrong number of points
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/sphere.obj", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/sphere.obj", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/pig.stl", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/pig.stl", fg);
   assert(!ok);
   std::cerr << " ########### No more error text from here." << std::endl;
 }
@@ -394,72 +394,72 @@ void test_bgl_OBJ(const std::string filename)
   Mesh fg;
 
   std::ifstream is(filename);
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_OBJ(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
   assert(ok);
   assert(filename != "data/sphere.obj" || (num_vertices(fg) == 272 && num_faces(fg) == 540));
 
   // write with OBJ
   {
     std::ofstream os("tmp.obj");
-    ok = CGAL::write_OBJ(os, fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_OBJ(os, fg);
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_OBJ("tmp.obj", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ("tmp.obj", fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
 
   // write with PM
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg);
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
 
   // Test NPs
   CGAL::clear(fg);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ("data/sphere.obj", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ("data/sphere.obj", fg);
   assert(ok);
   assert(num_vertices(fg) == 272 && num_faces(fg) == 540);
 
   // write with OBJ
   {
     std::ofstream os("tmp.obj");
-    ok = CGAL::write_OBJ("tmp.obj", fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_OBJ("tmp.obj", fg);
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
 
   // write with PM
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg);
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.obj", fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
 
   // test wrong inputs
   std::cerr << " ########### Error text is expected to follow." << std::endl;
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.obj", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.obj", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ("data/invalid_cut.obj", fg); // invalid vertex ids
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ("data/invalid_cut.obj", fg); // invalid vertex ids
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ("data/genus3.off", fg); // wrong extension
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ("data/genus3.off", fg); // wrong extension
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ("data/pig.stl", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ("data/pig.stl", fg);
   assert(!ok);
   std::cerr << " ########### No more error text from here." << std::endl;
 }
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ void test_bgl_PLY(const std::string filename,
 
   Mesh fg;
   std::ifstream is(filename);
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_PLY(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
   is.close();
   assert(ok);
   assert(filename != "data/colored_tetra.ply" || (num_vertices(fg) == 4 && num_faces(fg) == 4));
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ void test_bgl_PLY(const std::string filename,
    {
      fg.clear();
      is.open(filename, std::ios::binary);
-     bool ok = CGAL::read_PLY(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
+     bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
      is.close();
      assert(ok);
      assert(filename != "data/colored_tetra.ply" || (num_vertices(fg) == 4 && num_faces(fg) == 4));
@@ -499,51 +499,51 @@ void test_bgl_PLY(const std::string filename,
       os.open("tmp.ply");
     }
 
-    ok = CGAL::write_PLY(os, fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_PLY(os, fg);
     assert(ok);
 
-    ok = CGAL::write_PLY(os, fg, "test");
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_PLY(os, fg, "test");
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_PLY("tmp.ply", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY("tmp.ply", fg2);
 
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
 
   // test NPs
-  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color> >::type VertexColorMap;
-  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color> >::type FaceColorMap;
+  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color> >::type VertexColorMap;
+  typedef typename boost::property_map<Mesh, CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color> >::type FaceColorMap;
 
   CGAL::clear(fg);
-  VertexColorMap vcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
-  FaceColorMap fcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg);
+  VertexColorMap vcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
+  FaceColorMap fcm = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg);
 
   std::ifstream is_c("data/colored_tetra.ply"); // ASCII
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY(is_c, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                                 .face_color_map(fcm));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(is_c, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                    .face_color_map(fcm));
   assert(ok);
   assert(num_vertices(fg) == 4 && num_faces(fg) == 4);
 
   for(auto v : vertices(fg))
   {
-    assert(get(vcm, v) != CGAL::Color());
+    assert(get(vcm, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
   }
 
   for(auto f : faces(fg))
-    assert(get(fcm, f) != CGAL::Color());
+    assert(get(fcm, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
 
   // write with PLY
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_PLY("tmp.ply", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                                         .face_color_map(fcm)
-                                                         .use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_PLY("tmp.ply", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                             .face_color_map(fcm)
+                                                             .use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
-    FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+    VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
+    FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
 
     std::ifstream is_rpm;
     if(binary)
@@ -555,57 +555,57 @@ void test_bgl_PLY(const std::string filename,
     {
       is_rpm.open("tmp.ply");
     }
-    ok = CGAL::read_PLY(is_rpm, fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2)
-                                                      .face_color_map(fcm2));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(is_rpm, fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2)
+                                                          .face_color_map(fcm2));
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
     // @tmp
 //    for(auto v : vertices(fg2))
-//      assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::Color());
+//      assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
 
 //    for(auto f : faces(fg2))
-//      assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::Color());
+//      assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
   }
 
   // write with PM
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.ply", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
-                                                                  .face_color_map(fcm)
-                                                                  .use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.ply", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm)
+                                                                      .face_color_map(fcm)
+                                                                      .use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
-    FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::Color>(), fg2);
+    VertexColorMap vcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
+    FaceColorMap fcm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_face_property_t<CGAL::IO::Color>(), fg2);
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.ply", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2)
-                                                                  .face_color_map(fcm2)
-                                                                  .use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.ply", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_map(vcm2)
+                                                                      .face_color_map(fcm2)
+                                                                      .use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
 
     // @tmp
 //    for(auto v : vertices(fg2))
-//      assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::Color());
+//      assert(get(vcm2, v) != CGAL::IO::Color());
 
 //    for(auto f : faces(fg2))
-//      assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::Color());
+//      assert(get(fcm2, f) != CGAL::IO::Color());
   }
 
   // test wrong inputs
   std::cerr << " ########### Error text is expected to follow." << std::endl;
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.ply", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.ply", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY("data/invalid_cut.ply", fg); // cut in half
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY("data/invalid_cut.ply", fg); // cut in half
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY("data/invalid_nv.ply", fg); // broken formatting
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY("data/invalid_nv.ply", fg); // broken formatting
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY("data/binary_cut.ply", fg); // broken binary
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY("data/binary_cut.ply", fg); // broken binary
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY("data/cube.off", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY("data/cube.off", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY("data/pig.stl", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY("data/pig.stl", fg);
   assert(!ok);
   std::cerr << " ########### No more error text from here." << std::endl;
 }
@@ -635,18 +635,18 @@ void test_bgl_STL(const std::string filename)
 {
   Mesh fg;
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_STL(filename, fg);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(filename, fg);
   assert(ok);
-  ok = CGAL::write_STL("tmp.stl", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_STL("tmp.stl", fg);
   assert(ok);
 
   // write with ASCII in binary mode
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("ascii.stl", fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("ascii.stl", fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
     assert(ok);
     std::ifstream test_ascii("ascii.stl", std::ios::binary);
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_STL(test_ascii, fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(test_ascii, fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
     test_ascii.close();
     assert(ok);
     assert(num_vertices(fg) == num_vertices(fg2) && num_faces(fg) == num_faces(fg2));
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ void test_bgl_STL(const std::string filename)
 
   std::ifstream is(filename, std::ios::binary);
   CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
   assert(ok);
   assert(filename != "data/pig.stl" || (num_vertices(fg) == 8642 && num_faces(fg) == 16848));
   assert(filename != "data/pig.stl" || cpoints.size() == 8642);
@@ -667,36 +667,36 @@ void test_bgl_STL(const std::string filename)
   // write with STL
   {
     std::ofstream os("tmp.stl");
-    ok = CGAL::write_STL(os, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_STL(os, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_STL("tmp.stl", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL("tmp.stl", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
     assert(ok);
     assert(num_vertices(fg) == num_vertices(fg2) && num_faces(fg) == num_faces(fg2));
   }
 
   // write with PM
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.stl", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.stl", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
     assert(ok);
     cpoints.clear();
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.stl", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.stl", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
     assert(ok);
     assert(num_vertices(fg) == num_vertices(fg2) && num_faces(fg) == num_faces(fg2));
   }
 
   std::cerr << " ########### Error text is expected to follow." << std::endl;
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.stl", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.stl", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL("data/invalid_cut.stl", fg); // cut in half
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL("data/invalid_cut.stl", fg); // cut in half
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL("data/invalid_header.stl", fg); // missing solid
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL("data/invalid_header.stl", fg); // missing solid
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL("data/sphere.obj", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL("data/sphere.obj", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL("data/full.off", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL("data/full.off", fg);
   assert(!ok);
   std::cerr << " ########### No more error text from here." << std::endl;
 }
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ void test_bgl_GOCAD(const char* filename)
 {
   Mesh fg;
   std::ifstream is(filename);
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD(is, fg);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(is, fg);
   assert(ok);
   assert(num_vertices(fg) != 0 && num_faces(fg) != 0);
 
@@ -714,19 +714,19 @@ void test_bgl_GOCAD(const char* filename)
   fg.clear();
   CGAL::clear(fg);
   std::pair<std::string, std::string> name_and_color;
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD(is, name_and_color, fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(is, name_and_color, fg);
   assert(ok);
   assert(num_vertices(fg) != 0 && num_faces(fg) != 0);
 
   // write with GOCAD
   {
     std::ofstream os("tmp.ts");
-    bool ok = CGAL::write_GOCAD(os, "tetrahedron", fg);
+    bool ok = CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD(os, "tetrahedron", fg);
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
     std::pair<std::string, std::string> cnn;
-    ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD("tmp.ts", cnn, fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD("tmp.ts", cnn, fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
     assert(cnn.first == "tetrahedron");
@@ -734,11 +734,11 @@ void test_bgl_GOCAD(const char* filename)
 
   // write with PM
   {
-    ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.ts", fg, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.ts", fg, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(10));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.ts", fg2);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.ts", fg2);
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ void test_bgl_GOCAD(const char* filename)
   VertexPointMap vpm = get(CGAL::vertex_point, fg);
 
   std::ostringstream out;
-  ok = CGAL::write_GOCAD(out, "tetrahedron", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(vpm));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD(out, "tetrahedron", fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(vpm));
   assert(ok);
 
   {
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ void test_bgl_GOCAD(const char* filename)
     VertexPointMap vpm2 = get(CGAL::vertex_point, fg2);
     std::istringstream is(out.str());
     std::pair<std::string, std::string> cnn;
-    ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD(is, cnn, fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(vpm2));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(is, cnn, fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(vpm2));
     assert(ok);
     assert(cnn.second.empty());
     assert(num_vertices(fg2) == 12491);
@@ -765,15 +765,15 @@ void test_bgl_GOCAD(const char* filename)
   }
 
   std::cerr << " ########### Error text is expected to follow." << std::endl;
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.ts", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.ts", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD("data/invalid_cut.ts", fg); // cut in half
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD("data/invalid_cut.ts", fg); // cut in half
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD("data/invalid_header.ts", fg); // missing header
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD("data/invalid_header.ts", fg); // missing header
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD("data/sphere.obj", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD("data/sphere.obj", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD("data/full.off", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD("data/full.off", fg);
   assert(!ok);
   std::cerr << " ########### No more error text from here." << std::endl;
 }
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
                   const bool binary = false)
 {
   Mesh fg;
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_VTP(filename, fg);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP(filename, fg);
   assert(ok);
   assert(std::string(filename) != "data/bones.vtp" ||
          (num_vertices(fg) == 2154 && num_faces(fg) == 4204));
@@ -799,11 +799,11 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
     }
     else
       os.open("tmp.vtp");
-    ok = CGAL::write_VTP(os, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_VTP(os, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_VTP("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
@@ -811,13 +811,13 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
   // write with PM
   {
     if(binary)
-      ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg);
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg);
     else
-      ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
@@ -828,14 +828,14 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
   {
     CGAL::clear(fg);
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/bones.vtp", fg);
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/bones.vtp", fg);
     assert(ok);
     assert(num_vertices(fg) == 2154 && num_faces(fg) == 4204);
 
     Mesh fg2;
 
     VertexPointMap vpm2 = get(CGAL::dynamic_vertex_property_t<Point>(), fg2);
-    ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/bones.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(vpm2));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/bones.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(vpm2));
     assert(ok);
     typedef typename CGAL::GetInitializedVertexIndexMap<Mesh>::const_type      VIM;
     VIM vim1 = CGAL::get_initialized_vertex_index_map(fg);
@@ -855,12 +855,12 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
     {
       os.open("tmp.vtp");
     }
-    ok = CGAL::write_VTP(os, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::write_VTP(os, fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
@@ -868,33 +868,33 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
   // write with PM
   {
     if(binary)
-      ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg);
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg);
     else
-      ok = CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
+      ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
     assert(ok);
 
     Mesh fg2;
 
-    ok = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
+    ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("tmp.vtp", fg2, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(binary));
     assert(ok);
     assert(are_equal_meshes(fg, fg2));
   }
 
   // test wrong inputs
   std::cerr << " ########### Error text is expected to follow." << std::endl;
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.vtp", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/mesh_that_doesnt_exist.vtp", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/invalid_cut.vtp", fg); // cut in half
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/invalid_cut.vtp", fg); // cut in half
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/invalid_header.vtp", fg); // missing header
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/invalid_header.vtp", fg); // missing header
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/wrong_nb_points.vtp", fg); // wrong number of points
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/wrong_nb_points.vtp", fg); // wrong number of points
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/sphere.obj", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/sphere.obj", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("data/full.off", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("data/full.off", fg);
   assert(!ok);
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("corrupted_bin.vtp", fg);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("corrupted_bin.vtp", fg);
   assert(!ok);
   std::cerr << " ########### No more error text from here." << std::endl;
 }
@@ -909,21 +909,21 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   test_bgl_OFF<Polyhedron, Kernel>(off_file);
   Polyhedron fg;
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", fg); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", fg); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
   assert(ok);
 
   test_bgl_OFF<SM, Kernel>(off_file);
   SM sm;
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", sm); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", sm); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
   assert(!ok);
   test_bgl_OFF<LCC, Kernel>(off_file);
   LCC lcc;
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", lcc); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", lcc); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
   assert(!ok);
 #ifdef CGAL_USE_OPENMESH
   test_bgl_OFF<OMesh, EPICK>(off_file);
   OMesh om;
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", om); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF("data/invalid_header.off", om); // wrong header (NOFF but no normals)
   assert(!ok);
 #endif
   // OBJ
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_clear.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/test_clear.cpp
index e2ab407fc60..c5387c52160 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_clear.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_clear.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ void test()
 {
   const std::string fname = "data/7_faces_triangle.off";
   Mesh m;
-  if(!CGAL::read_OFF(fname, m))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_OFF(fname, m))
     std::cout << "Error reading file: " << fname << std::endl;
 
   assert(CGAL::is_valid_polygon_mesh(m));
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_deprecated_io.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/test_deprecated_io.cpp
index 5bd037191cc..cd7981d324a 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_deprecated_io.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_deprecated_io.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ int main()
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
 
-  ok = CGAL::read_VTP("tmp.vtp", sm_in);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_VTP("tmp.vtp", sm_in);
   assert(ok);
   assert(num_vertices(sm_in) == 3 && num_faces(sm_in) == 1);
   sm_in.clear();
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_classification.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_classification.cpp
index 4ccad1912eb..7c1424a9fd1 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_classification.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_classification.cpp
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::cerr << "Reading input" << std::endl;
   std::vector<Point> pts;
-  if (!(CGAL::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(pts),
-                          // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
-                          CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false))))
+  if (!(CGAL::IO::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(pts),
+                              // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
+                              CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false))))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read " << filename << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   Label_handle ground = labels.add ("ground");
 
   // Init name and color
-  Label_handle vegetation = labels.add ("vegetation", CGAL::Color(0,255,0));
+  Label_handle vegetation = labels.add ("vegetation", CGAL::IO::Color(0,255,0));
 
   // Init name, Color and standard index (here, ASPRS building index)
-  Label_handle roof = labels.add ("roof", CGAL::Color (255, 0, 0), 6);
+  Label_handle roof = labels.add ("roof", CGAL::IO::Color (255, 0, 0), 6);
 
   //! [Labels]
   ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::ofstream f ("classification.ply");
 
-  CGAL::write_PLY_with_properties
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties
     (f, CGAL::make_range (boost::counting_iterator<std::size_t>(0),
                           boost::counting_iterator<std::size_t>(pts.size())),
      CGAL::make_ply_point_writer (CGAL::make_property_map(pts)),
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_cluster_classification.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_cluster_classification.cpp
index ea11160b881..b044324fc0e 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_cluster_classification.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_cluster_classification.cpp
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::cerr << "Reading input" << std::endl;
   Point_set pts;
-  if(!(CGAL::read_point_set(filename, pts,
-                            // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
-                            CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(true))))
+  if(!(CGAL::IO::read_point_set(filename, pts,
+                                // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
+                                CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(true))))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read " << filename << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_ethz_random_forest.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_ethz_random_forest.cpp
index b0333f58ec4..cfb33d8c2b4 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_ethz_random_forest.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_ethz_random_forest.cpp
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
     label_map[i] = label_indices[i]; // update label map with computed classification
 
     Label_handle label = labels[label_indices[i]];
-    const CGAL::Color& color = label->color();
+    const CGAL::IO::Color& color = label->color();
     red[i] = color.red();
     green[i] = color.green();
     blue[i] = color.blue();
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_feature.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_feature.cpp
index f20ec6661b9..3c39407d41a 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_feature.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_feature.cpp
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<Point> pts;
 
   std::cerr << "Reading input" << std::endl;
-  if (!(CGAL::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(pts),
-                          // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
-                          CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false))))
+  if (!(CGAL::IO::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(pts),
+                              // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
+                              CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false))))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read " << filename << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_mesh_classification.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_mesh_classification.cpp
index 226bd23ad72..104236d5495 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_mesh_classification.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_mesh_classification.cpp
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
     filename_config = argv[2];
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh,
-                              // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
-                              CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh,
+                                  // the PLY reader expects a binary file by default
+                                  CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_opencv_random_forest.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_opencv_random_forest.cpp
index 52a6bbaa379..2a73d846685 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/example_opencv_random_forest.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/example_opencv_random_forest.cpp
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
     label_map[i] = label_indices[i]; // update label map with computed classification
 
     Label_handle label = labels[label_indices[i]];
-    const CGAL::Color& color = label->color();
+    const CGAL::IO::Color& color = label->color();
     red[i] = color.red();
     green[i] = color.green();
     blue[i] = color.blue();
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp
index 996ec59ea9e..c839400850b 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   CGAL::copy_face_graph (dsm, dsm_mesh);
   std::ofstream dsm_ofile ("dsm.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode (dsm_ofile);
-  CGAL::write_PLY (dsm_ofile, dsm_mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dsm_ofile, dsm_mesh);
   dsm_ofile.close();
 
   //! [Save DSM]
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   Mesh tin_colored_mesh;
 
-  Mesh::Property_map<Mesh::Face_index, CGAL::Color>
-    color_map = tin_colored_mesh.add_property_map<Mesh::Face_index, CGAL::Color>("f:color").first;
+  Mesh::Property_map<Mesh::Face_index, CGAL::IO::Color>
+    color_map = tin_colored_mesh.add_property_map<Mesh::Face_index, CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color").first;
 
   CGAL::copy_face_graph (tin_with_info, tin_colored_mesh,
                          CGAL::parameters::face_to_face_output_iterator
@@ -310,12 +310,12 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
                            {
                              // Color unassigned faces gray
                              if (ff.first->info() < 0)
-                               color_map[ff.second] = CGAL::Color(128, 128, 128);
+                               color_map[ff.second] = CGAL::IO::Color(128, 128, 128);
                              else
                              {
                                // Random color seeded by the component ID
                                CGAL::Random r (ff.first->info());
-                               color_map[ff.second] = CGAL::Color (r.get_int(64, 192),
+                               color_map[ff.second] = CGAL::IO::Color (r.get_int(64, 192),
                                                                    r.get_int(64, 192),
                                                                    r.get_int(64, 192));
                              }
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::ofstream tin_colored_ofile ("colored_tin.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode (tin_colored_ofile);
-  CGAL::write_PLY (tin_colored_ofile, tin_colored_mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY (tin_colored_ofile, tin_colored_mesh);
   tin_colored_ofile.close();
 
   //! [Save TIN with info]
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   // Save original DTM
   std::ofstream dtm_ofile ("dtm.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_ofile);
-  CGAL::write_PLY (dtm_ofile, dtm_mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_ofile.close();
 
   std::cerr << face_selection.size() << " face(s) are selected for removal" << std::endl;
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   // Save filtered DTM
   std::ofstream dtm_holes_ofile ("dtm_with_holes.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_holes_ofile);
-  CGAL::write_PLY (dtm_holes_ofile, dtm_mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_holes_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_holes_ofile.close();
 
   // Get all holes
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   // Save DTM with holes filled
   std::ofstream dtm_filled_ofile ("dtm_filled.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_filled_ofile);
-  CGAL::write_PLY (dtm_filled_ofile, dtm_mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_filled_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_filled_ofile.close();
 
   //! [Hole filling]
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::ofstream dtm_remeshed_ofile ("dtm_remeshed.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
   CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_remeshed_ofile);
-  CGAL::write_PLY (dtm_remeshed_ofile, dtm_mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_remeshed_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_remeshed_ofile.close();
 
   //! [Remeshing]
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   // Output to WKT file
   std::ofstream contour_ofile ("contour.wkt");
   contour_ofile.precision(18);
-  CGAL::write_multi_linestring_WKT (contour_ofile, polylines);
+  CGAL::IO::write_multi_linestring_WKT (contour_ofile, polylines);
   contour_ofile.close();
 
   //! [Contouring split]
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   // Output to WKT file
   std::ofstream simplified_ofile ("simplified.wkt");
   simplified_ofile.precision(18);
-  CGAL::write_multi_linestring_WKT (simplified_ofile, polylines);
+  CGAL::IO::write_multi_linestring_WKT (simplified_ofile, polylines);
   simplified_ofile.close();
 
   //! [Contouring simplify]
diff --git a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Feature/Color_channel.h b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Feature/Color_channel.h
index b0296d191bb..2ca3825491a 100644
--- a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Feature/Color_channel.h
+++ b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Feature/Color_channel.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ namespace Feature {
     `ColorMap`.
     \tparam ColorMap model of `ReadablePropertyMap` whose key
     type is the value type of the iterator of `PointRange` and value type
-    is `CGAL::Color`.
+    is `CGAL::IO::Color`.
   */
 template <typename GeomTraits, typename PointRange, typename ColorMap>
 class Color_channel : public Feature_base
diff --git a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h
index 6a21b630768..7b9e5b2a72f 100644
--- a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h
+++ b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ private:
   std::string m_name;
   std::size_t m_index;
   std::size_t m_standard_index;
-  CGAL::Color m_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_color;
 
   friend Label_set;
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public:
   /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
   // Undocumented: Labels should be created by the set
   Label (std::string name, std::size_t index, std::size_t standard_index,
-         const CGAL::Color& color)
+         const CGAL::IO::Color& color)
     : m_name (name), m_index (index), m_standard_index (standard_index)
     , m_color (color)
   { }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public:
     attribute embedded in a data set which _can_ be used (see
     `Color_channel`).
   */
-  const CGAL::Color& color() const { return m_color; }
+  const CGAL::IO::Color& color() const { return m_color; }
 
   /// @}
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public:
 
   void set_name (const std::string& name) { m_name = name; }
   void set_standard_index(std::size_t idx) { m_standard_index = idx; }
-  void set_color (const Color& color) { m_color = color; }
+  void set_color (const IO::Color& color) { m_color = color; }
 
   /// @}
 };
diff --git a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label_set.h b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label_set.h
index d95902b9258..8af0f5e935b 100644
--- a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label_set.h
+++ b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label_set.h
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public:
     \return a handle to the newly added label.
   */
   Label_handle add (const char* name,
-                    CGAL::Color color,
+                    CGAL::IO::Color color,
                     std::size_t standard_index = -1)
   {
     Label_handle out = std::make_shared<Classification::Label>
@@ -135,70 +135,70 @@ public:
   */
   Label_handle add (const char* name)
   {
-    static std::unordered_map<std::string, std::pair<std::size_t, CGAL::Color> > init_map;
+    static std::unordered_map<std::string, std::pair<std::size_t, CGAL::IO::Color> > init_map;
     if (init_map.empty())
     {
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("unassigned",
-                                       std::make_pair (2, CGAL::Color (0, 0, 0))));
+                                       std::make_pair (2, CGAL::IO::Color (0, 0, 0))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("ground",
-                                       std::make_pair (2, CGAL::Color (186, 189, 182))));
+                                       std::make_pair (2, CGAL::IO::Color (186, 189, 182))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("low_vegetation",
-                                       std::make_pair (3, CGAL::Color (78, 154, 6))));
+                                       std::make_pair (3, CGAL::IO::Color (78, 154, 6))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("medium_vegetation",
-                                       std::make_pair (4, CGAL::Color (138, 226, 52))));
+                                       std::make_pair (4, CGAL::IO::Color (138, 226, 52))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("high_vegetation",
-                                       std::make_pair (5, CGAL::Color (204, 255, 201))));
+                                       std::make_pair (5, CGAL::IO::Color (204, 255, 201))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("building",
-                                       std::make_pair (6, CGAL::Color (245, 121, 0))));
+                                       std::make_pair (6, CGAL::IO::Color (245, 121, 0))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("noise",
-                                       std::make_pair (7, CGAL::Color (128, 0, 0))));
+                                       std::make_pair (7, CGAL::IO::Color (128, 0, 0))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("reserved",
-                                       std::make_pair (8, CGAL::Color (233, 185, 110))));
+                                       std::make_pair (8, CGAL::IO::Color (233, 185, 110))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("water",
-                                       std::make_pair (9, CGAL::Color (114, 159, 207))));
+                                       std::make_pair (9, CGAL::IO::Color (114, 159, 207))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("rail",
-                                       std::make_pair (10, CGAL::Color (136, 46, 25))));
+                                       std::make_pair (10, CGAL::IO::Color (136, 46, 25))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("road_surface",
-                                       std::make_pair (11, CGAL::Color (56, 56, 56))));
+                                       std::make_pair (11, CGAL::IO::Color (56, 56, 56))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("reserved_2",
-                                       std::make_pair (12, CGAL::Color (193, 138, 51))));
+                                       std::make_pair (12, CGAL::IO::Color (193, 138, 51))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("wire_guard",
-                                       std::make_pair (13, CGAL::Color (37, 61, 136))));
+                                       std::make_pair (13, CGAL::IO::Color (37, 61, 136))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("wire_conductor",
-                                       std::make_pair (14, CGAL::Color (173, 127, 168))));
+                                       std::make_pair (14, CGAL::IO::Color (173, 127, 168))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("wire_conduct",
-                                       std::make_pair (14, CGAL::Color (173, 127, 168))));
+                                       std::make_pair (14, CGAL::IO::Color (173, 127, 168))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("transmission_tower",
-                                       std::make_pair (15, CGAL::Color (136, 138, 133))));
+                                       std::make_pair (15, CGAL::IO::Color (136, 138, 133))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("trans_tower",
-                                       std::make_pair (15, CGAL::Color (136, 138, 133))));
+                                       std::make_pair (15, CGAL::IO::Color (136, 138, 133))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("wire_connect",
-                                       std::make_pair (16, CGAL::Color (145, 64, 236))));
+                                       std::make_pair (16, CGAL::IO::Color (145, 64, 236))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("bridge_deck",
-                                       std::make_pair (17, CGAL::Color (213, 93, 93))));
+                                       std::make_pair (17, CGAL::IO::Color (213, 93, 93))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("high_noise",
-                                       std::make_pair (18, CGAL::Color (255, 0, 0))));
+                                       std::make_pair (18, CGAL::IO::Color (255, 0, 0))));
 
       // Undocumented additions
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("low_veget",
-                                       std::make_pair (3, CGAL::Color (78, 154, 6))));
+                                       std::make_pair (3, CGAL::IO::Color (78, 154, 6))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("medium_veget",
-                                       std::make_pair (4, CGAL::Color (138, 226, 52))));
+                                       std::make_pair (4, CGAL::IO::Color (138, 226, 52))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("vegetation",
-                                       std::make_pair (4, CGAL::Color (138, 226, 52))));
+                                       std::make_pair (4, CGAL::IO::Color (138, 226, 52))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("high_veget",
-                                       std::make_pair (5, CGAL::Color (204, 255, 201))));
+                                       std::make_pair (5, CGAL::IO::Color (204, 255, 201))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("roof",
-                                       std::make_pair (6, CGAL::Color (245, 121, 0))));
+                                       std::make_pair (6, CGAL::IO::Color (245, 121, 0))));
       init_map.insert (std::make_pair ("facade",
-                                       std::make_pair (-1, CGAL::Color (77, 131, 186))));
+                                       std::make_pair (-1, CGAL::IO::Color (77, 131, 186))));
     }
 
     std::string sname (name);
     auto found = init_map.find (sname);
     if (found == init_map.end())
       return add (name,
-                  CGAL::Color ((unsigned char)(m_random.get_int(64, 192)),
+                  CGAL::IO::Color ((unsigned char)(m_random.get_int(64, 192)),
                                (unsigned char)(m_random.get_int(64, 192)),
                                (unsigned char)(m_random.get_int(64, 192))));
 
diff --git a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Point_set_feature_generator.h b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Point_set_feature_generator.h
index 8a1ebcd4e21..81b94516e4f 100644
--- a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Point_set_feature_generator.h
+++ b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Point_set_feature_generator.h
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ public:
 
     \tparam ColorMap model of `ReadablePropertyMap`  whose key type is
     the value type of the iterator of `PointRange` and value type is
-    `CGAL::Color`.
+    `CGAL::IO::Color`.
 
     \param features the feature set where the features are instantiated.
     \param color_map property map to access the colors of the input points (if any).
diff --git a/Classification/test/Classification/test_classification_point_set.cpp b/Classification/test/Classification/test_classification_point_set.cpp
index 9bd20262c1f..0a1dc9cee79 100644
--- a/Classification/test/Classification/test_classification_point_set.cpp
+++ b/Classification/test/Classification/test_classification_point_set.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ typedef Classification::Point_set_feature_generator<Kernel, Point_set, Point_map
 
 typedef Point_set::Vector_map Vector_map;
 typedef Point_set::Property_map<std::size_t> Size_t_map;
-typedef Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color> Color_map;
+typedef Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color> Color_map;
 
 
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ int main (int, char**)
   normal_map = pts.normal_map();
   boost::tie (echo_map, map_added) = pts.add_property_map<std::size_t> ("echo");
   assert (map_added);
-  boost::tie (color_map, map_added) = pts.add_property_map<CGAL::Color> ("color");
+  boost::tie (color_map, map_added) = pts.add_property_map<CGAL::IO::Color> ("color");
   assert (map_added);
 
   for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 1000; ++ i)
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int main (int, char**)
                             CGAL::get_default_random().get_double(),
                             CGAL::get_default_random().get_double()));
     echo_map[*it] = std::size_t(CGAL::get_default_random().get_int(0, 4));
-    color_map[*it] = CGAL::Color ((unsigned char)(CGAL::get_default_random().get_int(0, 255)),
+    color_map[*it] = CGAL::IO::Color ((unsigned char)(CGAL::get_default_random().get_int(0, 255)),
                                   (unsigned char)(CGAL::get_default_random().get_int(0, 255)),
                                   (unsigned char)(CGAL::get_default_random().get_int(0, 255)));
   }
diff --git a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_indices_3.cpp b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_indices_3.cpp
index 4a65e65dace..b6c016c77ac 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_indices_3.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_indices_3.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/star.off";
 
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr<< "Cannot open input file." <<std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_points_3_sm.cpp b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_points_3_sm.cpp
index d429e92a5b8..37198dbdfbd 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_points_3_sm.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/extreme_points_3_sm.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/star.off";
   Mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr<< "Cannot open input file." <<std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/graph_hull_3.cpp b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/graph_hull_3.cpp
index bf23274c1bd..3ea8d725142 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/graph_hull_3.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/graph_hull_3.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/star.off";
   Surface_mesh poly;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly))
   {
     std::cerr<< "Cannot open input file." <<std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/quickhull_OM_3.cpp b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/quickhull_OM_3.cpp
index c8c39968993..77159cc9124 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/quickhull_OM_3.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_3/examples/Convex_hull_3/quickhull_OM_3.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   Mesh sm;
   CGAL::convex_hull_3(points.begin(), points.end(), sm);
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh((argc>2)?argv[2]:"out.off", sm);
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh((argc>2)?argv[2]:"out.off", sm);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Convex_hull_3/test/Convex_hull_3/test_ch_3_ambiguity.cpp b/Convex_hull_3/test/Convex_hull_3/test_ch_3_ambiguity.cpp
index 393945ed5e4..0cfa1503d9c 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_3/test/Convex_hull_3/test_ch_3_ambiguity.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_3/test/Convex_hull_3/test_ch_3_ambiguity.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc>1)? argv[1] : "data/cross.off";
 
   Surface_mesh poly;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly))
   {
     std::cerr<<"Could not find a correct input file."<<std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Geomview/TODO b/Geomview/TODO
index 76063554941..6b19b556a92 100644
--- a/Geomview/TODO
+++ b/Geomview/TODO
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Color:
 - See how we can mix the Color output with the raw mode.
   Currently it's not clear to me.
   Check how to do transparency with Geomview ?
-  (passing the one from CGAL::Color)
+  (passing the one from CGAL::IO::Color)
 
 Demo :
 ------
diff --git a/Geomview/demo/Geomview/gv_terrain.cpp b/Geomview/demo/Geomview/gv_terrain.cpp
index bed8f15171a..7506d6fcc44 100644
--- a/Geomview/demo/Geomview/gv_terrain.cpp
+++ b/Geomview/demo/Geomview/gv_terrain.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ int main()
   CGAL::Geomview_stream gv(CGAL::Bbox_3(-100, -100, -100, 600, 600, 600));
   gv.set_line_width(4);
   // gv.set_trace(true);
-  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::Color(0, 200, 200));
+  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::IO::Color(0, 200, 200));
   // gv.clear();
 
   Delaunay D;
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ int main()
 
   // use different colors, and put a few sleeps/clear.
 
-  gv << CGAL::blue();
+  gv << CGAL::IO::blue();
   std::cout << "Drawing 2D Delaunay triangulation in wired mode.\n";
   gv.set_wired(true);
   gv << D;
 
 #if 1 // It's too slow !  Needs to use OFF for that.
-  gv << CGAL::red();
+  gv << CGAL::IO::red();
   std::cout << "Drawing its Voronoi diagram.\n";
   gv.set_wired(true);
   D.draw_dual(gv);
diff --git a/Geomview/demo/Geomview/kernel.cpp b/Geomview/demo/Geomview/kernel.cpp
index 8461d9a7997..3b623dd1e5b 100644
--- a/Geomview/demo/Geomview/kernel.cpp
+++ b/Geomview/demo/Geomview/kernel.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int main()
   gv.clear(); // remove the pickplane.
 
   gv << K::Point_2 (200, 100);
-  gv << CGAL::blue();
+  gv << CGAL::IO::blue();
   gv << K::Point_3 (200, 100, 100);
   gv << CGAL::red();
   gv << K::Segment_2 (K::Point_2(200, 100),
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Alpha_shapes_2/Alpha_shapes_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Alpha_shapes_2/Alpha_shapes_2.cpp
index 374e297f3cc..33b37b40a91 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Alpha_shapes_2/Alpha_shapes_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Alpha_shapes_2/Alpha_shapes_2.cpp
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   if(fileName.endsWith(".wkt",Qt::CaseInsensitive))
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
 #endif
   }
   else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2.cpp
index 8292f28262d..c7dd490fe03 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2.cpp
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
     {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
       std::vector<K::Point_3> point_3_s;
-      CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, point_3_s);
+      CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, point_3_s);
       for(const K::Point_3& point_3 : point_3_s)
       {
         points.push_back(Apollonius_site_2(K::Point_2(point_3.x(), point_3.y()), point_3.z()));
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePoints_triggered()
                                     vit->point().y(),
                                     vit->weight()));
       }
-      CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points);
 #endif
     }
     else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Bounding_volumes/Bounding_volumes.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Bounding_volumes/Bounding_volumes.cpp
index 12928ca9897..5347a0eb263 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Bounding_volumes/Bounding_volumes.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Bounding_volumes/Bounding_volumes.cpp
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   if(fileName.endsWith(".wkt", Qt::CaseInsensitive))
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
     for(K::Point_2 p : points)
     {
       mc.insert(p);
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePoints_triggered()
       for(Min_circle::Point_iterator pit = mc.points_begin();
           pit != mc.points_end(); ++pit)
         out_pts.push_back(*pit);
-      CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, out_pts);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, out_pts);
 #endif
     }
     else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Circular_kernel_2/Circular_kernel_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Circular_kernel_2/Circular_kernel_2.cpp
index b54014b9f0b..78a92469a02 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Circular_kernel_2/Circular_kernel_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Circular_kernel_2/Circular_kernel_2.cpp
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
       do
       {
         std::vector<Point_2> multi_points;
-        CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, multi_points);
+        CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, multi_points);
         if(multi_points.size() == 2)
         {
           Line_arc_2 la(Segment_2(multi_points[0],
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/L1_Voronoi_diagram_2/L1_voronoi_diagram_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/L1_Voronoi_diagram_2/L1_voronoi_diagram_2.cpp
index c240f8c62a3..4a8334ea142 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/L1_Voronoi_diagram_2/L1_voronoi_diagram_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/L1_Voronoi_diagram_2/L1_voronoi_diagram_2.cpp
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   if(fileName.endsWith(".wkt", Qt::CaseInsensitive))
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, m_sites);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, m_sites);
 #endif
   }
   else
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePoints_triggered()
     std::ofstream ofs(qPrintable(fileName));
     if(fileName.endsWith(".wkt", Qt::CaseInsensitive)){
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
-      CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, m_sites);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, m_sites);
 #endif
     }else
       for(Points::iterator it = m_sites.begin();
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
index e956d72a171..26f21da2b2f 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   if(fileName.endsWith(".wkt", Qt::CaseInsensitive))
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
 #endif
   }
   else
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePoints_triggered()
       {
         points.push_back(vit->point());
       }
-      CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points);
 #endif
     }
     else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Polygon/Polygon_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Polygon/Polygon_2.cpp
index 98d66af08c5..1e7486d2d6b 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Polygon/Polygon_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Polygon/Polygon_2.cpp
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
     CGAL::Polygon_with_holes_2<K> P;
-    CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, P);
+    CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, P);
     poly = Polygon2(P.outer_boundary().begin(),
                     P.outer_boundary().end());
 #endif
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePolygon_triggered()
       CGAL::Polygon_2<K> P(poly.begin(),
                            poly.end());
       CGAL::Polygon_with_holes_2<K> Pwh(P);
-      CGAL::write_polygon_WKT(ofs, Pwh);
+      CGAL::IO::write_polygon_WKT(ofs, Pwh);
 #endif
     }
     else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_voronoi_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_voronoi_2.cpp
index ac6d7af1f48..6f3ca72391e 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_voronoi_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_voronoi_2.cpp
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKTConstraints(QString
   std::ifstream ifs(qPrintable(fileName));
   do{
     std::vector<Polygon> polygons;
-    CGAL::read_multi_polygon_WKT(ifs, polygons);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT(ifs, polygons);
     for(const Polygon& poly : polygons)
     {
       if(poly.outer_boundary().is_empty())
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKTConstraints(QString
   SVD::Vertex_handle vqold;
   do{
     std::vector<LineString > linestrings;
-    CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, linestrings);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, linestrings);
     for(const LineString& ls : linestrings)
     {
       bool first_pass=true;
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_voronoi_linf_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_voronoi_linf_2.cpp
index ae4f72bc55e..623c4b96095 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_voronoi_linf_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_voronoi_linf_2.cpp
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKT(QString
   do
     {
     std::vector<K::Point_2> mpts;
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, mpts);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, mpts);
     for(const K::Point_2& p : mpts)
       svd.insert(p);
     }while(ifs.good() && !ifs.eof());
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKT(QString
     {
     typedef std::vector<K::Point_2> LineString;
     std::vector<LineString> mls;
-    CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, mls);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, mls);
     for(const LineString& ls : mls)
     {
       if(ls.empty())
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKT(QString
   {
     typedef CGAL::Polygon_with_holes_2<K> Polygon;
     std::vector<Polygon> mps;
-    CGAL::read_multi_polygon_WKT(ifs, mps);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT(ifs, mps);
     for(const Polygon& poly : mps)
     {
       if(poly.outer_boundary().is_empty())
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Snap_rounding_2/Snap_rounding_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Snap_rounding_2/Snap_rounding_2.cpp
index 0225624b96e..d051c31e6f1 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Snap_rounding_2/Snap_rounding_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Snap_rounding_2/Snap_rounding_2.cpp
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
     std::vector<std::vector<Point_2> > mls;
-    CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, mls);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, mls);
     for(const std::vector<Point_2>& ls : mls)
     {
       if(ls.size() > 2)
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSaveSegments_triggered()
         ls[1] = seg.target();
         mls.push_back(ls);
       }
-      CGAL::write_multi_linestring_WKT(ofs, mls);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_linestring_WKT(ofs, mls);
 #endif
     }
     else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Spatial_searching_2/Spatial_searching_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Spatial_searching_2/Spatial_searching_2.cpp
index 1af26ec7514..bcbdfbf939b 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Spatial_searching_2/Spatial_searching_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Spatial_searching_2/Spatial_searching_2.cpp
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   if(fileName.endsWith(".wkt", Qt::CaseInsensitive))
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
 #endif
   }
   else{
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Stream_lines_2/Stream_lines_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Stream_lines_2/Stream_lines_2.cpp
index b0e1fb852ec..c52054572e6 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Stream_lines_2/Stream_lines_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Stream_lines_2/Stream_lines_2.cpp
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
     do
     {
       std::vector<Point_2> ps;
-      CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, ps);
+      CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, ps);
       if(size == -1)
         size = static_cast<int>(ps.size());
       else if(ps.size() > 0 && size != static_cast<int>(ps.size()))
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePoints_triggered()
         mp[i].push_back(Point_2(regular_grid->get_field(j,i).x(),
                                 regular_grid->get_field(j,i).y()));
       }
-      CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, mp[i]);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, mp[i]);
     }
     ofs.close();
   }
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
index 60dd77c388d..57126af76d2 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKT(QString
     typedef CGAL::Polygon_with_holes_2<K> Polygon;
     typedef CGAL::Point_2<K> Point;
     std::vector<Polygon> mps;
-    CGAL::read_multi_polygon_WKT(ifs, mps);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT(ifs, mps);
     for(const Polygon& p : mps)
     {
       if(p.outer_boundary().is_empty())
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKT(QString
   {
     typedef std::vector<K::Point_2> LineString;
     std::vector<LineString> mls;
-    CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, mls);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(ifs, mls);
     for(const LineString& ls : mls)
     {
       if(ls.empty())
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ MainWindow::loadWKT(QString
   do
   {
     std::vector<K::Point_2> mpts;
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, mpts);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, mpts);
     for(const K::Point_2& p : mpts)
     {
       cdt.insert(p);
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ void
 MainWindow::loadPolyConstraints(QString fileName)
 {
   std::ifstream ifs(qPrintable(fileName));
-  read_triangle_poly_file(cdt,ifs);
+  CGAL::IO::read_triangle_poly_file(cdt,ifs);
   discoverComponents(cdt, m_seeds);
   Q_EMIT( changed());
   actionRecenter->trigger();
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ MainWindow::saveConstraints(QString fileName)
     output << cdt;
   else if (output)
   {
-    CGAL::write_vtu(output, cdt);
+    CGAL::IO::write_vtu(output, cdt);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
index 9d810c04398..1bed7aeef2c 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ MainWindow::open(QString fileName)
   if(fileName.endsWith(".wkt", Qt::CaseInsensitive))
   {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points);
 #endif
   }
   else
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePoints_triggered()
       {
         points.push_back(vit->point());
       }
-      CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points);
 #endif
     }
     else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Regular_triangulation_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Regular_triangulation_2.cpp
index 483a8ab3d27..c4a18a1e715 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Regular_triangulation_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Regular_triangulation_2.cpp
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionLoadPoints_triggered()
     {
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
       std::vector<K::Point_3> points_3;
-      CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points_3);
+      CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(ifs, points_3);
       for(const K::Point_3& p : points_3)
       {
         points.push_back(Weighted_point_2(K::Point_2(p.x(), p.y()), p.z()));
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ MainWindow::on_actionSavePoints_triggered()
                                       vit->point().y(),
                                       vit->point().weight()));
       }
-      CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points_3);
+      CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(ofs, points_3);
 #endif
     }
     else
diff --git a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Buffer_for_vao.h b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Buffer_for_vao.h
index 2be331a35f5..e0af44f8e89 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Buffer_for_vao.h
+++ b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Buffer_for_vao.h
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ public:
 
   // 1.2) Add a point, with color.
   template<typename KPoint>
-  void add_point(const KPoint& kp, const CGAL::Color& c)
+  void add_point(const KPoint& kp, const CGAL::IO::Color& c)
   {
     add_point(kp);
     add_color(c);
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ public:
 
   // 2.2) Add a segment, with color.
   template<typename KPoint>
-  void add_segment(const KPoint& kp1, const KPoint& kp2, const CGAL::Color& c)
+  void add_segment(const KPoint& kp1, const KPoint& kp2, const CGAL::IO::Color& c)
   {
     add_segment(kp1, kp2);
     add_color(c);
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ public:
   //3.2) Add a ray segment, with color
   template<typename KPoint, typename KVector>
   void add_ray_segment(const KPoint& kp1, const KVector& kp2,
-                       const CGAL::Color& c)
+                       const CGAL::IO::Color& c)
   {
     add_point(kp1);
     add_point_infinity(kp2);
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ public:
   // 4.1) Add a line, with color
   template<typename KPoint>
   void add_line_segment(const KPoint& kp1, const KPoint& kp2,
-                        const CGAL::Color& c)
+                        const CGAL::IO::Color& c)
   {
     add_point_infinity(kp1);
     add_point_infinity(kp2);
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ public:
   { face_begin_internal(false, false); }
 
   // 3.2) Add a face, with a color, without normal.
-  void face_begin(const CGAL::Color& c)
+  void face_begin(const CGAL::IO::Color& c)
   {
     m_color_of_face=c;
     face_begin_internal(true, false);
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ public:
 
   // 3.3) Add a face, with a color and with a normal.
   template<typename KNormal>
-  void face_begin(const CGAL::Color& c, const KNormal& kv)
+  void face_begin(const CGAL::IO::Color& c, const KNormal& kv)
   {
     m_color_of_face=c;
     m_normal_of_face=get_local_vector(kv);
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ public:
   }
 
   ///adds `acolor` RGB components to `buffer`
-  static void add_color_in_buffer(const CGAL::Color& acolor, std::vector<float>& buffer)
+  static void add_color_in_buffer(const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor, std::vector<float>& buffer)
   {
     buffer.push_back((float)acolor.red()/(float)255);
     buffer.push_back((float)acolor.green()/(float)255);
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ protected:
     return is_facet_convex(m_points_of_face, N);
   }
 
-  void add_color(const CGAL::Color& acolor)
+  void add_color(const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor)
   {
     if (m_color_buffer!=nullptr)
     { add_color_in_buffer(acolor, *m_color_buffer); }
@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ protected:
   std::vector<Local_point> m_points_of_face;
   std::vector<Local_vector> m_vertex_normals_for_face;
   std::vector<std::size_t> m_indices_of_points_of_face;
-  CGAL::Color m_color_of_face;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_color_of_face;
   Local_vector m_normal_of_face;
 };
 
diff --git a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/Basic_viewer_qt.h b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/Basic_viewer_qt.h
index c2c05f90c53..0d44fbc3356 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/Basic_viewer_qt.h
+++ b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/Basic_viewer_qt.h
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@
 namespace CGAL
 {
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-inline CGAL::Color get_random_color(CGAL::Random& random)
+inline CGAL::IO::Color get_random_color(CGAL::Random& random)
 {
-  CGAL::Color res;
+  CGAL::IO::Color res;
   do
   {
-    res=CGAL::Color(random.get_int(0,256),
+    res=CGAL::IO::Color(random.get_int(0,256),
                     random.get_int(0,256),
                     random.get_int(0,256));
   }
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ public:
   { m_buffer_for_mono_points.add_point(p); }
 
   template<typename KPoint>
-  void add_point(const KPoint& p, const CGAL::Color& acolor)
+  void add_point(const KPoint& p, const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor)
   { m_buffer_for_colored_points.add_point(p, acolor); }
 
   template<typename KPoint>
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ public:
 
   template<typename KPoint>
   void add_segment(const KPoint& p1, const KPoint& p2,
-                   const CGAL::Color& acolor)
+                   const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor)
   { m_buffer_for_colored_segments.add_segment(p1, p2, acolor); }
 
   template <typename KPoint, typename KVector>
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <typename KPoint, typename KVector>
-  void add_ray(const KPoint &p, const KVector &v, const CGAL::Color &acolor)
+  void add_ray(const KPoint &p, const KVector &v, const CGAL::IO::Color &acolor)
   {
     double bigNumber = 1e30;
     m_buffer_for_colored_rays.add_ray_segment(p, (p + (bigNumber)*v), acolor);
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <typename KPoint, typename KVector>
-  void add_line(const KPoint &p, const KVector &v, const CGAL::Color &acolor)
+  void add_line(const KPoint &p, const KVector &v, const CGAL::IO::Color &acolor)
   {
     double bigNumber = 1e30;
     m_buffer_for_colored_lines.add_line_segment((p - (bigNumber)*v),
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ public:
     { m_buffer_for_mono_faces.face_begin(); }
   }
 
-  void face_begin(const CGAL::Color& acolor)
+  void face_begin(const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor)
   {
     if (is_a_face_started())
     {
@@ -1702,11 +1702,11 @@ protected:
   double m_size_rays;
   double m_size_lines;
 
-  CGAL::Color m_vertices_mono_color;
-  CGAL::Color m_edges_mono_color;
-  CGAL::Color m_rays_mono_color;
-  CGAL::Color m_lines_mono_color;
-  CGAL::Color m_faces_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_vertices_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_edges_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_rays_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_lines_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_faces_mono_color;
   QVector4D   m_ambient_color;
 
   bool m_are_buffers_initialized;
diff --git a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphGraphicsItem.h b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphGraphicsItem.h
index 730d7d7983f..c63945a3adc 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphGraphicsItem.h
+++ b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphGraphicsItem.h
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ SegmentDelaunayGraphGraphicsItem<T>::drawAll(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOpti
            vit != t->finite_vertices_end(); ++vit) {
         typename T::Site_2 s = vit->site();
         if ( s.is_input() ) {
-          //*widget << CGAL::red();
+          //*widget << CGAL::IO::red();
         } else {
-          //*widget << CGAL::yellow();
+          //*widget << CGAL::IO::yellow();
         }
         if ( s.is_point() ) {
           QPointF point = matrix.map(convert(s.point()));
diff --git a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphLinfGraphicsItem.h b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphLinfGraphicsItem.h
index 41a373b584c..a0a83fb7504 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphLinfGraphicsItem.h
+++ b/GraphicsView/include/CGAL/Qt/SegmentDelaunayGraphLinfGraphicsItem.h
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ SegmentDelaunayGraphLinfGraphicsItem<T>::drawAll(QPainter *painter, const QStyle
            vit != t->finite_vertices_end(); ++vit) {
         typename T::Site_2 s = vit->site();
         if ( s.is_input() ) {
-          //*widget << CGAL::red();
+          //*widget << CGAL::IO::red();
         } else {
           //*widget << CGAL::yellow();
         }
diff --git a/HalfedgeDS/doc/HalfedgeDS/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_items_2.h b/HalfedgeDS/doc/HalfedgeDS/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_items_2.h
index e2b1cf49d3a..39b806a2412 100644
--- a/HalfedgeDS/doc/HalfedgeDS/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_items_2.h
+++ b/HalfedgeDS/doc/HalfedgeDS/CGAL/HalfedgeDS_items_2.h
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ library.
 // A face type with a color member variable.
 template <class Refs>
 struct My_face : public CGAL::HalfedgeDS_face_base<Refs> {
-CGAL::Color color;
+CGAL::IO::Color color;
 My_face() {}
-My_face( CGAL::Color c) : color(c) {}
+My_face( CGAL::IO::Color c) : color(c) {}
 };
 
 // An items type using my face.
diff --git a/HalfedgeDS/examples/HalfedgeDS/hds_prog_color.cpp b/HalfedgeDS/examples/HalfedgeDS/hds_prog_color.cpp
index 6b294fefe5c..adcfdc0c5fe 100644
--- a/HalfedgeDS/examples/HalfedgeDS/hds_prog_color.cpp
+++ b/HalfedgeDS/examples/HalfedgeDS/hds_prog_color.cpp
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 // A face type with a color member variable.
 template <class Refs>
 struct My_face : public CGAL::HalfedgeDS_face_base<Refs> {
-    CGAL::Color color;
+    CGAL::IO::Color color;
     My_face() {}
-    My_face( CGAL::Color c) : color(c) {}
+    My_face( CGAL::IO::Color c) : color(c) {}
 };
 
 // An items type using my face.
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ typedef HDS::Face_handle                              Face_handle;
 
 int main() {
     HDS hds;
-    Face_handle f = hds.faces_push_back( Face( CGAL::red()));
-    f->color = CGAL::blue();
-    CGAL_assertion( f->color == CGAL::blue());
+    Face_handle f = hds.faces_push_back( Face( CGAL::IO::red()));
+    f->color = CGAL::IO::blue();
+    CGAL_assertion( f->color == CGAL::IO::blue());
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method.cpp b/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method.cpp
index dbe02789fdd..430b8c196fa 100644
--- a/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method.cpp
+++ b/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "./data/elephant.off";
 
   Triangle_mesh tm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tm) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tm) ||
      CGAL::is_empty(tm) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh.cpp b/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh.cpp
index 88e12912805..c056b80da4f 100644
--- a/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "./data/sphere.off";
 
   Triangle_mesh tm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tm) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tm) ||
      CGAL::is_empty(tm) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh_direct.cpp b/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh_direct.cpp
index 21213768184..ac3e0d4a152 100644
--- a/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh_direct.cpp
+++ b/Heat_method_3/examples/Heat_method_3/heat_method_surface_mesh_direct.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "./data/elephant.off";
 
   Triangle_mesh tm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tm) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tm) ||
      CGAL::is_empty(tm) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/examples/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/ht2_example_color.cpp b/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/examples/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/ht2_example_color.cpp
index 59c1bec4a73..6108168f301 100644
--- a/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/examples/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/ht2_example_color.cpp
+++ b/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/examples/Hyperbolic_triangulation_2/ht2_example_color.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 typedef CGAL::Hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_CK_traits_2<>           Gt;
 typedef CGAL::Hyperbolic_triangulation_face_base_2<Gt>                  Hyperbolic_face_base;
-typedef CGAL::Triangulation_face_base_with_info_2<CGAL::Color, Gt,
+typedef CGAL::Triangulation_face_base_with_info_2<CGAL::IO::Color, Gt,
                                                   Hyperbolic_face_base> Face_base_with_info;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_2<Gt>                           Vertex_base;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_data_structure_2<Vertex_base,
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   {
     if(fit->has_vertex(vo))
     {
-      fit->info() = CGAL::red();
+      fit->info() = CGAL::IO::red();
       origin_faces++;
     }
   }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   int red_faces = 0;
   for(fit = dt.hyperbolic_faces_begin(); fit != dt.hyperbolic_faces_end(); ++fit)
   {
-    if(fit->info() == CGAL::red())
+    if(fit->info() == CGAL::IO::red())
     {
       red_faces++;
     }
diff --git a/Installation/CHANGES.md b/Installation/CHANGES.md
index 38102e7205f..aa83ce7c3a4 100644
--- a/Installation/CHANGES.md
+++ b/Installation/CHANGES.md
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ Release date: November 2019
  -   Added a function to convert a Nef_polyhedron_3 to a polygon soup: [`CGAL::convert_nef_polyhedron_to_polygon_soup()`](https://doc.cgal.org/5.0/Nef_3/group__PkgNef3IOFunctions.html#ga28a9eb4da0cd6153f0c16f7f9eaf6665)
 
 ### [IO Streams](https://doc.cgal.org/5.0/Manual/packages.html#PkgStreamSupport)
-- **Breaking change:** The API of [`CGAL::Color`](https://doc.cgal.org/5.0/Stream_support/classCGAL_1_1Color.html) has been cleaned up.
+- **Breaking change:** The API of [`CGAL::IO::Color`](https://doc.cgal.org/5.0/Stream_support/classCGAL_1_1Color.html) has been cleaned up.
 - Added new functions to support some parts of the WKT file format:
     * [`CGAL::read_WKT()`](https://doc.cgal.org/5.0/Stream_support/group__PkgStreamSupportRef.html#gad2872abfe6fcf17d705d38567fdd6248)
     * [`CGAL::read_point_WKT()`](https://doc.cgal.org/5.0/Stream_support/group__PkgStreamSupportRef.html#gadbd2705b183e467507abd2f167446eba)
diff --git a/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/interpolation_2_demo.cpp b/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/interpolation_2_demo.cpp
index 13b8a7331b7..9fd09814a58 100644
--- a/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/interpolation_2_demo.cpp
+++ b/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/interpolation_2_demo.cpp
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ int main(int ,  char** )
 
   //viewer
   CGAL::Geomview_stream gv(CGAL::Bbox_3(0,0,0, 2, 2, 2));
-  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::Color(0, 200, 200));
+  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::IO::Color(0, 200, 200));
   gv.clear();
   gv.set_line_width(2);
 
@@ -278,14 +278,14 @@ int main(int ,  char** )
 
   std::cout << "The data points are displayed in blue in the geomview"
             << " application." << std::endl;
-  gv << CGAL::blue();
+  gv << CGAL::IO::blue();
   visu_points(gv,sample_3);
 
   //show the gradients
   if(method>0){
     std::cout << "The function gradients are displayed by red lines "
               <<" in the geomview application." << std::endl;
-    gv <<CGAL::red();
+    gv <<CGAL::IO::red();
     gv << Segment_3(Point_3(h/3,h/3,w),Point_3(h/3,h/3,w)+ Vector_3(-g,-g,0));
     gv << Segment_3(Point_3(-h/3,h/3,w),Point_3(-h/3,h/3,w)+Vector_3(g,-g,0));
     gv << Segment_3(Point_3(-h/3,-h/3,w),Point_3(-h/3,-h/3,w)+Vector_3(g,g,0));
diff --git a/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/surface_voronoi.cpp b/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/surface_voronoi.cpp
index 9d60d99c44f..fbb4dd28581 100644
--- a/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/surface_voronoi.cpp
+++ b/Interpolation/demo/Interpolation/surface_voronoi.cpp
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ void generate_cube_points(const int& n,
 int main()
 {
   CGAL::Geomview_stream gv(CGAL::Bbox_3(0,0,0, 2, 2, 2));
-  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::Color(0, 200, 200));
+  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::IO::Color(0, 200, 200));
   gv.clear();
 
   int n=150;
@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ int main()
   gv << CGAL::violet();
   visu_points(gv,points);
 
-  gv << CGAL::red() << Segment(p, p+ 0.3*normal);
-  gv << CGAL::orange() <<p;
+  gv << CGAL::IO::red() << Segment(p, p+ 0.3*normal);
+  gv << CGAL::IO::orange() <<p;
 
   std::cout << "Visualizing the intersection of "
             << "3D Voronoi diagram with tangent plane at "
             << p << "." << std::endl;
-  gv << CGAL::blue();
+  gv << CGAL::IO::blue();
   T.draw_dual(gv);
   Face_iterator fit = T.finite_faces_begin(),
     fend = T.finite_faces_end();
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/MainWindow.cpp b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/MainWindow.cpp
index a7107bfb3ab..2e7a347c8d2 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/MainWindow.cpp
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/MainWindow.cpp
@@ -1823,7 +1823,7 @@ void MainWindow::onMengerInc()
       LCC::Attribute_handle<3>::type ah = (scene.lcc)->create_attribute<3>();
       scene.lcc->set_attribute<3>(mengerVolumes[i], ah);
       scene.lcc->info<3>(mengerVolumes[i]).color()=
-          (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+          (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                        myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                        myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
 
@@ -1925,11 +1925,11 @@ void MainWindow::split_vol_in_three(Dart_handle dh, bool removecenter)
   if (scene.lcc->are_attributes_automatically_managed())
   {
     scene.lcc->info<3>(f1).color()=
-      (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+      (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
     scene.lcc->info<3>(f2).color()=
-      (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+      (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
 
@@ -1979,11 +1979,11 @@ void MainWindow::split_vol_in_nine(Dart_handle dh, bool removecenter)
   if (scene.lcc->are_attributes_automatically_managed())
   {
     scene.lcc->info<3>(f1).color()=
-      (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+      (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
     scene.lcc->info<3>(f2).color()=
-      (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+      (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
 
@@ -2039,11 +2039,11 @@ void MainWindow::split_vol_in_twentyseven(Dart_handle dh)
   if (scene.lcc->are_attributes_automatically_managed())
   {
     scene.lcc->info<3>(f1).color()=
-      (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+      (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
     scene.lcc->info<3>(f2).color()=
-      (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+      (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                    myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
     update_volume_list_add(scene.lcc->attribute<3>(dh));
@@ -3177,7 +3177,7 @@ void MainWindow::onSierpinskiTriangleInc()
       LCC::Attribute_handle<3>::type ah = (scene.lcc)->create_attribute<3>();
       scene.lcc->set_attribute<3>(sierpinskiTriangleSurfaces[i], ah);
       scene.lcc->info<3>(sierpinskiTriangleSurfaces[i]).color()=
-        (CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+        (CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                      myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                      myrandom.get_int(0,256)));
 
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/Viewer.h b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/Viewer.h
index 6137e328faf..18e66603ef4 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/Viewer.h
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/Viewer.h
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ struct MyDrawingFunctorLCC
   /// @return the color of the volume containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_volume(alcc, dh) and !colored_face(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color volume_color(const LCC& alcc,
+  CGAL::IO::Color volume_color(const LCC& alcc,
                            typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
   { return alcc.template info<3>(dh).color(); }
   /// @return the color of the face containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_face(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color face_color(const LCC& alcc,
+  CGAL::IO::Color face_color(const LCC& alcc,
                          typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
   {
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(alcc.darts().index(dh)));
@@ -92,15 +92,15 @@ struct MyDrawingFunctorLCC
   /// @return the color of the edge containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_edge(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color edge_color(const LCC&,
+  CGAL::IO::Color edge_color(const LCC&,
                          typename LCC::Dart_const_handle) const
-  { return CGAL::Color(0, 0, 0); }
+  { return CGAL::IO::Color(0, 0, 0); }
   /// @return the color of the vertex containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_vertex(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color vertex_color(const LCC&,
+  CGAL::IO::Color vertex_color(const LCC&,
                            typename LCC::Dart_const_handle) const
-  { return CGAL::Color(0, 0, 0); }
+  { return CGAL::IO::Color(0, 0, 0); }
 };
 
 
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/typedefs.h b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/typedefs.h
index 17924ecca8d..459c745f1b9 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/typedefs.h
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/demo/Linear_cell_complex/typedefs.h
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ class Volume_info
   friend void CGAL::write_cmap_attribute_node<Volume_info>(boost::property_tree::ptree & node,
                                                            const Volume_info& arg);
 public:
-  Volume_info() : m_color(CGAL::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
+  Volume_info() : m_color(CGAL::IO::Color(myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                                       myrandom.get_int(0,256),
                                       myrandom.get_int(0,256))),
     m_status( LCC_DEMO_VISIBLE | LCC_DEMO_FILLED )
   {}
 
-  CGAL::Color& color()
+  CGAL::IO::Color& color()
   { return m_color; }
-  const CGAL::Color& color() const
+  const CGAL::IO::Color& color() const
   { return m_color; }
 
   std::string color_name() const
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public:
   { set_filled(!is_filled()); }
 
 private:
-  CGAL::Color m_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_color;
   char        m_status;
 };
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ inline void read_cmap_attribute_node<Volume_info>
     char r = v.second.get<int>("color-r");
     char g = v.second.get<int>("color-g");
     char b = v.second.get<int>("color-b");
-    val.m_color = CGAL::Color(r,g,b);
+    val.m_color = CGAL::IO::Color(r,g,b);
   }
   catch(const std::exception &  )
   {}
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/basic_viewer.h b/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/basic_viewer.h
index 6b7b97eb3c1..cbc75458f95 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/basic_viewer.h
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/basic_viewer.h
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ public:
     { bb=bb+p.bbox(); }
   }
 
-  void add_color(const CGAL::Color& acolor, std::vector<float>& color_vector)
+  void add_color(const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor, std::vector<float>& color_vector)
   {
     color_vector.push_back((double)color_of_face.red()/(double)255);
     color_vector.push_back((double)color_of_face.green()/(double)255);
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ public:
   void add_mono_point(const Local_point& p)
   { add_point(p, arrays[POS_MONO_POINTS]); }
 
-  void add_colored_point(const Local_point& p, const CGAL::Color& acolor)
+  void add_colored_point(const Local_point& p, const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor)
   {
     add_point(p, arrays[POS_COLORED_POINTS]);
     add_color(acolor, arrays[COLOR_POINTS]);
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ public:
   }
 
   void add_colored_segment(const Local_point& p1, const Local_point& p2,
-                           const CGAL::Color& acolor)
+                           const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor)
   {
     add_point(p1, arrays[POS_COLORED_SEGMENTS]);
     add_point(p2, arrays[POS_COLORED_SEGMENTS]);
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ public:
   }
 
   /// Start a new face, with a given color.
-  void colored_face_begin(const CGAL::Color& acolor)
+  void colored_face_begin(const CGAL::IO::Color& acolor)
   {
     color_of_face=acolor;
     m_started_face_is_colored=true;
@@ -1132,9 +1132,9 @@ private:
   double m_size_points;
   double m_size_edges;
 
-  CGAL::Color m_vertices_mono_color;
-  CGAL::Color m_edges_mono_color;
-  CGAL::Color m_faces_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_vertices_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_edges_mono_color;
+  CGAL::IO::Color m_faces_mono_color;
   QVector4D   m_ambient_color;
 
   bool m_are_buffers_initialized;
@@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@ private:
   bool m_started_face_is_colored;
   std::vector<Local_point> points_of_face;
   std::vector<Local_vector> vertex_normals_for_face;
-  CGAL::Color color_of_face;
+  CGAL::IO::Color color_of_face;
 };
 
 #endif // CGAL_BASIC_VIEWER_H
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/draw_linear_cell_complex.h b/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/draw_linear_cell_complex.h
index 49383d6f5eb..5e1a46e52c7 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/draw_linear_cell_complex.h
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/draw_linear_cell_complex.h
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ struct DefaultDrawingFunctorLCC
   /// @return the color of the volume containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_volume(alcc, dh) and !colored_face(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color volume_color(const LCC& alcc,
+  CGAL::IO::Color volume_color(const LCC& alcc,
                            typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
   {
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(alcc.darts().index(dh)));
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ struct DefaultDrawingFunctorLCC
   /// @return the color of the face containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_face(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color face_color(const LCC& alcc,
+  CGAL::IO::Color face_color(const LCC& alcc,
                          typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
   {
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(alcc.darts().index(dh)));
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ struct DefaultDrawingFunctorLCC
   /// @return the color of the edge containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_edge(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color edge_color(const LCC& alcc,
+  CGAL::IO::Color edge_color(const LCC& alcc,
                          typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
   {
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(alcc.darts().index(dh)));
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ struct DefaultDrawingFunctorLCC
   /// @return the color of the vertex containing dh
   ///  used only if colored_vertex(alcc, dh)
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color vertex_color(const LCC& alcc,
+  CGAL::IO::Color vertex_color(const LCC& alcc,
                            typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
   {
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(alcc.darts().index(dh)));
@@ -213,17 +213,17 @@ protected:
     if (m_random_face_color)
     {
       CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(lcc->darts().index(dh)));
-      CGAL::Color c=get_random_color(random);
+      CGAL::IO::Color c=get_random_color(random);
       face_begin(c);
     }
     else if (m_drawing_functor.colored_face(*lcc, dh))
     {
-      CGAL::Color c=m_drawing_functor.face_color(*lcc, dh);
+      CGAL::IO::Color c=m_drawing_functor.face_color(*lcc, dh);
       face_begin(c);
     }
     else if (m_drawing_functor.colored_volume(*lcc, voldh))
     {
-      CGAL::Color c=m_drawing_functor.volume_color(*lcc, voldh);
+      CGAL::IO::Color c=m_drawing_functor.volume_color(*lcc, voldh);
       face_begin(c);
     }
     else
diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index 4babefe8faf..5c54bab0ee4 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
 } // namespace IO
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
-using write_vtu;
+using IO::write_vtu;
 #endif
 
 } //end CGAL
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Distribution_displayer.h b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Distribution_displayer.h
index 7b790b5aa7c..492de63cc2d 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Distribution_displayer.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Distribution_displayer.h
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ struct Distribution_displayer
 {
   virtual void fill_rectangle(double x1, double y1,
                               double x2, double y2,
-                              CGAL::Color c) = 0;
+                              CGAL::IO::Color c) = 0;
 
   virtual void segment(double x1, double y1,
                        double x2, double y2,
-                       CGAL::Color c) = 0;
+                       CGAL::IO::Color c) = 0;
 
   virtual ~Distribution_displayer() {};
 };
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.cpp
index 529ef5efa7d..8b395cd438e 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Gd_displayer::~Gd_displayer()
 
 void Gd_displayer::fill_rectangle(double x1, double y1,
                                   double x2, double y2,
-                                  CGAL::Color c)
+                                  CGAL::IO::Color c)
 {
   gdImageFilledRectangle(im,
                          x_pixel(x1), y_pixel(y2),
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void Gd_displayer::fill_rectangle(double x1, double y1,
 
 void Gd_displayer::segment(double x1, double y1,
                            double x2, double y2,
-                           CGAL::Color c)
+                           CGAL::IO::Color c)
 {
   gdImageLine(im,
               x_pixel(x1), y_pixel(y1),
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.h b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.h
index bad8700844e..9df1f7c047a 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Gd_displayer.h
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ struct Gd_displayer : public Distribution_displayer
   //@{
   void fill_rectangle(double x1, double y1,
                       double x2, double y2,
-                      CGAL::Color c);
+                      CGAL::IO::Color c);
 
   void segment(double x1, double y1,
                double x2, double y2,
-               CGAL::Color c);
+               CGAL::IO::Color c);
   //@}
 
   /** \name FUNCTIONS SPECIFIC TO Gd_displayer */
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ struct Gd_displayer : public Distribution_displayer
 
   /** Returns the index of the color c in the image palette. */
   inline
-  int gd_color(CGAL::Color c)
+  int gd_color(CGAL::IO::Color c)
   {
     int i = gdImageColorExact(im,
                               c.red(),
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.cpp
index 1526edfe798..2662f5f78df 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Qt_widget_displayer::Qt_widget_displayer(CGAL::Qt_widget* w) : widget(w) {}
 
 void Qt_widget_displayer::fill_rectangle(double x1, double y1,
                                          double x2, double y2,
-                                         CGAL::Color color)
+                                         CGAL::IO::Color color)
 {
   *widget << CGAL::FillColor(color)
           << color
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ void Qt_widget_displayer::fill_rectangle(double x1, double y1,
 
 void Qt_widget_displayer::segment(double x1, double y1,
                                   double x2, double y2,
-                                  CGAL::Color color)
+                                  CGAL::IO::Color color)
 {
   *widget << color << Segment_2(Point_2(x1, y1),
                                 Point_2(x2, y2));
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.h b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.h
index 3f5224c8887..02d08f0e980 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/Qt_widget_displayer.h
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ struct Qt_widget_displayer : public Distribution_displayer
 
   void fill_rectangle(double x1, double y1,
                       double x2, double y2,
-                      CGAL::Color c);
+                      CGAL::IO::Color c);
 
   void segment(double x1, double y1,
                double x2, double y2,
-               CGAL::Color c);
+               CGAL::IO::Color c);
 private:
   CGAL::Qt_widget* widget;
 };
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/display_distribution.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/display_distribution.cpp
index c989ce8952c..28188b9c9d7 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/display_distribution.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/display_distribution.cpp
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ void output_distribution_to_png(std::vector<double>& elements,
   widget->show();
 
   widget->lock();
-  *widget << CGAL::FillColor(CGAL::Color(200, 200, 200))
-          << CGAL::Color(200, 200, 200)
+  *widget << CGAL::FillColor(CGAL::IO::Color(200, 200, 200))
+          << CGAL::IO::Color(200, 200, 200)
           << Rectangle_2(Point_2(0, 0), Point_2(1,1));
 
   if( number_of_classes == 0 ) return;
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ void output_distribution_to_png(std::vector<double>& elements,
                                Point_2((k+1)*width, height));
       }
     else
-      *widget << CGAL::red() << Segment_2(Point_2(k*width, 0),
+      *widget << CGAL::IO::red() << Segment_2(Point_2(k*width, 0),
                                         Point_2((k+1)*width, 0));
 
   widget->unlock();
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/distribution.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/distribution.cpp
index d45a3fbce70..97e1b6c33c5 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/distribution.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/distribution.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ void display_distribution(Distribution_displayer* display,
   if( number_of_classes == 0 ) return;
   const double width = 1.0 / number_of_classes;
 
-  display->fill_rectangle(0., 0., 1., 1., CGAL::Color(200, 200, 200));
+  display->fill_rectangle(0., 0., 1., 1., CGAL::IO::Color(200, 200, 200));
   for(int k = 0; k < number_of_classes; ++k)
     if(distribution[k]>0)
     {
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ void display_distribution(Distribution_displayer* display,
     else
       display->segment(k     * width, 0.,
                        (k+1) * width, 0.,
-                       CGAL::red());
+                       CGAL::IO::red());
 }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/lanteri_process_results.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/lanteri_process_results.cpp
index 44302fdec30..d433adc1ebb 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/lanteri_process_results.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/lanteri_process_results.cpp
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ bool process_aux_2(const std::vector<Qualities>& qualities,
 
     displays[i]->segment(x_position_of_length_bound,  0.0,
                          x_position_of_length_bound, -0.05,
-                         CGAL::blue());
+                         CGAL::IO::blue());
   }
 
   *out_stream << "saving " << filename.c_str() << "...\n";
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/output_distribution_to_stdout.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/output_distribution_to_stdout.cpp
index 1742f1191a9..2b18f4488f2 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/output_distribution_to_stdout.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/output_distribution_to_stdout.cpp
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ void parse_argv(int argc, char** argv, int extra_args = 0)
 //  widget->show();
 //
 // // widget->lock();
-////  *widget << CGAL::FillColor(CGAL::Color(200, 200, 200))
-////          << CGAL::Color(200, 200, 200)
+////  *widget << CGAL::FillColor(CGAL::IO::Color(200, 200, 200))
+////          << CGAL::IO::Color(200, 200, 200)
 ////          << Rectangle_2(Point_2(0, 0), Point_2(1,1));
 ////
 //  if( number_of_classes == 0 ) return;
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ void parse_argv(int argc, char** argv, int extra_args = 0)
 ////                               Point_2((k+1)*width, height));
 //      }
 //    else
-////      *widget << CGAL::red() << Segment_2(Point_2(k*width, 0),
+////      *widget << CGAL::IO::red() << Segment_2(Point_2(k*width, 0),
 ////                                        Point_2((k+1)*width, 0));
 //
 // // widget->unlock();
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
index 2d3dca2dd20..03fad2e7998 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_tetgen.h
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ output_to_tetgen(std::string filename,
 } // namespace IO
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
-using output_to_tetgen;
+using IO::output_to_tetgen;
 #endif
 
 } // end namespace CGAL
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
index b318084532b..d553ddfdfed 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ write_cells(std::ostream& os,
         connectivity_table.push_back(V[cit->vertex(i)]);
     }
 
-  IO::internal::write_vector<std::size_t>(os,connectivity_table);
-  IO::internal::write_vector<std::size_t>(os,offsets);
-  IO::internal::write_vector<unsigned char>(os,cell_type);
+  internal::write_vector<std::size_t>(os,connectivity_table);
+  internal::write_vector<std::size_t>(os,offsets);
+  internal::write_vector<unsigned char>(os,cell_type);
 }
 
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ write_c3t3_points(std::ostream& os,
       coordinates.push_back(vit->point()[1]);
       coordinates.push_back(dim == 3 ? vit->point()[2] : 0.0);
     }
-  IO::internal::write_vector<FT>(os,coordinates);
+  internal::write_vector<FT>(os,coordinates);
 }
 
 // writes the attribute tags before binary data is appended
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ void
 write_attributes(std::ostream& os,
                  const std::vector<FT>& att)
 {
-  IO::internal::write_vector(os,att);
+  internal::write_vector(os,att);
 }
 
 enum VTU_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE{
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ template <class C3T3>
 void output_to_vtu_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
                                    const C3T3& c3t3,
                                    std::vector<std::pair<const char*, Vtu_attributes> >&attributes,
-                                   IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY)
+                                   Mode mode = BINARY)
 {
   //CGAL_assertion(attributes.size() == attribute_types.size());
   typedef typename C3T3::Triangulation Tr;
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ void output_to_vtu_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
      << "\" NumberOfCells=\"" << c3t3.number_of_cells() << "\">\n";
   std::size_t offset = 0;
 
-  const bool binary = (mode == IO::BINARY);
+  const bool binary = (mode == BINARY);
   write_c3t3_points_tag(os,tr,number_of_vertices,V,binary,offset);
   write_cells_tag(os,c3t3,V,binary,offset); // fills V if the mode is ASCII
   os << "    <CellData Scalars=\""<<attributes.front().first<<"\">\n";
diff --git a/Nef_3/archive/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Visualizor.h b/Nef_3/archive/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Visualizor.h
index b1cdda28451..2d1f5cab0ab 100644
--- a/Nef_3/archive/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Visualizor.h
+++ b/Nef_3/archive/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Visualizor.h
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ namespace OGL {
 
     void draw(Vertex_iterator v) const
     { CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("drawing vertex "<<*v);
-      CGAL::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_VERTEX_COLOR),
+      CGAL::IO::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_VERTEX_COLOR),
         ct(CGAL_NEF3_UNMARKED_VERTEX_COLOR); // more blue-ish
-      CGAL::Color c = v->mark() ? ct : cf;
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = v->mark() ? ct : cf;
       glPointSize(10);
       glColor3ub(c.red(), c.green(), c.blue());
       glBegin(GL_POINTS);
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ namespace OGL {
     void draw(Edge_iterator e) const
     { CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("drawing edge "<<*e);
       Double_point p = e->source(), q = e->target();
-      CGAL::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_EDGE_COLOR),
+      CGAL::IO::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_EDGE_COLOR),
         ct(CGAL_NEF3_UNMARKED_EDGE_COLOR); // more blue-ish
-      CGAL::Color c = e->mark() ? ct : cf;
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = e->mark() ? ct : cf;
       glLineWidth(5);
       glColor3ub(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
       glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
@@ -317,9 +317,9 @@ namespace OGL {
                       GLU_TESS_WINDING_POSITIVE);
 
       DFacet::Coord_const_iterator cit;
-      CGAL::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_FACET_COLOR),
+      CGAL::IO::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_FACET_COLOR),
         ct(CGAL_NEF3_UNMARKED_FACET_COLOR); // more blue-ish
-      CGAL::Color c = (f->mark() ? ct : cf);
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = (f->mark() ? ct : cf);
       glColor3ub(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
       gluTessBeginPolygon(tess_,f->normal());
       CGAL_NEF_TRACEN(" ");
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/OGL_helper.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/OGL_helper.h
index 608500b1ba4..c6aa2d82b91 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/OGL_helper.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/OGL_helper.h
@@ -340,9 +340,9 @@ namespace OGL {
 
     void draw(Vertex_iterator v) const {
       //      CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("drawing vertex "<<*v);
-      CGAL::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_VERTEX_COLOR),
+      CGAL::IO::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_VERTEX_COLOR),
         ct(CGAL_NEF3_UNMARKED_VERTEX_COLOR); // more blue-ish
-      CGAL::Color c = v->mark() ? ct : cf;
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = v->mark() ? ct : cf;
       glPointSize(10);
       glColor3ub(c.red(), c.green(), c.blue());
       glBegin(GL_POINTS);
@@ -357,9 +357,9 @@ namespace OGL {
     void draw(Edge_iterator e) const {
       //      CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("drawing edge "<<*e);
       Double_point p = e->source(), q = e->target();
-      CGAL::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_EDGE_COLOR),
+      CGAL::IO::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_EDGE_COLOR),
         ct(CGAL_NEF3_UNMARKED_EDGE_COLOR); // more blue-ish
-      CGAL::Color c = e->mark() ? ct : cf;
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = e->mark() ? ct : cf;
       glLineWidth(5);
       glColor3ub(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
       glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
@@ -383,9 +383,9 @@ namespace OGL {
                       GLU_TESS_WINDING_POSITIVE);
 
       DFacet::Coord_const_iterator cit;
-      CGAL::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_FACET_COLOR),
+      CGAL::IO::Color cf(CGAL_NEF3_MARKED_FACET_COLOR),
         ct(CGAL_NEF3_UNMARKED_FACET_COLOR); // more blue-ish
-      CGAL::Color c = (f->mark() ? ct : cf);
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = (f->mark() ? ct : cf);
       glColor3ub(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
       gluTessBeginPolygon(tess_,f->normal());
       //      CGAL_NEF_TRACEN(" ");
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SM_visualizor.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SM_visualizor.h
index 5371c314950..9c9c21d6dbe 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SM_visualizor.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SM_visualizor.h
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
 #include <CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_decorator.h>
 #include <CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_triangulator.h>
 
-#define CGAL_NEF3_LGREY CGAL::Color(170,170,200)
-#define CGAL_NEF3_DGREY CGAL::Color(30,30,50)
+#define CGAL_NEF3_LGREY CGAL::IO::Color(170,170,200)
+#define CGAL_NEF3_DGREY CGAL::IO::Color(30,30,50)
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_SM_visualizor.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_SM_visualizor.h
index ec1b81c1014..e06f5b8e92f 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_SM_visualizor.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_SM_visualizor.h
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
 #include <CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_decorator.h>
 #include <CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_triangulator.h>
 
-#define CGAL_NEF_LGREY CGAL::Color(170,170,200)
-#define CGAL_NEF_DGREY CGAL::Color(30,30,50)
+#define CGAL_NEF_LGREY CGAL::IO::Color(170,170,200)
+#define CGAL_NEF_DGREY CGAL::IO::Color(30,30,50)
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/draw_nef_3.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/draw_nef_3.h
index bcdb6c61ae3..8a1f4a74931 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/draw_nef_3.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/draw_nef_3.h
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ namespace CGAL {
 struct DefaultColorFunctorNefPolyhedron
 {
   template<typename NefPolyhedron>
-  static CGAL::Color run(const NefPolyhedron&,
+  static CGAL::IO::Color run(const NefPolyhedron&,
                          typename NefPolyhedron::Halffacet_const_handle fh)
   {
     if (fh == nullptr) // use to get the mono color
-      return CGAL::Color(100, 125, 200); // R G B between 0-255
+      return CGAL::IO::Color(100, 125, 200); // R G B between 0-255
 
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(std::size_t)(&(*fh)));
     return get_random_color(random);
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ protected:
         return;
       }
 
-      CGAL::Color c = viewer.run_color(f);
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = viewer.run_color(f);
       viewer.face_begin(c);
 
       SHalfedge_around_facet_const_circulator hc_start(se);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ protected:
     negate_all_normals();
   }
 
-  CGAL::Color run_color(Halffacet_const_handle fh)
+  CGAL::IO::Color run_color(Halffacet_const_handle fh)
   {
     return m_fcolor.run(nef, fh);
   }
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_visualizor.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_visualizor.h
index 59d07270dcf..de082e2c42a 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_visualizor.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_visualizor.h
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 #include <CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_triangulator.h>
 #include <CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry_OGL.h>
 
-#define CGAL_NEF_LGREY CGAL::Color(170,170,200)
-#define CGAL_NEF_DGREY CGAL::Color(30,30,50)
+#define CGAL_NEF_LGREY CGAL::IO::Color(170,170,200)
+#define CGAL_NEF_DGREY CGAL::IO::Color(30,30,50)
 namespace CGAL {
 
 template <typename Map_>
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry_OGL.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry_OGL.h
index 505fe604fa5..db3a99f3ad9 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry_OGL.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry_OGL.h
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
 #define CGAL_NEF_DEBUG 151
 #include <CGAL/Nef_2/debug.h>
 
-#define CGAL_NEF_LGREY CGAL::Color(170,170,200)
-#define CGAL_NEF_DGREY CGAL::Color(30,30,50)
+#define CGAL_NEF_LGREY CGAL::IO::Color(170,170,200)
+#define CGAL_NEF_DGREY CGAL::IO::Color(30,30,50)
 
 namespace CGAL {
 namespace OGL {
@@ -240,12 +240,12 @@ template <class R_>
 class Sphere_point : public VPoint, public Gen_object {
   typedef R_ R;
   CGAL::Sphere_point<R> p_;
-  CGAL::Color           c_;
+  CGAL::IO::Color           c_;
   unsigned              w_;
 public:
   Sphere_point() {}
   Sphere_point(const CGAL::Sphere_point<R>& p,
-    CGAL::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 10) :
+    CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 10) :
     VPoint(Approximator<R>::approximate(p)), p_(p), c_(c), w_(w) {}
   Sphere_point(const Sphere_point<R>& p) : VPoint(p), Gen_object()
   { p_ = p.p_; c_ = p.c_; w_ = p.w_; }
@@ -283,12 +283,12 @@ template <class R_>
 class Sphere_segment : public VSegment, public Gen_object {
   typedef R_ R;
   CGAL::Sphere_segment<R> s_;
-  CGAL::Color             c_;
+  CGAL::IO::Color             c_;
   unsigned                w_;
 public:
   Sphere_segment() {}
   Sphere_segment(const CGAL::Sphere_segment<R>& s,
-    CGAL::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 2)
+    CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 2)
     : VSegment(Approximator<R>::approximate(s)), s_(s), c_(c), w_(w) {}
   Sphere_segment(const Sphere_segment<R>& s) : VSegment(s), Gen_object()
   { s_ = s.s_; c_ = s.c_; w_ = s.w_; }
@@ -336,12 +336,12 @@ template <class R_>
 class Sphere_circle : public VSegment, public Gen_object {
   typedef R_ R;
   CGAL::Sphere_circle<R> s_;
-  CGAL::Color            c_;
+  CGAL::IO::Color            c_;
   unsigned               w_;
 public:
   Sphere_circle() {}
   Sphere_circle(const CGAL::Sphere_circle<R>& s,
-    CGAL::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 2)
+    CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 2)
     : VSegment(Approximator<R>::approximate(s)), s_(s), c_(c), w_(w) {}
   Sphere_circle(const Sphere_circle<R>& s) : VSegment(s), Gen_object()
   { s_ = s.s_; c_ = s.c_; w_ = s.w_; }
@@ -382,12 +382,12 @@ template <class R_>
 class Sphere_triangle : public VTriangle, public Gen_object {
   typedef R_ R;
   CGAL::Sphere_triangle<R> t_;
-  CGAL::Color              c_;
+  CGAL::IO::Color              c_;
 public:
   Sphere_triangle() {}
 
   Sphere_triangle(const CGAL::Sphere_triangle<R>& t,
-    CGAL::Color c = CGAL::Color(100,100,120))
+    CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::IO::Color(100,100,120))
     : VTriangle(Approximator<R>::approximate(t)), t_(t), c_(c) {}
 
   Sphere_triangle(const Sphere_triangle<R>& t) : VTriangle(t), Gen_object()
@@ -530,27 +530,27 @@ Unit_sphere& operator=(const Unit_sphere& S)
 
 template <typename R>
 void push_back(const CGAL::Sphere_point<R>& p,
-  CGAL::Color c = CGAL::yellow(), unsigned w = 5)
+  CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::IO::yellow(), unsigned w = 5)
 { objects_.push_back(new Sphere_point<R>(p,c,w)); }
 
 template <typename R>
 void push_back(const CGAL::Sphere_segment<R>& s,
-  CGAL::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 1)
+  CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::IO::black(), unsigned w = 1)
 { objects_.push_back(new Sphere_segment<R>(s,c,w)); }
 
 template <typename R>
 void push_back(const CGAL::Sphere_circle<R>& s,
-  CGAL::Color c = CGAL::black(), unsigned w = 1)
+  CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::IO::black(), unsigned w = 1)
 { objects_.push_back(new Sphere_circle<R>(s,c,w)); }
 
 template <typename R>
 void push_back(const CGAL::Sphere_triangle<R>& t,
-  CGAL::Color c = CGAL::white())
+  CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::IO::white())
 { triangles_.push_back(new Sphere_triangle<R>(t,c)); }
 
 template <typename R>
 void push_back_triangle_edge(const CGAL::Sphere_segment<R>& s,
-  CGAL::Color c = CGAL::blue(), unsigned w = 1)
+  CGAL::IO::Color c = CGAL::IO::blue(), unsigned w = 1)
 { triangle_edges_.push_back(new Sphere_segment<R>(s,c,w)); }
 
 void set_style(int style) {
diff --git a/Optimal_bounding_box/benchmark/Optimal_bounding_box/bench_obb.cpp b/Optimal_bounding_box/benchmark/Optimal_bounding_box/bench_obb.cpp
index 247cf6435ff..69496827890 100644
--- a/Optimal_bounding_box/benchmark/Optimal_bounding_box/bench_obb.cpp
+++ b/Optimal_bounding_box/benchmark/Optimal_bounding_box/bench_obb.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ void bench_finding_obb(const std::string filename,
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > unused_faces;
 
-  CGAL::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, unused_faces);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, unused_faces);
 
   std::vector<Point_3> ch_points;
   std::array<Point_3, 8> obb_points1;
diff --git a/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_example.cpp b/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_example.cpp
index 4b786a85ee4..82ef633a101 100644
--- a/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_example.cpp
+++ b/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_example.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/pig.off";
 
   Surface_mesh sm;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm) || sm.is_empty())
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm) || sm.is_empty())
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_with_point_maps_example.cpp b/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_with_point_maps_example.cpp
index dd20c5e2095..81ee1fcc328 100644
--- a/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_with_point_maps_example.cpp
+++ b/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/obb_with_point_maps_example.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/pig.off";
 
   Surface_mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm) || sm.is_empty())
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm) || sm.is_empty())
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/rotated_aabb_tree_example.cpp b/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/rotated_aabb_tree_example.cpp
index 176ca6ff53b..53957ff0b03 100644
--- a/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/rotated_aabb_tree_example.cpp
+++ b/Optimal_bounding_box/examples/Optimal_bounding_box/rotated_aabb_tree_example.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/pig.off";
 
   Surface_mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm) || sm.is_empty())
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm) || sm.is_empty())
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/doc/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.txt b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/doc/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.txt
index 93c54224799..f33b9862f3c 100644
--- a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/doc/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.txt
+++ b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/doc/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.txt
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ the `TriangulationDataStructure_2` (e.g. a `Vertex_handle` or
 `Face_handle`), he can use the
 `Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_2` class to add his own
 information easily in the vertices. The example below shows how to
-add a `CGAL::Color` this way.
+add a `CGAL::IO::Color` this way.
 
 \cgalExample{Periodic_2_triangulation_2/p2t2_colored_vertices.cpp}
 
diff --git a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/examples/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/p2t2_colored_vertices.cpp b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/examples/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/p2t2_colored_vertices.cpp
index aeed55bfdd3..fdf8a5ac45f 100644
--- a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/examples/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/p2t2_colored_vertices.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/examples/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/p2t2_colored_vertices.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
 typedef CGAL::Periodic_2_Delaunay_triangulation_traits_2<K> GT;
 
 typedef CGAL::Periodic_2_triangulation_vertex_base_2<GT>    Vb;
-typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_2<CGAL::Color, GT, Vb> VbInfo;
+typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_2<CGAL::IO::Color, GT, Vb> VbInfo;
 
 typedef CGAL::Periodic_2_triangulation_face_base_2<GT>      Fb;
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ int main()
   PDT::Vertex_iterator vit;
   for (vit = T.vertices_begin(); vit != T.vertices_end(); ++vit)
     if (T.degree(vit) == 6)
-      vit->info() = CGAL::red();
+      vit->info() = CGAL::IO::red();
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_periodic_2_triangulation_2.h b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_periodic_2_triangulation_2.h
index e4859ea033f..fe0a13cf13a 100644
--- a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_periodic_2_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_periodic_2_triangulation_2.h
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ namespace CGAL {
 // Default color functor; user can change it to have its own face color
 struct DefaultColorFunctorP2T2 {
   template <typename P2T2>
-  static CGAL::Color run(const P2T2 &,
+  static CGAL::IO::Color run(const P2T2 &,
                          const typename P2T2::Periodic_triangle_iterator /*ti*/) {
     //CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(std::size_t)(&*ti));
     //return get_random_color(random);
-    return CGAL::Color(73, 250, 117);
+    return CGAL::IO::Color(73, 250, 117);
   }
 };
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ protected:
     // Construct the triangle in 9-sheeted covering space and add to viewer
     Triangle t(p2t2.triangle(*ti));
 
-    CGAL::Color c=m_fcolor.run(p2t2, ti);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c=m_fcolor.run(p2t2, ti);
     face_begin(c);
     add_point_in_face(t[0]);
     add_point_in_face(t[1]);
@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ protected:
 
     // Display the edges of the faces as segments with a
     // light gray color for better visualization
-    add_segment(t[0], t[1], CGAL::Color(207, 213, 211));
-    add_segment(t[1], t[2], CGAL::Color(207, 213, 211));
-    add_segment(t[2], t[0], CGAL::Color(207, 213, 211));
+    add_segment(t[0], t[1], CGAL::IO::Color(207, 213, 211));
+    add_segment(t[1], t[2], CGAL::IO::Color(207, 213, 211));
+    add_segment(t[2], t[0], CGAL::IO::Color(207, 213, 211));
   }
 
   void compute_domain()
@@ -135,10 +135,10 @@ protected:
         Kernel::Point_2 p3(orig_domain.xmax(), orig_domain.ymin());
         Kernel::Point_2 p4((orig_domain.max)());
 
-        add_segment(p1 + shift, p2 + shift, CGAL::Color(96, 104, 252));
-        add_segment(p1 + shift, p3 + shift, CGAL::Color(96, 104, 252));
-        add_segment(p2 + shift, p4 + shift, CGAL::Color(96, 104, 252));
-        add_segment(p3 + shift, p4 + shift, CGAL::Color(96, 104, 252));
+        add_segment(p1 + shift, p2 + shift, CGAL::IO::Color(96, 104, 252));
+        add_segment(p1 + shift, p3 + shift, CGAL::IO::Color(96, 104, 252));
+        add_segment(p2 + shift, p4 + shift, CGAL::IO::Color(96, 104, 252));
+        add_segment(p3 + shift, p4 + shift, CGAL::IO::Color(96, 104, 252));
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt
index 8add9262b9b..4de34cd9b43 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -101,6 +101,6 @@ Many classes and functions used by this package are defined within the package
 and \ref PkgMesh3Parameters.
 
 \cgalCRPSection{Input/Output Functions}
-- \link PkgPeriodic3Mesh3IOFunctions `CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit()` \endlink
+- \link PkgPeriodic3Mesh3IOFunctions `CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit()` \endlink
 
 */
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Periodic_3_mesh_3.txt b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Periodic_3_mesh_3.txt
index 1996212d4c9..5d1380e5950 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Periodic_3_mesh_3.txt
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/doc/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Periodic_3_mesh_3.txt
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ This section presents various use cases of the periodic mesh generator.
 \subsection Periodic_3_mesh_3SubMultipleCopies Visualizing Multiple Copies of a Periodic Mesh
 
 Generated meshes can be output to the `.mesh` file format, which can be visualized with the demo
-of the package \ref PkgPolyhedron. The function \link PkgPeriodic3Mesh3IOFunctions `CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit()` \endlink
+of the package \ref PkgPolyhedron. The function \link PkgPeriodic3Mesh3IOFunctions `CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit()` \endlink
 takes a stream, a mesh complex, and - optionally - the number of periodic copies that should be drawn,
 making it easier to observe the periodicity of the result.
 \cgalFigureRef{Periodic_3_mesh_3Periodic_copies} illustrates the different output
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_multi_domain.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_multi_domain.cpp
index 40ca5720f0c..0b57091170c 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_multi_domain.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_multi_domain.cpp
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("output_multi_domain.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit<C3t3>(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output,
-                                            false /*do not associate different colors to each copy*/,
-                                            false /*do not rebind*/, true /*show patches*/);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit<C3t3>(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output,
+                                                false /*do not associate different colors to each copy*/,
+                                                false /*do not rebind*/, true /*show patches*/);
 
   std::cout << "EXIT SUCCESS" << std::endl;
   return 0;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape.cpp
index 2e74bc44c0b..9c39c8758e3 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   C3t3 c3t3 = CGAL::make_periodic_3_mesh_3<C3t3>(domain, criteria);
 
   std::ofstream medit_file("output_implicit_shape.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output);
 
   std::cout << "EXIT SUCCESS" << std::endl;
   return 0;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_features.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_features.cpp
index 6a0ceed004a..680b0153c95 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_features.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_features.cpp
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   C3t3 c3t3 = CGAL::make_periodic_3_mesh_3<C3t3>(domain, criteria, no_features(),
                                                  no_exude(), no_perturb());
   std::ofstream medit_file("output_implicit_shape_without_protection.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output);
 
   // Mesh generation WITH feature preservation (and no optimizers)
   C3t3 c3t3_bis = CGAL::make_periodic_3_mesh_3<C3t3>(domain, criteria, features(),
                                                      no_exude(), no_perturb());
   std::ofstream medit_file_bis("output_implicit_shape_with_protection.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis, number_of_copies_in_output);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis, number_of_copies_in_output);
 
   std::cout << "EXIT SUCCESS" << std::endl;
   return 0;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_optimizers.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_optimizers.cpp
index 1bf84816848..3d2c42a4c4e 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_optimizers.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_optimizers.cpp
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
                                                  exude(sliver_bound=10, time_limit=0));
 
   std::ofstream medit_file("output_implicit_shape_optimized.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
 
   // Below, the mesh generation and the optimizations are done in several calls
   C3t3 c3t3_bis = CGAL::make_periodic_3_mesh_3<C3t3>(domain, criteria,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
                                                      no_perturb(), no_exude());
 
   std::ofstream medit_file_bis("output_implicit_shape_non-optimized.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
 
   // Now, call each optimizer with its global function
   CGAL::odt_optimize_periodic_3_mesh_3(c3t3_bis, domain, convergence=0.03, freeze_bound=0.02, time_limit=30);
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   CGAL::exude_periodic_3_mesh_3(c3t3_bis, sliver_bound=10, time_limit=0);
 
   std::ofstream medit_file_ter("output_implicit_shape_two_steps.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_ter, c3t3_bis, number_of_copies_in_output);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_ter, c3t3_bis, number_of_copies_in_output);
 
   std::cout << "EXIT SUCCESS" << std::endl;
   return 0;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_subdomains.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_subdomains.cpp
index 4d6c01aff53..8de56fad9a7 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_subdomains.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/examples/Periodic_3_mesh_3/mesh_implicit_shape_with_subdomains.cpp
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file("output_implicit_with_subdomains.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, number_of_copies_in_output);
 
   std::cout << "EXIT SUCCESS" << std::endl;
   return 0;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/IO/File_medit.h b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/IO/File_medit.h
index 63c2b6bb934..dda69561ff2 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/IO/File_medit.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/IO/File_medit.h
@@ -330,6 +330,8 @@ void output_to_medit(std::ostream& os,
 
 } // namespace Periodic_3_mesh_3
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /**
  * \brief outputs a periodic mesh to the .mesh file format, which can be visualized
  *        using medit. By default, 7 copies are used, for a total of 8 instances of the domains.
@@ -367,6 +369,12 @@ void output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(std::ostream& os,
   }
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit;
+#endif
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_PERIODIC_3_MESH_3_IO_FILE_MEDIT_H
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_bunch.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_bunch.cpp
index 2609fdfc15a..b39838e6dc7 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_bunch.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_bunch.cpp
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ int main()
 
     // Output
     std::ofstream medit_file(file_name.c_str());
-    CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
+    CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3);
   }
 
   std::cout << "EXIT SUCCESS" << std::endl;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_with_features.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_with_features.cpp
index 4025ca277bb..2a297d3f89b 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_with_features.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_implicit_shapes_with_features.cpp
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void test_protected_sphere()
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file_bis("protected_sphere.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ void test_protected_squary_cylinder()
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file_bis("squary_cylinder.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
 }
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ void test_protected_squary_cylinder_2()
 
   // Output
   std::ofstream medit_file_bis("squary_cylinder_2.mesh");
-  CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
+  CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file_bis, c3t3_bis);
 }
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_triply_periodic_minimal_surfaces.cpp b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_triply_periodic_minimal_surfaces.cpp
index 812fde428ba..cab19a02eda 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_triply_periodic_minimal_surfaces.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test/Periodic_3_mesh_3/test_triply_periodic_minimal_surfaces.cpp
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
         oss_2 << iter->first << "__" << it->first << "__" << *i  << ".mesh";
         std::string output_filename = oss_2.str();
         std::ofstream medit_file( output_filename.data() );
-        CGAL::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, *i);
+        CGAL::IO::output_periodic_mesh_to_medit(medit_file, c3t3, *i);
         medit_file.close();
 
         std::cout << ", " << *i << "-copy Saved" << std::flush;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/README b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/README
index 3396740a56e..82227c8a755 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/README
+++ b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/README
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class for the triangulation data structure.
 If the user does not need to add a type in a vertex that depends on the
 TriangulationDataStructure_3 (e.g. a Vertex_handle or Cell_handle), then he can
 use the Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3 class to add his own information
-easily in the vertices. This example shows how to add a CGAL::Color this way.
+easily in the vertices. This example shows how to add a CGAL::IO::Color this way.
 
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/colored_vertices.cpp b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/colored_vertices.cpp
index 989b702679a..73afbf028eb 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/colored_vertices.cpp
+++ b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/examples/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/colored_vertices.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_3<Gt, VbDS>       Vb;
 typedef CGAL::Periodic_3_triangulation_ds_cell_base_3<> CbDS;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_cell_base_3<Gt, CbDS>       Cb;
 
-typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3<CGAL::Color, Gt, Vb> VbInfo;
+typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3<CGAL::IO::Color, Gt, Vb> VbInfo;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_data_structure_3<VbInfo, Cb>                 TDS;
 typedef CGAL::Periodic_3_Delaunay_triangulation_3<Gt, TDS>               P3DT3;
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
   P3DT3::Vertex_iterator vit;
   for (vit = T.vertices_begin(); vit != T.vertices_end(); ++vit) {
     if (T.degree(vit) == 16) {
-      vit->info() = CGAL::red();
+      vit->info() = CGAL::IO::red();
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/Point_set_3/doc/Point_set_3/PackageDescription.txt b/Point_set_3/doc/Point_set_3/PackageDescription.txt
index e8a7fec57d9..966775eda7c 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/doc/Point_set_3/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Point_set_3/doc/Point_set_3/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ These overloads, available after including `CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h`,
 allow the user to call point set processing algorithms without having
 to handle manually property maps and iterators.
 
-- `CGAL::read_point_set()`
-- `CGAL::write_point_set()`
+- `CGAL::IO::read_point_set()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_point_set()`
 - \link PkgPointSet3IOLAS I/O for `LAS` files \endlink
 - \link PkgPointSet3IOOFF I/O for `OFF` files \endlink
 - \link PkgPointSet3IOPLY I/O for `PLY` files \endlink
diff --git a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/draw_point_set_3.cpp b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/draw_point_set_3.cpp
index 1adcd7245f3..9a0d04904f9 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/draw_point_set_3.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/draw_point_set_3.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/oni.xyz";
 
   Point_set point_set;
-  if(!CGAL::read_point_set(filename, point_set))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_point_set(filename, point_set))
   {
     std::cerr << "Can't read input file " << filename << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_advanced.cpp b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_advanced.cpp
index 795cc43f9f8..84dec4e5e8f 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_advanced.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_advanced.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   point_set.add_normal_map();
 
   // Reading input in OFF format
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(filename, point_set.index_back_inserter(),
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(filename, point_set.index_back_inserter(),
                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(point_set.point_push_map())
                                          .normal_map(point_set.normal_push_map())))
   {
diff --git a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_ply.cpp b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_ply.cpp
index 5a58de114cb..e59c33b4e93 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_ply.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_ply.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   Point_set point_set;
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_PLY(f, point_set)) // same as `f >> point_set`
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_PLY(f, point_set)) // same as `f >> point_set`
   {
     std::cerr << "Can't read input file " << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   if(argc > 2 && strcmp (argv[2], "-b") == 0) // Optional binary output
   {
-    CGAL::write_PLY("out.ply", point_set, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_PLY("out.ply", point_set, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   }
   else // ASCII output
   {
-    CGAL::write_PLY("out.ply", point_set, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)
+    CGAL::IO::write_PLY("out.ply", point_set, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)
                                                            .use_binary_mode(false));
   }
 
diff --git a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_xyz.cpp b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_xyz.cpp
index c9ce2d6e757..f5337e3f7fa 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_xyz.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_3/examples/Point_set_3/point_set_read_xyz.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   // Reading input
   Point_set point_set;
-  if(!CGAL::read_XYZ(fname, point_set))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(fname, point_set))
   {
     std::cerr << "Can't read input file " << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   }
 
   // Writing result in OFF format
-  if(!CGAL::write_OFF("normalized_normals.off", point_set, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::write_OFF("normalized_normals.off", point_set, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17)))
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h
index 340977be711..b0da6a026d8 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO.h
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ bool read_point_set(const std::string& fname,
                     CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& ps,
                     const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
 
   if(ext == "xyz" || ext == "pwn")
     return read_XYZ(fname, ps);
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ bool write_point_set(const std::string& fname,
                      CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& ps,
                      const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
 
   if(ext == "xyz")
     return write_XYZ(fname, ps, np);
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
index 140dedacc51..be66ddb97dd 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ bool read_LAS(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::read_LAS()` \endlink should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_LAS()` \endlink should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_point_set(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& fname,
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::write_LAS()` \endlink should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_LAS()` \endlink should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_las_point_set(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
index 56c5babf653..3f37d0cf911 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::read_OFF()` \endlink  should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off_point_set(std::istream& is,  ///< input stream.
                                         CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)  ///< point set.
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, point_set);
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, point_set);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
@@ -221,13 +221,13 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::write_OFF()` \endlink  should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off_point_set(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
                                          const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set) ///< point set
 {
-  return write_OFF(os, point_set);
+  return IO::write_OFF(os, point_set);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
index cf8da2e5401..c6966fd553b 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public:
 
     for(std::size_t j=0; j<element.number_of_properties(); ++j)
     {
-      IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(j);
+      internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(j);
 
       const std::string& name = property->name();
       if(name == "x" ||
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
     return false;
   }
 
-  IO::internal::PLY_reader reader(true);
-  IO::internal::Point_set_3_filler<Point, Vector> filler(point_set);
+  internal::PLY_reader reader(true);
+  internal::Point_set_3_filler<Point, Vector> filler(point_set);
 
   if(!(reader.init(is)))
   {
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
 
   for(std::size_t i=0; i<reader.number_of_elements(); ++i)
   {
-    IO::internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
+    internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
 
     bool is_vertex = (element.name() == "vertex" || element.name() == "vertices");
     if(is_vertex)
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
     {
       for(std::size_t k=0; k<element.number_of_properties(); ++k)
       {
-        IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
+        internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
         property->get(is);
         if(is.fail())
           return false;
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::read_PLY()` \endlink  should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_PLY()` \endlink  should be used instead.
 
   \brief reads a point set with properties from an input stream in ASCII or Binary PLY format.
 
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::write_PLY()` \endlink  should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_PLY()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_point_set(std::ostream& os,
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
index 2150e6a817b..c74a184011c 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ bool read_XYZ(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::read_XYZ()` \endlink  should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_XYZ()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_xyz_point_set(std::istream& is, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ bool write_XYZ(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::write_XYZ()` \endlink  should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_XYZ()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_xyz_point_set(std::ostream& os, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)
diff --git a/Point_set_3/test/Point_set_3/point_set_test.cpp b/Point_set_3/test/Point_set_3/point_set_test.cpp
index 1e03a609caf..1adfaca14a6 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/test/Point_set_3/point_set_test.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_3/test/Point_set_3/point_set_test.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main (int, char**)
   test (point_set.has_normal_map(), "point set should have normals.");
 
   const char* fname ("data/oni.pwn");
-  if(!CGAL::read_point_set(fname, point_set))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_point_set(fname, point_set))
   {
     test (false, "failed to read input point set.");
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
index 81148189230..a4416b9e51b 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ bool read_las_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 /**
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator,
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points_with_properties(std::istream& is,
 /**
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_LAS()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_LAS()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator,
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
index 8c966bc236a..4b33393b61f 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ bool read_off_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-             \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff `CGAL::read_OFF()` \endlink should be used instead.
+             \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator,
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
index 4afebdf219b..426ce3e663a 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-             \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::read_PLY_with_properties()` \endlink should be used instead.
+             \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::read_PLY_with_properties()` \endlink should be used instead.
   */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator, typename ... PropertyHandler>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points_with_properties(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, PropertyHandler&& ... properties)
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points_with_properties(std::istream& is, OutputIte
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
    \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-               \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::read_PLY()` \endlink should be used instead.
+               \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::read_PLY()` \endlink should be used instead.
   */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, OutputIterator output, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
index 0fe8b27888f..dd9c5fc5a6a 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
    \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-               \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz `CGAL::read_XYZ()` \endlink should be used instead.
+               \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz `CGAL::IO::read_XYZ()` \endlink should be used instead.
 
    \returns `true` if reading was successful, `false` otherwise.
 */
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
index 56bd3144229..eb4b33fb763 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ bool write_las_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 /**
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange,
           typename PointMap,
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_las_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os,
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_LAS()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_LAS()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool write_las_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
index 5b7b59d5d6e..83bf88aa5b3 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ bool write_off_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-              \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff `CGAL::write_OFF()` \endlink should be used instead.
+              \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
index 994e6ccfcfa..bbb379f84cb 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
 \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-            \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::write_PLY_with_properties()` \endlink should be used instead.
+            \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange,
           typename ... PropertyHandler>
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os, ///< out
 \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
 \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-            \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::write_PLY()` \endlink should be used instead.
+            \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::write_PLY()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction.cpp b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction.cpp
index fdbf3a92357..b958d1a23d3 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction.cpp
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction.cpp
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
       // Reads the point set file in points[].
       // Note: read_points() requires an iterator over points
       // + property maps to access each point's position and normal.
-      if (!CGAL::read_points(input_filename.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
-                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::make_first_of_pair_property_map(Point_with_normal()))
-                                              .normal_map(CGAL::make_second_of_pair_property_map(Point_with_normal()))))
+      if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(input_filename.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
+                                  CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::make_first_of_pair_property_map(Point_with_normal()))
+                                                    .normal_map(CGAL::make_second_of_pair_property_map(Point_with_normal()))))
       {
         std::cerr << "Error: cannot read input file!" << input_filename << std::endl;
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_example.cpp b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_example.cpp
index 5495f15ec8e..da42893dc93 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_example.cpp
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_example.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ int main(void)
     // Note: read_points() requires an iterator over points
     // + property maps to access each point's position and normal.
     PointList points;
-    if(!CGAL::read_points("data/kitten.xyz", std::back_inserter(points),
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_points("data/kitten.xyz", std::back_inserter(points),
                           CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
                                            .normal_map (Normal_map())))
     {
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_function.cpp b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_function.cpp
index f12f9e2cc6a..ef45d80cdde 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_function.cpp
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_function.cpp
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ int main(void)
 {
   std::vector<Pwn> points;
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_points("data/kitten.xyz", std::back_inserter(points),
-                        CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
-                                         .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points("data/kitten.xyz", std::back_inserter(points),
+                            CGAL::parameters::point_map(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())
+                                             .normal_map(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<Pwn>())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read input file!" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp
index a763eb28516..53fa20806e5 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
 
     std::ofstream f ("out.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
     CGAL::set_binary_mode (f);
-    CGAL::write_PLY(f, output_mesh);
+    CGAL::IO::write_PLY(f, output_mesh);
     f.close ();
 
     //! [Output poisson]
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_and_parallel_mesh_3.cpp b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_and_parallel_mesh_3.cpp
index cd97fccbb99..8de4b572bff 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_and_parallel_mesh_3.cpp
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_and_parallel_mesh_3.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
 
   std::ifstream stream("data/oni.pwn");
   if (!stream ||
-      !CGAL::read_XYZ
+      !CGAL::IO::read_XYZ
       (stream, std::back_inserter(points),
        CGAL::parameters::
        point_map(Point_map()).
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_test.cpp b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_test.cpp
index 6bdd6b504c8..760e505dc27 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_test.cpp
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/test/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/poisson_reconstruction_test.cpp
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
       // Note: read_points() requires an iterator over points
       // + property maps to access each point's position and normal.
       // The position property map can be omitted here as we use iterators over Point_3 elements.
-      if (!CGAL::read_points(
+      if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(
             input_filename.c_str(),
             std::back_inserter(points),
             CGAL::parameters::normal_map
diff --git a/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_2.h b/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_2.h
index 60522c9263d..fc4ad6f6567 100644
--- a/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_2.h
+++ b/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_2.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ protected:
 
     Point prev=p2.vertex(p2.size()-1);
 
-    CGAL::Color c(75,160,255);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c(75,160,255);
     face_begin(c);
 
     for (typename P2::Vertex_const_iterator i=p2.vertices_begin();
diff --git a/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_with_holes_2.h b/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_with_holes_2.h
index 0781eb883f7..7b420eea9b6 100644
--- a/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_with_holes_2.h
+++ b/Polygon/include/CGAL/draw_polygon_with_holes_2.h
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ protected:
 
     if (p2.outer_boundary().is_empty()) return;
 
-    CGAL::Color c(75,160,255);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c(75,160,255);
     face_begin(c);
 
     compute_one_loop_elements(p2.outer_boundary(), false);
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/PackageDescription.txt b/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/PackageDescription.txt
index 860b966cdcd..8e5e7c71448 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -227,6 +227,6 @@ The page \ref bgl_namedparameters "Named Parameters" describes their usage.
 - `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::transform()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O Functions}
-- \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()`\endlink
+- \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()`\endlink
 
 */
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/Polygon_mesh_processing.txt b/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/Polygon_mesh_processing.txt
index 0a5ed04fdd6..bfd466412fb 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/Polygon_mesh_processing.txt
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/doc/Polygon_mesh_processing/Polygon_mesh_processing.txt
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ In all functions of this package, the polygon meshes are required to be models
 of the graph concepts defined in the package \ref PkgBGLRef. Using common graph concepts
 enables having common input/output functions for all the models of these concepts.
 The page \ref PkgBGLIOFct provides an exhaustive description of the available I/O functions.
-In addition, this package offers the function `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()`,
+In addition, this package offers the function `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()`,
 which can perform some reparation if the input data do not represent a manifold surface.
 
 ****************************************
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example.cpp
index 62a9174d816..ae64831a611 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Surface_mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example_Polyhedron.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example_Polyhedron.cpp
index b8c732a0c1b..72f8b9a0fa0 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example_Polyhedron.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compute_normals_example_Polyhedron.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Polyhedron mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/connected_components_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/connected_components_example.cpp
index b0dd145c427..a0c70aad6cb 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/connected_components_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/connected_components_example.cpp
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby_3cc.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_LCC.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_LCC.cpp
index dd9749b2682..c3c74c76457 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_LCC.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_LCC.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   LCC mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   std::ofstream output("mesh1_refined.off");
   output.precision(17);
-  CGAL::write_OFF(output, mesh1);
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output, mesh1);
   output.close();
   output.open("mesh2_refined.off");
-  CGAL::write_OFF(output, mesh2);
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output, mesh2);
   output.close();
 
   return 0;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_SM.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_SM.cpp
index e4660e6fdef..2968f4ccce3 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_SM.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_SM.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
             << num_vertices(mesh1) << " and "
             << num_vertices(mesh2) << "\n";
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("mesh1_refined.off", mesh1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("mesh2_refined.off", mesh2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("mesh1_refined.off", mesh1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("mesh2_refined.off", mesh2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_consecutive_bool_op.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_consecutive_bool_op.cpp
index 5c70a466b34..5aa7e826c4d 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_consecutive_bool_op.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_consecutive_bool_op.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
                                          params::vertex_point_map(mesh2_vpm) ) )
     {
       std::cout << "Intersection and union were successfully computed\n";
-      CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("inter_union.off", mesh2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+      CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("inter_union.off", mesh2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
       return 0;
     }
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_difference_remeshed.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_difference_remeshed.cpp
index 54df02b8707..91a926f46b8 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_difference_remeshed.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_difference_remeshed.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   if (valid_difference)
   {
     std::cout << "Difference was successfully computed\n";
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("difference.off", mesh1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("difference.off", mesh1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   }
   else
   {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   PMP::isotropic_remeshing(selected_faces, 0.02, mesh1,
                            params::edge_is_constrained_map(is_constrained_map));
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("difference_remeshed.off", mesh1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("difference_remeshed.off", mesh1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union.cpp
index be53bb63b82..feb74ddf134 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   if(valid_union)
   {
     std::cout << "Union was successfully computed\n";
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("union.off", out, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("union.off", out, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
     return 0;
   }
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_and_intersection.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_and_intersection.cpp
index 2ea59a2ac90..56ded659e4d 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_and_intersection.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_and_intersection.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   if (res[PMP::Corefinement::UNION])
   {
     std::cout << "Union was successfully computed\n";
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("union.off", out_union, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("union.off", out_union, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   }
   else
     std::cout << "Union could not be computed\n";
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   if (res[PMP::Corefinement::INTERSECTION])
   {
     std::cout << "Intersection was successfully computed\n";
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("intersection.off", out_intersection, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("intersection.off", out_intersection, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   }
   else
     std::cout << "Intersection could not be computed\n";
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_with_attributes.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_with_attributes.cpp
index 787844be103..d40fbe0e903 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_with_attributes.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_mesh_union_with_attributes.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   if (valid_union)
   {
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("union.off", out, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("union.off", out, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
     return 0;
   }
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_polyhedron_union.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_polyhedron_union.cpp
index 71bdd4cd2f7..e8ba71436c1 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_polyhedron_union.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/corefinement_polyhedron_union.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/detect_features_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/detect_features_example.cpp
index a95c322fc77..ee3c704e7ed 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/detect_features_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/detect_features_example.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/P.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/face_filtered_graph_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/face_filtered_graph_example.cpp
index 9d54eea2319..8fc832cf4dc 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/face_filtered_graph_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/face_filtered_graph_example.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby_3cc.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example.cpp
index 2a98bb66781..fe2cfb4a75c 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/mech-holes-shark.off";
 
   Polyhedron poly;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_LCC.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_LCC.cpp
index 7dd03e34d99..b7ee221fd8e 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_LCC.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_LCC.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/mech-holes-shark.off";
 
   LCC mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   std::ofstream out("filled_LCC.off");
   out.precision(17);
-  CGAL::write_OFF(out, mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF(out, mesh);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_SM.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_SM.cpp
index 40689ff2054..ea4082b0c5c 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_SM.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/hole_filling_example_SM.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/mech-holes-shark.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::cout << std::endl;
   std::cout << nb_holes << " holes have been filled" << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("filled_SM.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("filled_SM.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   std::cout << "Mesh written to: filled_SM.off" << std::endl;
 
   return 0;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_example.cpp
index 2fb29d976ef..77e11fe115c 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_example.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/pig.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_of_patch_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_of_patch_example.cpp
index fa67dc57d25..6a331b6a38c 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_of_patch_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/isotropic_remeshing_of_patch_example.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/pig.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
                            .protect_constraints(true)//i.e. protect border, here
                            );
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("out.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("out.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   std::cout << "Remeshing done." << std::endl;
 
   return 0;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/manifoldness_repair_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/manifoldness_repair_example.cpp
index 94274b740b3..f035ccc4946 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/manifoldness_repair_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/manifoldness_repair_example.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || CGAL::is_empty(mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || CGAL::is_empty(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_slicer_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_slicer_example.cpp
index c8708ba8570..b6dc14e8ff1 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_slicer_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_slicer_example.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || CGAL::is_empty(mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || CGAL::is_empty(mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_smoothing_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_smoothing_example.cpp
index afb47b3a465..9aff9d2306d 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_smoothing_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/mesh_smoothing_example.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/anchor_dense.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
                                          .use_safety_constraints(false) // authorize all moves
                                          .edge_is_constrained_map(eif));
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_smoothed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_smoothed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   std::cout << "Done!" << std::endl;
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orient_polygon_soup_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orient_polygon_soup_example.cpp
index 49cc2711c2f..f0d37d9af7d 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orient_polygon_soup_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orient_polygon_soup_example.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::vector<K::Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > polygons;
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, polygons) || points.empty())
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup(filename, points, polygons) || points.empty())
   {
     std::cerr << "Cannot open file " << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orientation_pipeline_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orientation_pipeline_example.cpp
index bfb6d31f783..f34b46b8604 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orientation_pipeline_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/orientation_pipeline_example.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > polygons;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_soup(input_filename, points, polygons) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup(input_filename, points, polygons) ||
      points.size() == 0 || polygons.size() == 0)
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: can not read input file.\n";
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   }
 
   Mesh ref1;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(reference_filename, ref1))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(reference_filename, ref1))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/point_inside_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/point_inside_example.cpp
index 355430023c3..87250a1703e 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/point_inside_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/point_inside_example.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Polyhedron poly;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly) || CGAL::is_empty(poly) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(poly))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly) || CGAL::is_empty(poly) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(poly))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/polyhedral_envelope_of_triangle_soup.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/polyhedral_envelope_of_triangle_soup.cpp
index 97a0fa3a607..89c4b7a659c 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/polyhedral_envelope_of_triangle_soup.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/polyhedral_envelope_of_triangle_soup.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > polygons;
 
-  CGAL::read_OFF(in, points, polygons);
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, points, polygons);
 
   Envelope envelope(points, polygons, eps);
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/random_perturbation_SM_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/random_perturbation_SM_example.cpp
index d68467b62bf..2455f47fac8 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/random_perturbation_SM_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/random_perturbation_SM_example.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Surface_mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   PMP::random_perturbation(mesh, max_size, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(mesh.points()).geom_traits(K()));
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("data/eight_perturbed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("data/eight_perturbed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/refine_fair_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/refine_fair_example.cpp
index b850c28ae6e..de44126ec22 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/refine_fair_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/refine_fair_example.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby.off";
 
   Polyhedron poly;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(poly))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, poly) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(poly))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/self_intersections_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/self_intersections_example.cpp
index 75e7e45c3a0..a7b5037743d 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/self_intersections_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/self_intersections_example.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/pig.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) || !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/shape_smoothing_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/shape_smoothing_example.cpp
index ae7ba6f4926..7268a84b337 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/shape_smoothing_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/shape_smoothing_example.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/pig.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   PMP::smooth_shape(mesh, time, PMP::parameters::number_of_iterations(nb_iterations)
                                                 .vertex_is_constrained_map(vcmap));
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_shape_smoothed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_shape_smoothed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   std::cout << "Done!" << std::endl;
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/stitch_borders_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/stitch_borders_example.cpp
index 149bf6a5fee..7da94ff1bf5 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/stitch_borders_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/stitch_borders_example.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/full_border_quads.off";
 
   Polyhedron mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::cout << "\t Number of halfedges :\t" << mesh.size_of_halfedges() << std::endl;
   std::cout << "\t Number of facets    :\t" << mesh.size_of_facets() << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_stitched.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_stitched.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_mesh_intersection.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_mesh_intersection.cpp
index 177e55f46c3..9f925bdbdce 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_mesh_intersection.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_mesh_intersection.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "data/eight.off";
 
   Mesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) || !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_example.cpp
index 70c6db3c96f..7391186d70a 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_example.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* outfilename = (argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "P_tri.off";
 
   Surface_mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     if(!CGAL::is_triangle(halfedge(f, mesh), mesh))
       std::cerr << "Error: non-triangular face left in mesh." << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh(outfilename, mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh(outfilename, mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_split_visitor_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_split_visitor_example.cpp
index 4036a4c504a..5091e5e447a 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_split_visitor_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces_split_visitor_example.cpp
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   Surface_mesh copy;
 
-  copy_face_graph(mesh, copy, CGAL::Emptyset_iterator(), CGAL::Emptyset_iterator(),Insert_iterator(t2q));
+  CGAL::copy_face_graph(mesh, copy, CGAL::parameters::face_to_face_output_iterator(Insert_iterator(t2q)));
 
   Visitor v(t2q);
   CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::triangulate_faces(copy,
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/volume_connected_components.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/volume_connected_components.cpp
index c800b9e3c27..8b90977371b 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/volume_connected_components.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/volume_connected_components.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby.off";
 
   Surface_mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h
index d932c5b7583..4fe8a9deaf0 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/IO/polygon_mesh_io.h
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 namespace Polygon_mesh_processing {
-
+namespace IO {
 /*!
   \ingroup PMP_IO_grp
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ namespace Polygon_mesh_processing {
  *
  * \return `true` if the reading, repairing, and orientation operations were successful, `false` otherwise.
  *
- * \sa \link PkgBGLIOFct `CGAL::write_polygon_mesh()` \endlink
+ * \sa \link PkgBGLIOFct `CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh()` \endlink
  */
 template <typename PolygonMesh, typename NamedParameters>
 bool read_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname,
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ bool read_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname,
 
   std::vector<Point> points;
   std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > faces;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_soup(fname, points, faces))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup(fname, points, faces))
   {
     if(verbose)
       std::cerr << "Warning: cannot read polygon soup" << std::endl;
@@ -135,11 +135,12 @@ bool read_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname,
 template <typename PolygonMesh>
 bool read_polygon_mesh(const std::string& fname, PolygonMesh& g)
 {
-  return CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
+  return CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
 } // namespace Polygon_mesh_processing
 } // namespace CGAL
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_degeneracies.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_degeneracies.h
index 8254cfa4384..cb4a1ce9e08 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_degeneracies.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_degeneracies.h
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ bool remove_almost_degenerate_faces(const FaceRange& face_range,
     std::cout << "Iter: " << iter << std::endl;
     std::ostringstream oss;
     oss << "degen_cleaning_iter_" << iter++ << ".off";
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh(oss.str(), tmesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh(oss.str(), tmesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
 
     if(edges_to_collapse.empty() && edges_to_flip.empty())
@@ -1680,7 +1680,7 @@ bool remove_degenerate_faces(const FaceRange& face_range,
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_DEGENERATE_FACES_DEBUG
   {
     std::cout <<"Done with null edges.\n";
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("/tmp/no_null_edges.off", tmesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("/tmp/no_null_edges.off", tmesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -1804,7 +1804,7 @@ bool remove_degenerate_faces(const FaceRange& face_range,
       std::vector<typename Traits::Point_3> points;
       std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > triangles;
       std::ifstream in("/tmp/out.off");
-      CGAL::read_OFF(in, points, triangles);
+      CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, points, triangles);
       if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh(triangles))
       {
         std::cerr << "Warning: got a polygon soup (may simply be a non-manifold vertex)!\n";
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
index 1f0d457ddda..7663a49a419 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ FaceOutputIterator replace_faces_with_patch(const std::vector<typename boost::gr
     remove_face(f, pmesh);
 
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_OUTPUT
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("results/last_patch_replacement.off", pmesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("results/last_patch_replacement.off", pmesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ bool remove_self_intersections_with_smoothing(std::set<typename boost::graph_tra
   CGAL::copy_face_graph(ffg, local_mesh, CP::vertex_point_map(vpm));
 
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_OUTPUT
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("results/local_mesh.off", local_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("results/local_mesh.off", local_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
 
   // Constrain sharp and border edges
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ bool remove_self_intersections_with_smoothing(std::set<typename boost::graph_tra
                                                                          .use_safety_constraints(false));
 
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_OUTPUT
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("results/post_smoothing_local_mesh.off", local_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("results/post_smoothing_local_mesh.off", local_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
 
   if(does_self_intersect(local_mesh))
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_envelope.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_envelope.h
index fe43b4f32d1..abc6f3804e4 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_envelope.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polyhedral_envelope.h
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
 #ifdef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
 #define CGAL_PMP_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS NamedParameters
 #define CGAL_PMP_NP_CLASS NamedParameters
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/autorefinement_sm.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/autorefinement_sm.cpp
index 97f80e530ee..e437fe6e23e 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/autorefinement_sm.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/autorefinement_sm.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Input mesh is not a valid off file." << std::endl;
     return 1;
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   PMP::experimental::autorefine(mesh);
   std::cout << "Number of vertices after autorefinement " << mesh.number_of_vertices() << "\n";
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_autorefined.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_autorefined.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   clear(mesh);
-  CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh);
+  CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh);
 
   std::cout << "Number of vertices before self-intersection removal " << mesh.number_of_vertices() << "\n";
   if (!PMP::experimental::autorefine_and_remove_self_intersections(mesh))
     std::cout << "WARNING: Cannot remove all self-intersections\n";
   std::cout << "Number of vertices after self-intersection removal " << mesh.number_of_vertices() << "\n";
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_fixed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("mesh_fixed.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_intersection_sm_poly.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_intersection_sm_poly.cpp
index 242e50edcbf..2eec580c5bc 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_intersection_sm_poly.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/surface_intersection_sm_poly.cpp
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ template <class TriangleMesh>
 void run(const char* filename1, const char* filename2, const char* msg)
 {
   TriangleMesh mesh1;
-  if ( !CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) ) {
+  if ( !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1) ) {
     std::cerr << filename1 << " is not a valid off file.\n";
     exit(1);
   }
 
   TriangleMesh mesh2;
-  if ( !CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2) ) {
+  if ( !PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, mesh2) ) {
     std::cerr << filename2 << " is not a valid off file.\n";
     exit(1);
   }
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefinement_bool_op.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefinement_bool_op.cpp
index 4cc5233a1ce..0355040ecad 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefinement_bool_op.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_corefinement_bool_op.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ void run_boolean_operations(
 #ifdef CGAL_COREFINEMENT_DEBUG
    std::stringstream fname;
    fname << scenario << "_tm1_union_tm2.off";
-   CGAL::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), union_, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+   CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), union_, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
   }
   else
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ void run_boolean_operations(
 #ifdef CGAL_COREFINEMENT_DEBUG
    std::stringstream fname;
    fname << scenario << "_tm1_inter_tm2.off";
-   CGAL::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), inter, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+   CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), inter, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
   }
   else
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void run_boolean_operations(
 #ifdef CGAL_COREFINEMENT_DEBUG
    std::stringstream fname;
    fname << scenario << "_tm1_minus_tm2.off";
-   CGAL::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), tm1_minus_tm2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+   CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), tm1_minus_tm2, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
   }
   else
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void run_boolean_operations(
 #ifdef CGAL_COREFINEMENT_DEBUG
    std::stringstream fname;
    fname << scenario << "_tm2_minus_tm1.off";
-   CGAL::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), tm2_minus_tm1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+   CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh(fname.str(), tm2_minus_tm1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 #endif
   }
   else
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh.cpp
index c6e889e008f..97836482d73 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ void test_polygon_soup(std::string fname, bool expected)
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_OFF(input, points, polygons))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_OFF(input, points, polygons))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error parsing the OFF file " << fname << "\n";
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_merging_border_vertices.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_merging_border_vertices.cpp
index a178117ab66..491837ea01d 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_merging_border_vertices.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_merging_border_vertices.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ void test_merge_duplicated_vertices_in_boundary_cycles(const char* fname,
   if (expected_nb_vertices==0)
   {
     std::cout << "writing output to out1.off\n";
-    CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("out1.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("out1.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp
index 7a908e33b8c..f1758c33948 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_distance.cpp
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > faces;
   std::vector<K::Point_3> points;
   input.open(argv[1]);
-  CGAL::read_OFF(input, points, faces);
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(input, points, faces);
   input.close();
 
   std::vector<K::Point_3> samples;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_non_conforming_snapping.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_non_conforming_snapping.cpp
index d9ede5fc7d0..c41b951d573 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_non_conforming_snapping.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_non_conforming_snapping.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void read_mesh(const char* filename,
   {
     std::vector<Point> points;
     std::vector<std::array<int, 3> > faces;
-    CGAL::read_STL(in, points, faces);
+    CGAL::IO::read_STL(in, points, faces);
 
     if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::orient_polygon_soup(points, faces))
       std::cerr << "W: File does not describe a polygon mesh" << std::endl;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_polyhedral_envelope.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_polyhedral_envelope.cpp
index 7127b22e3e0..1a7d4ff8041 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_polyhedral_envelope.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_polyhedral_envelope.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ void test_API()
   std::vector<EPIC::Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::array<int, 3> > triangles;
   std::ifstream in("data/eight.off");
-  CGAL::read_OFF(in, points, triangles);
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, points, triangles);
   CGAL::Surface_mesh<EPIC::Point_3> sm;
   CGAL::Polyhedron_3<EPIC> poly;
   PMP::polygon_soup_to_polygon_mesh(points, triangles, sm);
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_read_polygon_mesh.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_read_polygon_mesh.cpp
index 3ad4d43e8f5..e205ea5c5db 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_read_polygon_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_pmp_read_polygon_mesh.cpp
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ void test(const std::string& filename, const bool is_pm)
 
   Mesh g;
   std::cout<<"0"<<std::endl;
-  bool success = CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, g, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
+  bool success = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, g, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
   std::cout<<"1"<<std::endl;
   assert(is_pm == success); // if it's a pm, BGL reader should be enough
 
   g.clear();
-  success = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, g,
-                                                             CGAL::parameters::verbose(true)
-                                                                              .erase_all_duplicates(true));
+  success = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, g,
+                                                                 CGAL::parameters::verbose(true)
+                                                                                  .erase_all_duplicates(true));
   std::cout<<"2"<<std::endl;
   assert(success);
   assert(is_valid(g));
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ std::cout<<"3"<<std::endl;
   Custom_VPM<Mesh> cvpm(cpoints);
 std::cout<<"4"<<std::endl;
   Mesh g2;
-  success = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, g2,
-                                                             CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm)
-                                                                              .erase_all_duplicates(true));
+  success = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, g2,
+                                                                 CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm)
+                                                                                  .erase_all_duplicates(true));
   std::cout<<"5"<<std::endl;
   assert(success);
   assert(num_vertices(g) == num_vertices(g2));
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_remove_caps_needles.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_remove_caps_needles.cpp
index 6e28af873ee..cc9733d4c34 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_remove_caps_needles.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/test_remove_caps_needles.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
                                                     0.14);
 
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh("cleaned_mesh.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh("cleaned_mesh.off", mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   std::cout << "Output mesh has " << edges(mesh).size() << " edges\n";
   if (PMP::does_self_intersect(mesh))
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp
index 3a22ddec348..2e00f859e70 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ void test_triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2(
   std::string path = "data/" + file_name + ".off";
   std::ifstream in(path.c_str(), std::ios_base::in);
   CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
-  CGAL::read_OFF(in, pmesh);
+  CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, pmesh);
   in.close();
   if (verbose) {
     std::cout << "* finished reading the file" << std::endl;
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void test_triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2(
     path += "4464_" + file_name + ".off";
     std::ofstream out(path.c_str(), std::ios_base::out);
     CGAL::set_ascii_mode(out);
-    CGAL::write_OFF(out, pmesh);
+    CGAL::IO::write_OFF(out, pmesh);
     out.close();
     std::cout << "* finished writing the file" << std::endl;
   }
diff --git a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_model_complexty_control.cpp b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_model_complexty_control.cpp
index ef2f5599d51..81af025c489 100644
--- a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_model_complexty_control.cpp
+++ b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_model_complexty_control.cpp
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ int main()
   CGAL::Timer t;
   t.start();
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_PLY_with_properties(input_stream,
-                                      std::back_inserter(points),
-                                      CGAL::make_ply_point_reader(Point_map()),
-                                      CGAL::make_ply_normal_reader(Normal_map()),
-                                      std::make_pair(Plane_index_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("segment_index"))))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_PLY_with_properties(input_stream,
+                                          std::back_inserter(points),
+                                          CGAL::make_ply_point_reader(Point_map()),
+                                          CGAL::make_ply_normal_reader(Normal_map()),
+                                          std::make_pair(Plane_index_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("segment_index"))))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_file << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ int main()
   }
   else {
        const std::string& output_file = "data/building_result-0.05.off";
-       if (CGAL::write_OFF(output_file, model)) {
+       if (CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output_file, model)) {
            std::cout << " Done. Saved to " << output_file << ". Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
        }
        else {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ int main()
   }
   else {
        const std::string& output_file = "data/building_result-0.5.off";
-       if (CGAL::write_OFF(output_file, model))
+       if (CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output_file, model))
            std::cout << " Done. Saved to " << output_file << ". Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
        else {
            std::cerr << " Failed saving file." << std::endl;
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ int main()
   }
   else {
     const std::string& output_file = "data/building_result-0.7.off";
-    if (CGAL::write_OFF(output_file, model)){
+    if (CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output_file, model)){
       std::cout << " Done. Saved to " << output_file << ". Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
                 }
     else {
diff --git a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_user_provided_planes.cpp b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_user_provided_planes.cpp
index dbe23f024fb..3a032287bdd 100644
--- a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_user_provided_planes.cpp
+++ b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_user_provided_planes.cpp
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ int main()
   CGAL::Timer t;
   t.start();
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_PLY_with_properties(input_stream,
-                                      std::back_inserter(points),
-                                      CGAL::make_ply_point_reader(Point_map()),
-                                      CGAL::make_ply_normal_reader(Normal_map()),
-                                      std::make_pair(Plane_index_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("segment_index"))))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_PLY_with_properties(input_stream,
+                                          std::back_inserter(points),
+                                          CGAL::make_ply_point_reader(Point_map()),
+                                          CGAL::make_ply_normal_reader(Normal_map()),
+                                          std::make_pair(Plane_index_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("segment_index"))))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_file << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ int main()
 
   // Saves the mesh model
     const std::string& output_file("data/ball_result.off");
-    if (CGAL::write_OFF(output_file, model))
+    if (CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output_file, model))
         std::cout << " Done. Saved to " << output_file << ". Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
     else {
         std::cerr << " Failed saving file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_with_region_growing.cpp b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_with_region_growing.cpp
index a30cfd29c01..936034142cd 100644
--- a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_with_region_growing.cpp
+++ b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_with_region_growing.cpp
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ int main()
 
   CGAL::Timer t;
   t.start();
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(input_file.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map()))) {
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(input_file.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map()))) {
 
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_file << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ int main()
   std::cout << "Saving...";
   t.reset();
   const std::string& output_file("data/cube_result.off");
-  if (CGAL::write_OFF(output_file, model))
+  if (CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output_file, model))
     std::cout << " Done. Saved to " << output_file << ". Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
   else {
     std::cerr << " Failed saving file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_without_input_planes.cpp b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_without_input_planes.cpp
index 0f8365be9a7..1a5d215a79f 100644
--- a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_without_input_planes.cpp
+++ b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/examples/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polyfit_example_without_input_planes.cpp
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ int main()
 
   CGAL::Timer t;
   t.start();
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(input_file.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(input_file.c_str(), std::back_inserter(points),
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << input_file << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ int main()
   }
 
   const std::string& output_file("data/cube_result.off");
-  if (CGAL::write_OFF(output_file, model))
+  if (CGAL::IO::write_OFF(output_file, model))
     std::cout << " Done. Saved to " << output_file << ". Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
   else {
     std::cerr << " Failed saving file." << std::endl;
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ int main()
   algo.output_candidate_faces(candidate_faces);
   const std::string& candidate_faces_file("data/cube_candidate_faces.off");
   std::ofstream candidate_stream(candidate_faces_file.c_str());
-  if (CGAL::write_OFF(candidate_stream, candidate_faces))
+  if (CGAL::IO::write_OFF(candidate_stream, candidate_faces))
     std::cout << "Candidate faces saved to " << candidate_faces_file << "." << std::endl;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/test/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polygonal_surface_reconstruction_test_framework.h b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/test/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polygonal_surface_reconstruction_test_framework.h
index 01021729f87..0f0582591cf 100644
--- a/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/test/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polygonal_surface_reconstruction_test_framework.h
+++ b/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/test/Polygonal_surface_reconstruction/polygonal_surface_reconstruction_test_framework.h
@@ -84,37 +84,36 @@ int reconstruct(const std::string& input_file, bool force_extract_planes)
         CGAL::Timer t;
         t.start();
         if (extension == ".pwn") {
-        if (!CGAL::read_XYZ(
-                    input_stream,
-                    std::back_inserter(points),
-                    CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map())))
-                {
+          if (!CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(input_stream,
+                                  std::back_inserter(points),
+                                  CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).normal_map(Normal_map())))
+          {
             std::cerr << " Error: cannot read file " << input_file << std::endl;
-                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
-                }
-                else
-                        std::cout << " Done. " << points.size() << " points. Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+          }
+          else
+            std::cout << " Done. " << points.size() << " points. Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
         }
         else if (extension == ".ply") {
-        if (!CGAL::read_PLY_with_properties(
+        if (!CGAL::IO::read_PLY_with_properties(
                     input_stream,
                     std::back_inserter(points),
                     CGAL::make_ply_point_reader(Point_map()),
                     CGAL::make_ply_normal_reader(Normal_map()),
                     std::make_pair(Plane_index_map(), CGAL::PLY_property<int>("segment_index"))))
-                {
-            std::cerr << " Error: cannot read file " << input_file << std::endl;
-                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
-                }
-                else
-                        std::cout << " Done. " << points.size() << " points. Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
+        {
+          std::cerr << " Error: cannot read file " << input_file << std::endl;
+          return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+        else
+          std::cout << " Done. " << points.size() << " points. Time: " << t.time() << " sec." << std::endl;
 
-                int max_plane_index = 0;
+        int max_plane_index = 0;
         for (std::size_t i = 0; i < points.size(); ++i) {
-            int plane_index = points[i].template get<2>();
-                        if (plane_index > max_plane_index)
-                                max_plane_index = plane_index;
-                }
+          int plane_index = points[i].template get<2>();
+          if (plane_index > max_plane_index)
+            max_plane_index = plane_index;
+        }
 
                 int num_planes = max_plane_index + 1;
                 // if fewer than 4 planes provided, we consider it as not provided.
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.cpp
index 1de6a367cb5..b919ba2ca6b 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.cpp
@@ -389,10 +389,10 @@ void Cluster_classification::backup_existing_colors_and_add_new()
 {
   if (m_points->point_set()->has_colors())
   {
-    m_color = m_points->point_set()->add_property_map<CGAL::Color>("real_color").first;
+    m_color = m_points->point_set()->add_property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>("real_color").first;
     for (Point_set::const_iterator it = m_points->point_set()->begin();
          it != m_points->point_set()->first_selected(); ++ it)
-      m_color[*it] = CGAL::Color ((unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->red(*it)),
+      m_color[*it] = CGAL::IO::Color ((unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->red(*it)),
                                   (unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->green(*it)),
                                   (unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->blue(*it)));
 
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ void Cluster_classification::backup_existing_colors_and_add_new()
 
 void Cluster_classification::reset_colors()
 {
-  if (m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color>())
+  if (m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>())
     m_points->point_set()->remove_colors();
   else
   {
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ int Cluster_classification::real_index_color() const
 {
   int out = m_index_color;
 
-  if (out == 0 && m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color>())
+  if (out == 0 && m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>())
     out = -1;
   return out;
 }
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ void Cluster_classification::compute_features (std::size_t nb_scales, float voxe
   if (normals)
     normal_map = m_points->point_set()->normal_map();
 
-  bool colors = (m_color != Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color>());
+  bool colors = (m_color != Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>());
 
   Point_set::Property_map<boost::uint8_t> echo_map;
   bool echo;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.h
index e7b3df3e9b2..224a66d20c7 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Cluster_classification.h
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class Cluster_classification : public Item_classification_base
   Point_set::Property_map<unsigned char> m_red;
   Point_set::Property_map<unsigned char> m_green;
   Point_set::Property_map<unsigned char> m_blue;
-  Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color> m_color;
+  Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color> m_color;
   Point_set::Property_map<int> m_cluster_id;
   Point_set::Property_map<int> m_training;
   Point_set::Property_map<int> m_classif;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Item_classification_base.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Item_classification_base.h
index ad13090ccc9..5b860c1b15c 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Item_classification_base.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Item_classification_base.h
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ public:
   void change_label_color (std::size_t position, const QColor& color)
   {
     m_labels[position]->set_color
-      (CGAL::Color (color.red(), color.green(), color.blue()));
+      (CGAL::IO::Color (color.red(), color.green(), color.blue()));
   }
   void change_label_name (std::size_t position, const std::string& name)
   {
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.cpp
index 06a51d6d962..b6295553e1a 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.cpp
@@ -325,10 +325,10 @@ void Point_set_item_classification::backup_existing_colors_and_add_new()
 {
   if (m_points->point_set()->has_colors())
     {
-      m_color = m_points->point_set()->add_property_map<CGAL::Color>("real_color").first;
+      m_color = m_points->point_set()->add_property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>("real_color").first;
       for (Point_set::const_iterator it = m_points->point_set()->begin();
            it != m_points->point_set()->first_selected(); ++ it)
-        m_color[*it] = CGAL::Color((unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->red(*it)),
+        m_color[*it] = CGAL::IO::Color((unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->red(*it)),
                                    (unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->green(*it)),
                                    (unsigned char)(255 * m_points->point_set()->blue(*it)));
 
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ void Point_set_item_classification::backup_existing_colors_and_add_new()
 
 void Point_set_item_classification::reset_colors()
 {
-  if (m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color>())
+  if (m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>())
     m_points->point_set()->remove_colors();
   else
     {
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ int Point_set_item_classification::real_index_color() const
 {
   int out = m_index_color;
 
-  if (out == 0 && m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color>())
+  if (out == 0 && m_color == Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>())
     out = -1;
   return out;
 }
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ void Point_set_item_classification::compute_features (std::size_t nb_scales, flo
   if (normals)
     normal_map = m_points->point_set()->normal_map();
 
-  bool colors = (m_color != Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color>());
+  bool colors = (m_color != Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color>());
 
   Point_set::Property_map<boost::uint8_t> echo_map;
   bool echo;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.h
index bf6f3e1cf66..f52e2438aab 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Point_set_item_classification.h
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ class Point_set_item_classification : public Item_classification_base
   Point_set::Property_map<unsigned char> m_red;
   Point_set::Property_map<unsigned char> m_green;
   Point_set::Property_map<unsigned char> m_blue;
-  Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::Color> m_color;
+  Point_set::Property_map<CGAL::IO::Color> m_color;
   std::vector<std::vector<float> > m_label_probabilities;
 
   Point_set::Property_map<int> m_training;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.cpp
index 41f56217c4c..3fc12e4dd2f 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.cpp
@@ -58,27 +58,27 @@ Surface_mesh_item_classification::~Surface_mesh_item_classification()
 void Surface_mesh_item_classification::backup_existing_colors_and_add_new()
 {
   bool has_colors = false;
-  boost::tie (m_color, has_colors) = m_mesh->polyhedron()->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color>("f:color");
+  boost::tie (m_color, has_colors) = m_mesh->polyhedron()->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color");
   if (has_colors)
   {
     m_real_color
-      = m_mesh->polyhedron()->add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color>("f:real_color").first;
+      = m_mesh->polyhedron()->add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color>("f:real_color").first;
     for(face_descriptor fd : faces(*(m_mesh->polyhedron())))
     {
       m_real_color[fd] = m_color[fd];
-      m_color[fd] = CGAL::Color(128, 128, 128);
+      m_color[fd] = CGAL::IO::Color(128, 128, 128);
     }
   }
   else
     m_color =
-      m_mesh->polyhedron()->add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color>("f:color", CGAL::Color(128,128,128)).first;
+      m_mesh->polyhedron()->add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color", CGAL::IO::Color(128,128,128)).first;
 }
 
 void Surface_mesh_item_classification::change_color (int index, float* vmin, float* vmax)
 {
   m_index_color = index;
   int index_color = index;
-  if (index == 0 && m_real_color == Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color>())
+  if (index == 0 && m_real_color == Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color>())
     index_color = -1;
 
   static Color_ramp ramp;
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ void Surface_mesh_item_classification::change_color (int index, float* vmin, flo
   if (index_color == -1) // item color
   {
     for(face_descriptor fd : faces(*(m_mesh->polyhedron())))
-      m_color[fd] = CGAL::Color(128,128,128);
+      m_color[fd] = CGAL::IO::Color(128,128,128);
   }
   else if (index_color == 0) // real colors
   {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ void Surface_mesh_item_classification::change_color (int index, float* vmin, flo
       if (c != std::size_t(-1))
         color = label_qcolor (m_labels[c]);
 
-      m_color[fd] = CGAL::Color(color.red(), color.green(), color.blue());
+      m_color[fd] = CGAL::IO::Color(color.red(), color.green(), color.blue());
     }
   }
   else if (index_color == 2) // training
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void Surface_mesh_item_classification::change_color (int index, float* vmin, flo
       float div = 1;
       if (c != c2)
         div = 2;
-      m_color[fd] = CGAL::Color(color.red() / div,
+      m_color[fd] = CGAL::IO::Color(color.red() / div,
                                 color.green() / div,
                                 color.blue() / div);
     }
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ void Surface_mesh_item_classification::change_color (int index, float* vmin, flo
       {
         for(face_descriptor fd : faces(*(m_mesh->polyhedron())))
         {
-          m_color[fd] = CGAL::Color((unsigned char)(128),
+          m_color[fd] = CGAL::IO::Color((unsigned char)(128),
                                     (unsigned char)(128),
                                     (unsigned char)(128));
         }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ void Surface_mesh_item_classification::change_color (int index, float* vmin, flo
         for(face_descriptor fd : faces(*(m_mesh->polyhedron())))
         {
           float v = (std::max) (0.f, (std::min)(1.f, m_label_probabilities[corrected_index][fd]));
-          m_color[fd] = CGAL::Color((unsigned char)(ramp.r(v) * 255),
+          m_color[fd] = CGAL::IO::Color((unsigned char)(ramp.r(v) * 255),
                                     (unsigned char)(ramp.g(v) * 255),
                                     (unsigned char)(ramp.b(v) * 255));
         }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ void Surface_mesh_item_classification::change_color (int index, float* vmin, flo
         if (v < 0.f) v = 0.f;
         if (v > 1.f) v = 1.f;
 
-        m_color[fd] = CGAL::Color((unsigned char)(ramp.r(v) * 255),
+        m_color[fd] = CGAL::IO::Color((unsigned char)(ramp.r(v) * 255),
                                   (unsigned char)(ramp.g(v) * 255),
                                   (unsigned char)(ramp.b(v) * 255));
       }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.h
index 1b6b2c1e720..797e88de438 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Classification/Surface_mesh_item_classification.h
@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ protected:
   Scene_polyhedron_selection_item* m_selection;
   Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, std::size_t> m_training;
   Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, std::size_t> m_classif;
-  Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> m_color;
-  Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> m_real_color;
+  Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> m_color;
+  Mesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> m_real_color;
 
   std::vector<std::vector<float> > m_label_probabilities;
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Display/Display_property_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Display/Display_property_plugin.cpp
index 8b92ffb1b37..c787c901e5b 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Display/Display_property_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Display/Display_property_plugin.cpp
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ public:
     typedef boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::face_descriptor face_descriptor;
     typedef boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::halfedge_descriptor halfedge_descriptor;
     typedef boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::vertex_descriptor vertex_descriptor;
-    SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> vcolors =
-        sm->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color").first;
+    SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors =
+        sm->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color").first;
     SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, float> vdist=
         sm->property_map<vertex_descriptor, float >("v:dist").first;
     typedef CGAL::Buffer_for_vao<float, unsigned int> CPF;
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ public:
     }
     for(vertex_descriptor vd : vertices(*sm))
     {
-      CGAL::Color c = vcolors[vd];
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = vcolors[vd];
       colors.push_back((float)c.red()/255);
       colors.push_back((float)c.green()/255);
       colors.push_back((float)c.blue()/255);
@@ -966,8 +966,8 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
     dock_widget->maxBox->setValue(max);
     displayLegend();
     //}
-    SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> vcolors =
-        mesh.add_property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color", CGAL::Color()).first;
+    SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors =
+        mesh.add_property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color", CGAL::IO::Color()).first;
     SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, float> vdist=
         mesh.add_property_map<vertex_descriptor, float >("v:dist", 0.0).first;
     for(boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::vertex_iterator vit = vertices(mesh).begin();
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
         ++vit)
     {
       double h =(heat_intensity[*vit]-min)/(max-min);
-      CGAL::Color color(
+      CGAL::IO::Color color(
             255*color_ramp.r(h),
             255*color_ramp.g(h),
             255*color_ramp.b(h));
@@ -1535,7 +1535,7 @@ private:
           pit != this->dataset.end();
           ++pit)
       {
-        CGAL::Color color(
+        CGAL::IO::Color color(
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*pit]]].red(),
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*pit]]].green(),
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*pit]]].blue());
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ private:
           f = 0;
         if(f>1)
           f = 1;
-        CGAL::Color color(
+        CGAL::IO::Color color(
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.r(f),
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.g(f),
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.b(f));
@@ -1589,13 +1589,13 @@ private:
 
     void set_colors_map(std::unordered_map<Value_type, std::size_t> &value_index_map)
     {
-      SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> vcolors =
-          this->dataset.template add_property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color", CGAL::Color()).first;
+      SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors =
+          this->dataset.template add_property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color", CGAL::IO::Color()).first;
       for(boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::vertex_iterator vit = vertices(this->dataset).begin();
           vit != vertices(this->dataset).end();
           ++vit)
       {
-        CGAL::Color color(
+        CGAL::IO::Color color(
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*vit]]].red(),
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*vit]]].green(),
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*vit]]].blue());
@@ -1605,8 +1605,8 @@ private:
 
     void set_colors_ramp()
     {
-      SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> vcolors =
-          this->dataset.template add_property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color", CGAL::Color()).first;
+      SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors =
+          this->dataset.template add_property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color", CGAL::IO::Color()).first;
       float max = this->parent->maxBox;
       float min = this->parent->minBox;
       for(boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::vertex_iterator vit = vertices(this->dataset).begin();
@@ -1620,7 +1620,7 @@ private:
           f = 0;
         if(f>1)
           f = 1;
-        CGAL::Color color(
+        CGAL::IO::Color color(
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.r(f),
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.g(f),
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.b(f));
@@ -1648,13 +1648,13 @@ private:
 
     void set_colors_map(std::unordered_map<Value_type, std::size_t> &value_index_map)
     {
-      SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> fcolors =
-          this->dataset.template add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color", CGAL::Color()).first;
+      SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors =
+          this->dataset.template add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color", CGAL::IO::Color()).first;
       for(boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::face_iterator fit = faces(this->dataset).begin();
           fit != faces(this->dataset).end();
           ++fit)
       {
-        CGAL::Color color(
+        CGAL::IO::Color color(
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*fit]]].red(),
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*fit]]].green(),
               this->parent->color_map[value_index_map[this->property_map[*fit]]].blue());
@@ -1664,8 +1664,8 @@ private:
 
     void set_colors_ramp()
     {
-      SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> fcolors =
-          this->dataset.template add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color", CGAL::Color()).first;
+      SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors =
+          this->dataset.template add_property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color", CGAL::IO::Color()).first;
       float max = this->parent->maxBox;
       float min = this->parent->minBox;
       for(boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::face_iterator fit = faces(this->dataset).begin();
@@ -1679,7 +1679,7 @@ private:
           f = 0;
         if(f>1)
           f = 1;
-        CGAL::Color color(
+        CGAL::IO::Color color(
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.r(f),
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.g(f),
               255*this->parent->color_ramp.b(f));
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/3mf_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/3mf_io_plugin.cpp
index 401834f0a0f..739eb180174 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/3mf_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/3mf_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
   typedef std::vector<std::size_t> Polygon;
   typedef std::vector<Polygon> PolygonRange;
   typedef std::list<PointRange> PolylineRange;
-  typedef std::vector<CGAL::Color> ColorRange;
+  typedef std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> ColorRange;
   void init() Q_DECL_OVERRIDE
   {
     QMenu* menuFile = CGAL::Three::Three::mainWindow()->findChild<QMenu*>("menuFile");
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
     std::vector<PolygonRange> all_polygons;
     std::vector<std::string> names;
     QList<Scene_item*> result;
-    std::vector<std::vector<CGAL::Color> > all_colors;
+    std::vector<std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> > all_colors;
     int nb_meshes =
-        CGAL::read_3MF(fileinfo.filePath().toUtf8().toStdString(),
-                       all_points, all_polygons, all_colors, names);
+        CGAL::IO::read_3MF(fileinfo.filePath().toUtf8().toStdString(),
+                           all_points, all_polygons, all_colors, names);
     if(nb_meshes <0 )
     {
       ok = false;
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
       }
       SMesh mesh;
       PMP::polygon_soup_to_polygon_mesh(points, triangles, mesh);
-      CGAL::Color first = colors.front();
+      CGAL::IO::Color first = colors.front();
       bool need_pmap = false;
       for(auto color : colors)
       {
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
       }
       if(need_pmap)
       {
-        SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor,CGAL::Color> fcolor =
-            mesh.add_property_map<face_descriptor,CGAL::Color>("f:color",first).first;
+        SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor,CGAL::IO::Color> fcolor =
+            mesh.add_property_map<face_descriptor,CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color",first).first;
         for(std::size_t pid = 0; pid < colors.size(); ++pid)
         {
           put(fcolor, face_descriptor(pid), colors[pid]);//should work bc mesh is just created and shouldn't have any destroyed face. Not so sure bc of orientation though.
         }
       }
       Scene_surface_mesh_item* sm_item = new Scene_surface_mesh_item(mesh);
-      if(first == CGAL::Color(0,0,0,0))
-        first = CGAL::Color(50,80,120,255);
+      if(first == CGAL::IO::Color(0,0,0,0))
+        first = CGAL::IO::Color(50,80,120,255);
       sm_item->setColor(QColor(first.red(), first.green(), first.blue()));
       sm_item->setProperty("already_colored", true);
       sm_item->setName(names[i].data());
@@ -206,13 +206,13 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
         triangles.push_back(triangle);
       }
 
-      std::vector<CGAL::Color> colors;
+      std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> colors;
       //if item is multicolor, fill colors with f:color
       if(sm_item->isItemMulticolor())
       {
         colors.reserve(triangles.size());
-        SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> fcolors =
-            mesh.property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color").first;
+        SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors =
+            mesh.property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color").first;
         for(auto fd : mesh.faces())
         {
           colors.push_back(get(fcolors, fd));
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
         {
           int pid = get(fpid, fd);
           QColor q_color = sm_item->color_vector()[pid];
-          colors.push_back(CGAL::Color(q_color.red(), q_color.green(),
+          colors.push_back(CGAL::IO::Color(q_color.red(), q_color.green(),
                                        q_color.blue(), q_color.alpha()));
         }
       }
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
     for(Scene_points_with_normal_item* pts_item : pts_items)
     {
       QColor qc = pts_item->color();
-      CGAL::Color color(qc.red(), qc.green(), qc.blue());
+      CGAL::IO::Color color(qc.red(), qc.green(), qc.blue());
       CGAL::IO::write_point_cloud_to_model(pts_item->point_set()->points(), color,
                                        pts_item->name().toStdString(),
                                        &pMeshObject, pModel);
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ class Io_3mf_plugin:
           pol_it != pol_item->polylines.end(); ++pol_it)
       {
         QColor qc = pol_item->color();
-        CGAL::Color color(qc.red(), qc.green(), qc.blue());
+        CGAL::IO::Color color(qc.red(), qc.green(), qc.blue());
         CGAL::IO::write_polyline_to_model(*pol_it,color,
                                       pol_item->name().toStdString(),
                                       &pMeshObject, pModel);
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/GOCAD_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/GOCAD_io_plugin.cpp
index 1e4e522cf45..feeef33572e 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/GOCAD_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/GOCAD_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Polyhedron_demo_gocad_plugin::load(QFileInfo fileinfo, bool& ok, bool add_to_sce
   SMesh& P = * const_cast<SMesh*>(item->polyhedron());
 
   std::pair<std::string,std::string> name_and_color;
-  if(! CGAL::read_GOCAD(in, name_and_color, P))
+  if(! CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(in, name_and_color, P))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: Invalid polyhedron" << std::endl;
     delete item;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
   std::ofstream out(fileinfo.filePath().toUtf8());
   out.precision (std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10 + 2);
   SMesh* poly = const_cast<SMesh*>(sm_item->polyhedron());
-  CGAL::write_GOCAD(out, qPrintable(fileinfo.baseName()), *poly);
+  CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD(out, qPrintable(fileinfo.baseName()), *poly);
   items.pop_front();
   return true;
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/LAS_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/LAS_io_plugin.cpp
index ee4b373b160..a46bc54d3bf 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/LAS_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/LAS_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ load(QFileInfo fileinfo, bool& ok, bool add_to_scene) {
 
   item->point_set()->clear();
 
-  ok = CGAL::read_LAS (in, *(item->point_set())) && !item->isEmpty();
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS (in, *(item->point_set())) && !item->isEmpty();
   if(ok)
   {
     std::cerr << item->point_set()->info();
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ bool Polyhedron_demo_las_plugin::save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scen
 
   point_set_item->point_set()->reset_indices();
 
-  return CGAL::write_LAS(out, *(point_set_item->point_set()));
+  return CGAL::IO::write_LAS(out, *(point_set_item->point_set()));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/OFF_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/OFF_io_plugin.cpp
index 87b92228a80..e7de52da567 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/OFF_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/OFF_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Polyhedron_demo_off_plugin::load_obj(QFileInfo fileinfo) {
   //if not polygonmesh load in soup
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > polygons;
-  if(CGAL::read_OBJ(in, points, polygons))
+  if(CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(in, points, polygons))
   {
     Scene_polygon_soup_item* soup_item = new Scene_polygon_soup_item();
     soup_item->load(points, polygons);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
   }
   if(fileinfo.suffix().toLower() == "obj"){
     bool res = (sm_item && sm_item->save_obj(out))
-        || (soup_item && CGAL::write_OBJ(out, soup_item->points(), soup_item->polygons()));
+        || (soup_item && CGAL::IO::write_OBJ(out, soup_item->points(), soup_item->polygons()));
     if(res)
     {
       items.pop_front();
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp
index d649629168a..92a452b3184 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ load(QFileInfo fileinfo, bool& ok, bool add_to_scene) {
     // First try mesh
     std::string comments;
     Scene_surface_mesh_item* sm_item = new Scene_surface_mesh_item();
-    if (CGAL::read_PLY(in, *sm_item->face_graph(), comments))
+    if (CGAL::IO::read_PLY(in, *sm_item->face_graph(), comments))
     {
       if(sm_item->face_graph()->property_map<face_descriptor, int >("f:patch_id").second)
       {
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ load(QFileInfo fileinfo, bool& ok, bool add_to_scene) {
     // else try polygon soup
     std::vector<Kernel::Point_3> points;
     std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > polygons;
-    std::vector<CGAL::Color> fcolors;
-    std::vector<CGAL::Color> vcolors;
+    std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors;
+    std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors;
 
-    if (!(CGAL::read_PLY (in, points, polygons, fcolors, vcolors)))
+    if (!(CGAL::IO::read_PLY (in, points, polygons, fcolors, vcolors)))
     {
       QApplication::restoreOverrideCursor();
       ok = false;
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
   if (soup_item)
   {
     bool res =
-        CGAL::write_PLY (out, soup_item->points(), soup_item->polygons());
+        CGAL::IO::write_PLY (out, soup_item->points(), soup_item->polygons());
     if(res)
       items.pop_front();
     return res;
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
   if (sm_item)
   {
     bool res =
-        CGAL::write_PLY(out, *(sm_item->polyhedron()), sm_item->comments());
+        CGAL::IO::write_PLY(out, *(sm_item->polyhedron()), sm_item->comments());
     if(res)
       items.pop_front();
     return res;
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
   if (stm_item)
   {
     bool res =
-        CGAL::write_PLY(out, *(stm_item->textured_face_graph()));
+        CGAL::IO::write_PLY(out, *(stm_item->textured_face_graph()));
     if(res)
       items.pop_front();
     return res;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp
index 90626158e40..e144d24db4d 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ load(QFileInfo fileinfo, bool& ok, bool add_to_scene){
   }
   std::vector<EPICK::Point_3> points;
   std::vector<std::vector<int> > triangles;
-  if (!CGAL::read_polygon_soup(fileinfo.filePath().toUtf8().toStdString(), points, triangles))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup(fileinfo.filePath().toUtf8().toStdString(), points, triangles))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: invalid STL file" << std::endl;
     ok = false;
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
 
   if (sm_item)
   {
-    CGAL::write_STL(out, *sm_item->face_graph());
+    CGAL::IO::write_STL(out, *sm_item->face_graph());
     items.pop_front();
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp
index b9a83c648c5..12616332198 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/VTK_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ public:
         std::ofstream os(output_filename.data());
         os << std::setprecision(16);
         //write header
-        CGAL::write_VTP(os, *mesh);
+        CGAL::IO::write_VTP(os, *mesh);
       }
     }
     else
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/WKT_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/WKT_io_plugin.cpp
index 5c509345eda..9dbd44d2abe 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/WKT_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/WKT_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ load(QFileInfo fileinfo, bool& ok, bool add_to_scene) {
   }
 
   std::list<std::vector<Scene_polylines_item::Point_3> > polylines;
-  CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT (in, polylines);
+  CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT (in, polylines);
 
   Scene_polylines_item* item = new Scene_polylines_item;
   item->polylines = polylines;
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
     qobject_cast<Scene_polylines_item*>(item);
   if (polylines_item)
   {
-    CGAL::write_multi_linestring_WKT (out, polylines_item->polylines);
+    CGAL::IO::write_multi_linestring_WKT (out, polylines_item->polylines);
     items.pop_front();
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/PMP/Orient_soup_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/PMP/Orient_soup_plugin.cpp
index b98ab4052a4..467331c4fd2 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/PMP/Orient_soup_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/PMP/Orient_soup_plugin.cpp
@@ -113,28 +113,28 @@ QList<QAction*> Polyhedron_demo_orient_soup_plugin::actions() const {
       << actionClean;
 }
 
-void set_vcolors(SMesh* smesh, std::vector<CGAL::Color> colors)
+void set_vcolors(SMesh* smesh, std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> colors)
 {
   typedef SMesh SMesh;
   typedef boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::vertex_descriptor vertex_descriptor;
-  SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> vcolors =
-    smesh->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color").first;
+  SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors =
+    smesh->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color").first;
   bool created;
-  boost::tie(vcolors, created) = smesh->add_property_map<SMesh::Vertex_index,CGAL::Color>("v:color",CGAL::Color(0,0,0));
+  boost::tie(vcolors, created) = smesh->add_property_map<SMesh::Vertex_index,CGAL::IO::Color>("v:color",CGAL::IO::Color(0,0,0));
   assert(colors.size()==smesh->number_of_vertices());
   int color_id = 0;
   for(vertex_descriptor vd : vertices(*smesh))
       vcolors[vd] = colors[color_id++];
 }
 
-void set_fcolors(SMesh* smesh, std::vector<CGAL::Color> colors)
+void set_fcolors(SMesh* smesh, std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> colors)
 {
   typedef SMesh SMesh;
   typedef boost::graph_traits<SMesh>::face_descriptor face_descriptor;
-  SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> fcolors =
-    smesh->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color").first;
+  SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors =
+    smesh->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color").first;
   bool created;
-   boost::tie(fcolors, created) = smesh->add_property_map<SMesh::Face_index,CGAL::Color>("f:color",CGAL::Color(0,0,0));
+   boost::tie(fcolors, created) = smesh->add_property_map<SMesh::Face_index,CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color",CGAL::IO::Color(0,0,0));
   assert(colors.size()==smesh->number_of_faces());
   int color_id = 0;
   for(face_descriptor fd : faces(*smesh))
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh_approximation_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh_approximation_plugin.cpp
index bba6d446aa6..bf993b55c90 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh_approximation_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh_approximation_plugin.cpp
@@ -254,10 +254,10 @@ public:
         cvx_hull_points.push_back(origin + p.x() * base1 + p.y() * base2);
       }
     }
-    std::vector<CGAL::Color> fcolors;
+    std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors;
     for(const QColor& c : approx.proxy_colors())
-      fcolors.push_back(CGAL::Color(c.red(), c.green(), c.blue()));
-    approx.visual_items().planes->load(cvx_hull_points, cvx_hulls, fcolors, std::vector<CGAL::Color>());
+      fcolors.push_back(CGAL::IO::Color(c.red(), c.green(), c.blue()));
+    approx.visual_items().planes->load(cvx_hull_points, cvx_hulls, fcolors, std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color>());
   }
 
 public Q_SLOTS:
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh_deformation/Scene_edit_polyhedron_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh_deformation/Scene_edit_polyhedron_item.cpp
index 3709992f052..f316258cb5d 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh_deformation/Scene_edit_polyhedron_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Surface_mesh_deformation/Scene_edit_polyhedron_item.cpp
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ void Scene_edit_polyhedron_item_priv::compute_normals_and_vertices(Mesh* mesh)
 
             if(spheres)
             {
-              CGAL::Color c(0,255,0);
+              CGAL::IO::Color c(0,255,0);
               EPICK::Point_3 point(p.x()+offset.x, p.y()+offset.y, p.z()+offset.z);
               spheres->add_sphere(EPICK::Sphere_3(point, length_of_axis/15.0*length_of_axis/15.0), 0, c);
             }
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ void Scene_edit_polyhedron_item_priv::compute_normals_and_vertices(Mesh* mesh)
 
             if(spheres_ctrl)
             {
-              CGAL::Color c(255*r,0,255*b);
+              CGAL::IO::Color c(255*r,0,255*b);
 
               EPICK::Point_3 center(p.x()+offset.x,
                                      p.y()+offset.y,
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp
index ea6e7ec566b..3b604818e77 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.cpp
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ public :
   }
 
   void addTriangle(const Tr::Bare_point& pa, const Tr::Bare_point& pb,
-                   const Tr::Bare_point& pc, const CGAL::Color color)
+                   const Tr::Bare_point& pc, const CGAL::IO::Color color)
   {
     const CGAL::qglviewer::Vec offset = Three::mainViewer()->offset();
     Geom_traits::Vector_3 n = cross_product(pb - pa, pc - pa);
@@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ void Scene_c3t3_item_priv::computeIntersection(const Primitive& cell)
   const Tr::Bare_point& pc = wp2p(ch->vertex(2)->point());
   const Tr::Bare_point& pd = wp2p(ch->vertex(3)->point());
 
-  CGAL::Color color(UC(c.red()), UC(c.green()), UC(c.blue()));
+  CGAL::IO::Color color(UC(c.red()), UC(c.green()), UC(c.blue()));
 
   intersection->addTriangle(pb, pa, pc, color);
   intersection->addTriangle(pa, pb, pd, color);
@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ void Scene_c3t3_item_priv::computeSpheres()
     typedef unsigned char UC;
     tr_vertices.push_back(*vit);
     spheres->add_sphere(Geom_traits::Sphere_3(center, radius),s_id++,
-                        CGAL::Color(UC(c.red()), UC(c.green()), UC(c.blue())));
+                        CGAL::IO::Color(UC(c.red()), UC(c.green()), UC(c.blue())));
 
   }
   spheres->invalidateOpenGLBuffers();
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp
index deaf33e1cc7..3af64ff323c 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ bool Scene_points_with_normal_item::read_ply_point_set(std::istream& stream)
 
   d->m_points->clear();
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_PLY(stream, *(d->m_points), d->m_comments) && !isEmpty();
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(stream, *(d->m_points), d->m_comments) && !isEmpty();
 
   d->point_Slider->setValue(CGAL::Three::Three::getDefaultPointSize());
   std::cerr << d->m_points->info();
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ bool Scene_points_with_normal_item::write_ply_point_set(std::ostream& stream, bo
   if (binary)
     CGAL::set_binary_mode (stream);
 
-  return CGAL::write_PLY(stream, *(d->m_points), d->m_comments);
+  return CGAL::IO::write_PLY(stream, *(d->m_points), d->m_comments);
 }
 
 // Loads point set from .OFF file
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ bool Scene_points_with_normal_item::read_off_point_set(std::istream& stream)
   Q_ASSERT(d->m_points != nullptr);
 
   d->m_points->clear();
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_OFF(stream, *(d->m_points)) && !isEmpty();
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(stream, *(d->m_points)) && !isEmpty();
 
   d->point_Slider->setValue(CGAL::Three::Three::getDefaultPointSize());
   invalidateOpenGLBuffers();
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ bool Scene_points_with_normal_item::write_off_point_set(std::ostream& stream) co
 
   d->m_points->reset_indices();
 
-  return CGAL::write_OFF(stream, *(d->m_points));
+  return CGAL::IO::write_OFF(stream, *(d->m_points));
 }
 
 // Loads point set from .XYZ file
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ bool Scene_points_with_normal_item::read_xyz_point_set(std::istream& stream)
 
   d->m_points->clear();
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_XYZ (stream, *(d->m_points)) && !isEmpty();
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_XYZ (stream, *(d->m_points)) && !isEmpty();
 
   d->point_Slider->setValue(CGAL::Three::Three::getDefaultPointSize());
   invalidateOpenGLBuffers();
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ bool Scene_points_with_normal_item::write_xyz_point_set(std::ostream& stream) co
 
   d->m_points->reset_indices();
 
-  return CGAL::write_XYZ(stream, *(d->m_points));
+  return CGAL::IO::write_XYZ(stream, *(d->m_points));
 }
 
 QString
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.cpp
index 40935ddfffb..6e106c555eb 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.cpp
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ Scene_polygon_soup_item_priv::triangulate_polygon(Polygons_iterator pit, int pol
         positions_poly.push_back(ffit->vertex(2)->point().y());
         positions_poly.push_back(ffit->vertex(2)->point().z());
 
-        CGAL::Color color;
+        CGAL::IO::Color color;
         if(!soup->fcolors.empty())
           color = soup->fcolors[polygon_id];
         for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ Scene_polygon_soup_item_priv::triangulate_polygon(Polygons_iterator pit, int pol
           }
           if(!soup->vcolors.empty())
           {
-            CGAL::Color vcolor = soup->vcolors[triangulation.v2v[ffit->vertex(i)]];
+            CGAL::IO::Color vcolor = soup->vcolors[triangulation.v2v[ffit->vertex(i)]];
             v_colors.push_back((float)vcolor.red()/255);
             v_colors.push_back((float)vcolor.green()/255);
             v_colors.push_back((float)vcolor.blue()/255);
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ Scene_polygon_soup_item_priv::compute_normals_and_vertices() const{
                 positions_poly.push_back(p.z()+offset.z);
                 if(!soup->fcolors.empty())
                 {
-                  const CGAL::Color color = soup->fcolors[nb];
+                  const CGAL::IO::Color color = soup->fcolors[nb];
                     f_colors.push_back((float)color.red()/255);
                     f_colors.push_back((float)color.green()/255);
                     f_colors.push_back((float)color.blue()/255);
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ Scene_polygon_soup_item_priv::compute_normals_and_vertices() const{
 
                 if(!soup->vcolors.empty())
                 {
-                  const CGAL::Color color = soup->vcolors[it->at(i)];
+                  const CGAL::IO::Color color = soup->vcolors[it->at(i)];
                   v_colors.push_back((float)color.red()/255);
                   v_colors.push_back((float)color.green()/255);
                   v_colors.push_back((float)color.blue()/255);
@@ -350,9 +350,9 @@ Scene_polygon_soup_item::load(std::istream& in)
   else
     d->soup->clear();
 
-  bool result = CGAL::read_OFF(in, d->soup->points, d->soup->polygons,
-                               CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_output_iterator(std::back_inserter(d->soup->vcolors))
-                                                .face_color_output_iterator(std::back_inserter(d->soup->fcolors)));
+  bool result = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, d->soup->points, d->soup->polygons,
+                                      CGAL::parameters::vertex_color_output_iterator(std::back_inserter(d->soup->vcolors))
+                                                        .face_color_output_iterator(std::back_inserter(d->soup->fcolors)));
 
   invalidateOpenGLBuffers();
   return result;
@@ -689,8 +689,8 @@ void Scene_polygon_soup_item::load(const std::vector<Point>& points, const std::
 
 template <class Point, class Polygon>
 void Scene_polygon_soup_item::load(const std::vector<Point>& points, const std::vector<Polygon>& polygons,
-                                   const std::vector<CGAL::Color>& fcolors,
-                                   const std::vector<CGAL::Color>& vcolors)
+                                   const std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color>& fcolors,
+                                   const std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color>& vcolors)
 {
     load (points, polygons);
 
@@ -708,8 +708,8 @@ template SCENE_POLYGON_SOUP_ITEM_EXPORT void Scene_polygon_soup_item::load<CGAL:
 (const std::vector<CGAL::Epick::Point_3>& points, const std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> >& polygons);
 template SCENE_POLYGON_SOUP_ITEM_EXPORT void Scene_polygon_soup_item::load<CGAL::Epick::Point_3, std::vector<std::size_t> >
 (const std::vector<CGAL::Epick::Point_3>& points, const std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> >& polygons,
- const std::vector<CGAL::Color>& fcolors,
- const std::vector<CGAL::Color>& vcolors);
+ const std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color>& fcolors,
+ const std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color>& vcolors);
 
 // Local Variables:
 // c-basic-offset: 4
@@ -718,8 +718,8 @@ template SCENE_POLYGON_SOUP_ITEM_EXPORT void Scene_polygon_soup_item::load<CGAL:
 const Scene_polygon_soup_item::Points& Scene_polygon_soup_item::points() const { return d->soup->points; }
 const Scene_polygon_soup_item::Polygons& Scene_polygon_soup_item::polygons() const { return d->soup->polygons; }
 bool Scene_polygon_soup_item::isDataColored() { return d->soup->fcolors.size()>0 || d->soup->vcolors.size()>0;}
-std::vector<CGAL::Color> Scene_polygon_soup_item::getVColors() const{return d->soup->vcolors;}
-std::vector<CGAL::Color> Scene_polygon_soup_item::getFColors() const{return d->soup->fcolors;}
+std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> Scene_polygon_soup_item::getVColors() const{return d->soup->vcolors;}
+std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> Scene_polygon_soup_item::getFColors() const{return d->soup->fcolors;}
 
 void Scene_polygon_soup_item::itemAboutToBeDestroyed(Scene_item *item)
 {
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.h
index b7a849ca566..e20306ca916 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polygon_soup_item.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct Polygon_soup
     typedef std::map<std::pair<std::size_t, std::size_t>, std::set<std::size_t> > Edges_map;
     typedef boost::array<std::size_t, 2> Edge;
     typedef std::vector<Polygon_3> Polygons;
-    typedef std::vector<CGAL::Color> Colors;
+    typedef std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> Colors;
     typedef std::set<Edge> Edges;
     typedef Polygons::size_type size_type;
 
@@ -120,16 +120,16 @@ public:
 
     template <class Point, class Polygon>
     void load(const std::vector<Point>& points, const std::vector<Polygon>& polygons,
-              const std::vector<CGAL::Color>& fcolors,
-              const std::vector<CGAL::Color>& vcolors);
+              const std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color>& fcolors,
+              const std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color>& vcolors);
 
     bool load(std::istream& in);
     void load(Scene_surface_mesh_item*);
     bool isDataColored();
 
     bool save(std::ostream& out) const;
-    std::vector<CGAL::Color> getVColors() const;
-    std::vector<CGAL::Color> getFColors() const;
+    std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> getVColors() const;
+    std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> getFColors() const;
     QString toolTip() const Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
 
     // Indicate if rendering mode is supported
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polylines_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polylines_item.cpp
index 328539eb94c..7dfc1825da6 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polylines_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_polylines_item.cpp
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ Scene_polylines_item_private::computeSpheres()
               colors[2] = 200;
           }
 
-          CGAL::Color c(colors[0], colors[1], colors[2]);
+          CGAL::IO::Color c(colors[0], colors[1], colors[2]);
           spheres->add_sphere(K::Sphere_3(center+offset, spheres_drawn_square_radius),s_id++, c);
       }
       spheres->setToolTip(
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.cpp
index 21df39ff5b0..836b4641636 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct Scene_spheres_item_priv
 {
   typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel Kernel;
   typedef CGAL::Sphere_3<Kernel> Sphere;
-  typedef std::pair<Sphere, CGAL::Color> Sphere_pair;
+  typedef std::pair<Sphere, CGAL::IO::Color> Sphere_pair;
   typedef std::vector<std::vector<Sphere_pair> > Spheres_container;
 
   Scene_spheres_item_priv(bool planed, std::size_t max_index, Scene_spheres_item* parent, bool pickable)
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ void Scene_spheres_item::drawEdges(Viewer_interface *viewer) const
   getEdgeContainer(0)->draw(viewer, false);
 
 }
-void Scene_spheres_item::add_sphere(const Sphere &sphere, std::size_t index,  CGAL::Color color)
+void Scene_spheres_item::add_sphere(const Sphere &sphere, std::size_t index,  CGAL::IO::Color color)
 {
   if((int)index > (int)d->spheres.size() - 1)
     d->spheres.resize(index+1);
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.h
index 7520a4fca3e..aa040096054 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_spheres_item.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SCENE_BASIC_OBJECTS_EXPORT Scene_spheres_item
 public:
   typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel Kernel;
   typedef CGAL::Sphere_3<Kernel> Sphere;
-  typedef std::pair<Sphere, CGAL::Color> Sphere_pair;
+  typedef std::pair<Sphere, CGAL::IO::Color> Sphere_pair;
   typedef std::vector<std::vector<Sphere_pair> > Spheres_container;
 
   Scene_spheres_item(Scene_group_item* parent, std::size_t max_index = 0, bool planed = false, bool pickable = true);
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public:
     return (m == Gouraud || m == Wireframe);
   }
   void compute_bbox() const Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
-  void add_sphere(const Sphere &sphere, std::size_t index = 0, CGAL::Color = CGAL::Color(120,120,120));
+  void add_sphere(const Sphere &sphere, std::size_t index = 0, CGAL::IO::Color = CGAL::IO::Color(120,120,120));
   void clear_spheres();
   void setPrecision(int prec);
   void gl_initialization(CGAL::Three::Viewer_interface* viewer);
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_surface_mesh_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_surface_mesh_item.cpp
index b275fc3db75..d24357f2f1c 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_surface_mesh_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_surface_mesh_item.cpp
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ struct Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv{
   void initialize_colors() const;
   void invalidate_stats();
   void initializeBuffers(CGAL::Three::Viewer_interface *) const;
-  void addFlatData(Point, EPICK::Vector_3, CGAL::Color *, Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name) const;
+  void addFlatData(Point, EPICK::Vector_3, CGAL::IO::Color *, Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name) const;
   void* get_aabb_tree();
   QList<EPICK::Triangle_3> triangulate_primitive(face_descriptor fit,
                                                  EPICK::Vector_3 normal);
@@ -226,13 +226,13 @@ struct Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv{
   void
   triangulate_facet(face_descriptor fd,
                     SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, EPICK::Vector_3> *fnormals,
-                    SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> *fcolors,
+                    SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> *fcolors,
                     boost::property_map< SMesh, boost::vertex_index_t >::type *im,
                     Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name,
                     bool index) const;
   void triangulate_convex_facet(face_descriptor fd,
                                 SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, EPICK::Vector_3> *fnormals,
-                                SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> *fcolors,
+                                SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> *fcolors,
                                 boost::property_map< SMesh, boost::vertex_index_t >::type *im,
                                 Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name,
                                 bool index) const;
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ Scene_surface_mesh_item::color_vector()
 }
 
 
-void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::addFlatData(Point p, EPICK::Vector_3 n, CGAL::Color *c, Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name) const
+void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::addFlatData(Point p, EPICK::Vector_3 n, CGAL::IO::Color *c, Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name) const
 {
   const CGAL::qglviewer::Vec offset = static_cast<CGAL::Three::Viewer_interface*>(CGAL::QGLViewer::QGLViewerPool().first())->offset();
   if(name.testFlag(Scene_item_rendering_helper::GEOMETRY))
@@ -443,11 +443,11 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::compute_elements(Scene_item_rendering_helper:
   SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, SMesh::Point> positions =
       smesh_->points();
 
-  SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> vcolors =
-      smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color").first;
+  SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors =
+      smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color").first;
 
-  SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> fcolors =
-      smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color").first;
+  SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors =
+      smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color").first;
 
   boost::property_map< SMesh, boost::vertex_index_t >::type
       im = get(boost::vertex_index, *smesh_);
@@ -508,8 +508,8 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::compute_elements(Scene_item_rendering_helper:
   {
 
     has_fpatch_id = smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, int >("f:patch_id").second;
-    has_fcolors = smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color").second;
-    has_vcolors = smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color").second;
+    has_fcolors = smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color").second;
+    has_vcolors = smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color").second;
   }
   if(name.testFlag(Scene_item_rendering_helper::GEOMETRY))
   {
@@ -564,12 +564,12 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::compute_elements(Scene_item_rendering_helper:
             //The sharp features detection produces patch ids >=1, this
             //is meant to insure the wanted id is in the range [min,max]
             QColor c = item->color_vector()[fpatch_id_map[fd] - min_patch_id];
-            CGAL::Color color(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
+            CGAL::IO::Color color(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
             CPF::add_color_in_buffer(color, f_colors);
           }
           else if(has_fcolors)
           {
-            CGAL::Color c = fcolors[fd];
+            CGAL::IO::Color c = fcolors[fd];
             CPF::add_color_in_buffer(c, f_colors);
           }
         }
@@ -589,11 +589,11 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::compute_elements(Scene_item_rendering_helper:
         halfedge_descriptor hd = halfedge(fd, *smesh_);
         Point p = positions[source(hd, *smesh_)];
         EPICK::Vector_3 n = fnormals[fd];
-        CGAL::Color *c;
+        CGAL::IO::Color *c;
         if(has_fpatch_id)
         {
           QColor color = item->color_vector()[fpatch_id_map[fd] - min_patch_id];
-          c = new CGAL::Color(color.red(),color.green(),color.blue());
+          c = new CGAL::IO::Color(color.red(),color.green(),color.blue());
         }
         else if(has_fcolors)
           c= &fcolors[fd];
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::compute_elements(Scene_item_rendering_helper:
   {
     for(vertex_descriptor vd : vertices(*smesh_))
     {
-      CGAL::Color c = vcolors[vd];
+      CGAL::IO::Color c = vcolors[vd];
       v_colors.push_back((float)c.red()/255);
       v_colors.push_back((float)c.green()/255);
       v_colors.push_back((float)c.blue()/255);
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::checkFloat()const
 
 void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::triangulate_convex_facet(face_descriptor fd,
                                                             SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, EPICK::Vector_3> *fnormals,
-                                                            SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> *fcolors,
+                                                            SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> *fcolors,
                                                             boost::property_map< SMesh, boost::vertex_index_t >::type *im,
                                                             Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name,
                                                             bool index) const
@@ -916,11 +916,11 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::triangulate_convex_facet(face_descriptor fd,
     p2 = smesh_->point(v2);
     if(!index)
     {
-      CGAL::Color* color;
+      CGAL::IO::Color* color;
       if(has_fpatch_id)
       {
         QColor c = item->color_vector()[fpatch_id_map[fd] - min_patch_id];
-        color = new CGAL::Color(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
+        color = new CGAL::IO::Color(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
       }
       else if(has_fcolors)
         color = &(*fcolors)[fd];
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::triangulate_convex_facet(face_descriptor fd,
 void
 Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::triangulate_facet(face_descriptor fd,
                                            SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, EPICK::Vector_3> *fnormals,
-                                           SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> *fcolors,
+                                           SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> *fcolors,
                                            boost::property_map< SMesh, boost::vertex_index_t >::type *im,
                                            Scene_item_rendering_helper::Gl_data_names name,
                                            bool index) const
@@ -1008,11 +1008,11 @@ Scene_surface_mesh_item_priv::triangulate_facet(face_descriptor fd,
     //adds the vertices, normals and colors to the appropriate vectors
     if(!index)
     {
-      CGAL::Color* color;
+      CGAL::IO::Color* color;
       if(has_fpatch_id)
       {
         QColor c= item->color_vector()[fpatch_id_map[fd] - min_patch_id];
-        color = new CGAL::Color(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
+        color = new CGAL::IO::Color(c.red(),c.green(),c.blue());
       }
       else if(has_fcolors)
         color = &(*fcolors)[fd];
@@ -1470,17 +1470,17 @@ void Scene_surface_mesh_item::setItemIsMulticolor(bool b)
       d->smesh_->remove_property_map(d->fpatch_id_map);
       d->has_fcolors = false;
     }
-    if(d->smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color").second)
+    if(d->smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color").second)
     {
-     SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> pmap =
-         d->smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color").first;
+     SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> pmap =
+         d->smesh_->property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color").first;
          d->smesh_->remove_property_map(pmap);
       d->has_fcolors = false;
     }
-    if(d->smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color").second)
+    if(d->smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color").second)
     {
-      SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> pmap =
-          d->smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color").first;
+      SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> pmap =
+          d->smesh_->property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color").first;
           d->smesh_->remove_property_map(pmap);
       d->has_vcolors = false;
     }
@@ -1524,14 +1524,14 @@ bool
 Scene_surface_mesh_item::load_obj(std::istream& in)
 {
   typedef SMesh::Point Point;
-  bool failed = !CGAL::read_OBJ(in, *(d->smesh_));
+  bool failed = !CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(in, *(d->smesh_));
   if(failed)
   {
     in.clear();
     in.seekg(0);
     std::vector<Point> points;
     std::vector<std::vector<std::size_t> > faces;
-    failed = !CGAL::read_OBJ(in, points, faces);
+    failed = !CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(in, points, faces);
     if(!failed)
     {
       CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::repair_polygon_soup(points, faces);
@@ -1557,9 +1557,9 @@ Scene_surface_mesh_item::save_obj(std::ostream& out) const
   boost::tie(vnormals, has_normals) = d->smesh_->template property_map<SMesh::Vertex_index, EPICK::Vector_3>("v:normal");
 
   if(has_normals)
-    return CGAL::write_OBJ(out, *(d->smesh_), CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnormals));
+    return CGAL::IO::write_OBJ(out, *(d->smesh_), CGAL::parameters::vertex_normal_map(vnormals));
   else
-    return CGAL::write_OBJ(out, *(d->smesh_));
+    return CGAL::IO::write_OBJ(out, *(d->smesh_));
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h b/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h
index 275f633766e..16a41bd1542 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ bool read_OFF( std::istream& in, Polyhedron_3<Traits>& P);
 /*!
 \relates Polyhedron_3
 \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-            \link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc `CGAL::read_OFF(std::ostream&, Polyhedron_3<Traits>&)` \endlink should be used instead.
+            \link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::ostream&, Polyhedron_3<Traits>&)` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <class Traits>
 bool read_off( std::ostream& out, Polyhedron_3<Traits>& P);
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ bool write_OFF( std::ostream& out, Polyhedron_3<Traits>& P);
 /*!
 \relates Polyhedron_3
 \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
-            \link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc `CGAL::write_OFF(std::ostream&, Polyhedron_3<Traits>&)` \endlink should be used instead.
+            \link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, Polyhedron_3<Traits>&)` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <class Traits>
 bool write_off( std::ostream& out, Polyhedron_3<Traits>& P);
diff --git a/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/Polyhedron.txt b/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/Polyhedron.txt
index ff1b4df6ec8..91fc936f60b 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/Polyhedron.txt
+++ b/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/Polyhedron.txt
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ faces but would be for vertices - and add the color attribute.
 
 template <class Refs>
 struct My_face : public CGAL::HalfedgeDS_face_base<Refs> {
-CGAL::Color color;
+CGAL::IO::Color color;
 };
 
 \endcode
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_color.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_color.cpp
index 13a5569c3d0..68fe759f33a 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_color.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_color.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // A face type with a color member variable.
 template <class Refs>
 struct My_face : public CGAL::HalfedgeDS_face_base<Refs> {
-    CGAL::Color color;
+    CGAL::IO::Color color;
 };
 
 // An items type using my face.
@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ typedef Polyhedron::Halfedge_handle           Halfedge_handle;
 int main() {
     Polyhedron P;
     Halfedge_handle h = P.make_tetrahedron();
-    h->facet()->color = CGAL::red();
+    h->facet()->color = CGAL::IO::red();
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_color.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_color.cpp
index 63abfbc9b2a..639c1540f4f 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_color.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_color.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ template <class Refs, class Point>
 struct My_vertex
     : public CGAL::HalfedgeDS_vertex_base<Refs, CGAL::Tag_true, Point>
 {
-    CGAL::Color color;
+    CGAL::IO::Color color;
     My_vertex() {} // repeat the required constructors
     My_vertex( const Point& p)
         : CGAL::HalfedgeDS_vertex_base<Refs, CGAL::Tag_true, Point>(p) {}
@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ typedef Polyhedron::Halfedge_handle           Halfedge_handle;
 int main() {
     Polyhedron P;
     Halfedge_handle h = P.make_tetrahedron();
-    h->vertex()->color = CGAL::red();
+    h->vertex()->color = CGAL::IO::red();
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h
index 54b9438a8ee..70065dcee54 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& in,
   typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPM>::value_type                              Point;
   typedef typename Kernel_traits<Point>::Kernel                                         Kernel;
 
-  typedef typename internal::Converter_selector<Def_kernel, Kernel>::type               Converter;
+  typedef typename CGAL::internal::Converter_selector<Def_kernel, Kernel>::type         Converter;
 
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::get_parameter;
@@ -97,13 +99,15 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& in, Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Alloc>& P)
   return read_OFF(in, P, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 template <class Traits,
           class Items,
           template < class T, class I, class A> class HDS,
           class Alloc>
 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Alloc>& P)
 {
-  read_OFF(in, P);
+  IO::read_OFF(in, P);
   return in;
 }
 
@@ -111,6 +115,8 @@ std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Allo
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
+namespace IO {
+
 template < class Traits,
            class Items,
            template < class T, class I, class A> class HDS,
@@ -149,13 +155,15 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& out, const Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Alloc>&
   return write_OFF(out, P, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 template <class Traits,
           class Items,
           template < class T, class I, class A>
           class HDS, class Alloc>
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Alloc>& P)
 {
-  write_OFF(out, P);
+  IO::write_OFF(out, P);
   return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_scan_OFF.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_scan_OFF.h
index 51935383f32..0023d882f63 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_scan_OFF.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_scan_OFF.h
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ void Polyhedron_scan_OFF<HDS>:: operator()(HDS& target)
     B.add_vertex( p);
     if(scanner.has_vcolors())
     {
-      Color c;
+      IO::Color c;
       file_scan_color(scanner, c);
     }
       scanner.skip_to_next_vertex(i);
diff --git a/Polyhedron/test/Polyhedron/test_polyhedron_io.cpp b/Polyhedron/test/Polyhedron/test_polyhedron_io.cpp
index ce9ff3e0ff7..fc6d0032056 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/test/Polyhedron/test_polyhedron_io.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/test/Polyhedron/test_polyhedron_io.cpp
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ void test_file_IO_OFF()
   {
     Polyhedron P;
     std::istringstream in( ::empty);
-    read_OFF(in, P);
+    IO::read_OFF(in, P);
     assert(P.empty());
     assert(in);
   }
diff --git a/Polyline_simplification_2/demo/Polyline_simplification_2/Polyline_simplification_2.cpp b/Polyline_simplification_2/demo/Polyline_simplification_2/Polyline_simplification_2.cpp
index 0bf0684ae3f..965fa4e5bcb 100644
--- a/Polyline_simplification_2/demo/Polyline_simplification_2/Polyline_simplification_2.cpp
+++ b/Polyline_simplification_2/demo/Polyline_simplification_2/Polyline_simplification_2.cpp
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ void MainWindow::loadWKT(QString
   MultiPoint points;
   MultiLineString polylines;
   MultiPolygon polygons;
-  CGAL::read_WKT(ifs, points,polylines,polygons);
+  CGAL::IO::read_WKT(ifs, points,polylines,polygons);
 
   m_pct.clear();
   mGI->modelChanged();
diff --git a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/points_and_vertices.cpp b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/points_and_vertices.cpp
index 1ccdb7ab524..95d0aaf1a1a 100644
--- a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/points_and_vertices.cpp
+++ b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/points_and_vertices.cpp
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   Polygon_with_holes_2 P;
   Constraint_id cid;
   std::size_t largest = 0;
-  while(CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, P)){
+  while(CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, P)){
     const Polygon_2& poly = P.outer_boundary();
     Constraint_id cid2 = ct.insert_constraint(poly);
     if(poly.size() > largest){
diff --git a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify.cpp b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify.cpp
index f815a9b9dd2..ccfd6222431 100644
--- a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify.cpp
+++ b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::ifstream ifs( (argc==1)?"data/polygon.wkt":argv[1]);
   CT ct;
   Polygon_with_holes_2 P;
-  while(CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, P)){
+  while(CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, P)){
     const Polygon_2& poly = P.outer_boundary();
     ct.insert_constraint(poly);
     for(Polygon_with_holes_2::Hole_const_iterator it = P.holes_begin(); it != P.holes_end(); ++it){
diff --git a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polygon.cpp b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polygon.cpp
index 989b6b68ba4..a5763c20399 100644
--- a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polygon.cpp
+++ b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polygon.cpp
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
   std::ifstream ifs( (argc==1)?"data/polygon.wkt":argv[1]);
   Polygon_with_holes_2 polygon;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, polygon);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(ifs, polygon);
   Cost cost;
   polygon = PS::simplify(polygon, cost, Stop(0.5));
 
   std::cout.precision(12);
-  CGAL::write_polygon_WKT(std::cout, polygon) << std::endl;
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_WKT(std::cout, polygon) << std::endl;
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polyline.cpp b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polyline.cpp
index f1dfd1da732..6bffee9ad49 100644
--- a/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polyline.cpp
+++ b/Polyline_simplification_2/examples/Polyline_simplification_2/simplify_polyline.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
   Polyline_2 polyline;
   std::ifstream ifs( (argc==1)?"data/polyline.wkt":argv[1]);
-  CGAL::read_linestring_WKT(ifs, polyline);
+  CGAL::IO::read_linestring_WKT(ifs, polyline);
   Cost cost;
   std::deque<Point_2> result;
   PS::simplify(polyline.begin(), polyline.end(), cost, Stop(0.5), std::back_inserter(result));
diff --git a/Ridges_3/examples/Ridges_3/Ridges_Umbilics_LCC.cpp b/Ridges_3/examples/Ridges_3/Ridges_Umbilics_LCC.cpp
index 5ce258d2909..5df0c1a42c7 100644
--- a/Ridges_3/examples/Ridges_3/Ridges_Umbilics_LCC.cpp
+++ b/Ridges_3/examples/Ridges_3/Ridges_Umbilics_LCC.cpp
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ int main()
 
   //load the model from <mesh.off>
   PolyhedralSurf P;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(if_name.c_str(), P);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(if_name.c_str(), P);
   fprintf(stderr, "loadMesh %d Ves %d Facets\n",
           (int)num_vertices(P), (int)num_faces(P));
   if(verbose)
diff --git a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space.cpp b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space.cpp
index be02efbc6a2..26952258243 100644
--- a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space.cpp
+++ b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::cerr << "Reading " << std::flush;
   std::vector<Point> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(argv[1], std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[1], std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_advancing_front.cpp b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_advancing_front.cpp
index 23a392617a0..aa34edd6441 100644
--- a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_advancing_front.cpp
+++ b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_advancing_front.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   // Read the data.
   std::cerr << "Reading " << std::flush;
   Point_set points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_point_set(argv[1], points))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_point_set(argv[1], points))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_incremental.cpp b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_incremental.cpp
index 0adee0d8fda..ce2aa4d670c 100644
--- a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_incremental.cpp
+++ b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_incremental.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
     std::cout << "Reading " << std::flush;
     std::vector<Point> points;
-    if(!CGAL::read_points(argv[1], std::back_inserter(points)))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[1], std::back_inserter(points)))
     {
       std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file" << std::endl;
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_manifold.cpp b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_manifold.cpp
index cfa6f39723c..abf1920fcd7 100644
--- a/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_manifold.cpp
+++ b/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/examples/Scale_space_reconstruction_3/scale_space_manifold.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   std::cerr << "Reading " << std::flush;
   std::vector<Point> points;
-  if(!CGAL::read_points(argv[1], std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_points(argv[1], std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_and_plane_regularization.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_and_plane_regularization.cpp
index aa7022bbcf4..08d3d5d79e4 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_and_plane_regularization.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_and_plane_regularization.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
   Pwn_vector points;
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(
       (argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/cube.pwn"),
       std::back_inserter(points),
       CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_basic.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_basic.cpp
index 548229e42b6..f6e422702ea 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_basic.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_basic.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv) {
 
   // Load point set from a file.
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(
         filename,
         std::back_inserter(points),
         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_callback.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_callback.cpp
index 2a946a3c312..e17aae6482b 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_callback.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_callback.cpp
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv) {
 
   Pwn_vector points;
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(
         filename,
         std::back_inserter(points),
         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_custom_shape.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_custom_shape.cpp
index cc9e6b1f5b8..4bd26cb2169 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_custom_shape.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_custom_shape.cpp
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
   // Load point set from a file.
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(((argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube.pwn"), std::back_inserter(points),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
-                                          .normal_map(Normal_map())))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(((argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube.pwn"), std::back_inserter(points),
+                              CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
+                                              .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read input file!" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_parameters.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_parameters.cpp
index 18da3c0fa59..2d0280be98a 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_parameters.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_parameters.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
   // Load point set from a file.
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(
       ((argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube.pwn"),
       std::back_inserter(points),
       CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_point_access.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_point_access.cpp
index 1feda5d0684..21e2ef6e531 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_point_access.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/efficient_RANSAC_with_point_access.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
   // Load point set from a file.
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(
       ((argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube.pwn"),
       std::back_inserter(points),
       CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
index a7359da29ee..a98ed11da0d 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     std::ofstream out(fullpath);
 
     CGAL::set_ascii_mode(out);
-    CGAL::write_PLY_with_properties(
+    CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties(
       out, pwc,
       CGAL::make_ply_point_writer(PLY_Point_map()),
         std::make_tuple(
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
index 9fd7ff44639..63002bea13d 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ using Kernel = CGAL::Exact_predicates_exact_constructions_kernel;
 using FT      = typename Kernel::FT;
 using Point_3 = typename Kernel::Point_3;
 
-using Color = CGAL::Color;
+using Color = CGAL::IO::Color;
 
 // Choose the type of a container for a polygon mesh.
 #define USE_SURFACE_MESH
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/shape_detection_basic_deprecated.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/shape_detection_basic_deprecated.cpp
index 531709d4ec5..a134f355f0b 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/shape_detection_basic_deprecated.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/shape_detection_basic_deprecated.cpp
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ int run(const char* filename) {
   // read_points takes an OutputIterator for storing the points
   // and a property map to store the normal vector with each point.
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(filename,
-                         std::back_inserter(points),
-                         CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
-                         normal_map(Normal_map()))) {
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(filename,
+                             std::back_inserter(points),
+                             CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
+                             normal_map(Normal_map()))) {
 
     std::cout << "Error: cannot read the file cube.pwn" << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_efficient_RANSAC_scene.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_efficient_RANSAC_scene.cpp
index ff2e341b93d..d46cffbaa61 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_efficient_RANSAC_scene.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_efficient_RANSAC_scene.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ bool test_scene(int argc, char** argv) {
   // and a property map to store the normal vector with each point.
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube.pwn";
 
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(points),
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(filename, std::back_inserter(points),
                          CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map())
                                           .normal_map(Normal_map())))
   {
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_validity_sampled_data.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_validity_sampled_data.cpp
index eccb69cd07d..e13aae67dfc 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_validity_sampled_data.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_validity_sampled_data.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   std::ifstream ifile(ifilename);
 
   if (!ifile ||
-      !CGAL::read_XYZ(
+      !CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(
       ifile,
       std::back_inserter(points),
       CGAL::parameters::point_map(Point_map()).
diff --git a/Spatial_searching/examples/Spatial_searching/searching_surface_mesh_vertices.cpp b/Spatial_searching/examples/Spatial_searching/searching_surface_mesh_vertices.cpp
index b9faabfeb64..b377bf083ec 100644
--- a/Spatial_searching/examples/Spatial_searching/searching_surface_mesh_vertices.cpp
+++ b/Spatial_searching/examples/Spatial_searching/searching_surface_mesh_vertices.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/tripod.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h
index 78a29f7f1d3..0744fcda56b 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h
@@ -63,12 +63,12 @@ protected:
   Dxf_writer          mWriter ;
   int                 mDefaultDxfColor;
   int                 mDxfColor;
-  Color               mCgalColor ;
+  IO::Color           mCgalColor ;
   std::string         mLayer ;
 
   struct Color_less
   {
-    bool operator() ( Color const& a, Color const& b ) const
+    bool operator() ( IO::Color const& a, IO::Color const& b ) const
     {
       return Color_value(a) < Color_value(b);
     }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ protected:
     }
   } ;
 
-  typedef std::map<Color,int,Color_less>  Color_table ;
+  typedef std::map<IO::Color,int,Color_less>  Color_table ;
   typedef typename Color_table::const_iterator Color_table_iterator ;
   Color_table mColorTable ;
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public:
   /*!
    * Get the current CGAL color.
    */
-  Color color () const { return mCgalColor ; }
+  IO::Color color () const { return mCgalColor ; }
 
   /*!
    * Get the current DXF color.
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ public:
    * Set the current color.
    * \pre The color must be defined.
    */
-  void set_color ( Color aColor )
+  void set_color ( IO::Color aColor )
   {
     mCgalColor = aColor ;
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ public:
    * \param aCgalColor The CGAL color.
    * \param aDxfColor  The DXF color.
    */
-  void define_color ( Color const& aCgalColor, int aDxfColor )
+  void define_color ( IO::Color const& aCgalColor, int aDxfColor )
   {
     mColorTable.insert( std::make_pair(aCgalColor,aDxfColor) ) ;
   }
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ public:
   /*!
    * Set the current color.
    */
-  Dxf_stream& operator<< ( Color const& aColor )
+  Dxf_stream& operator<< ( IO::Color const& aColor )
   {
     set_color (aColor);
     return (*this);
@@ -300,15 +300,15 @@ protected:
 
   void setup_initial_color_table()
   {
-    define_color(black(),0);
-    define_color(red(),1);
-    define_color(yellow(),2);
-    define_color(green(),3);
-    define_color(purple(),4);
-    define_color(blue(),5);
-    define_color(violet(),6);
-    define_color(white(),7);
-    define_color(gray(),8);
+    define_color(IO::black(),0);
+    define_color(IO::red(),1);
+    define_color(IO::yellow(),2);
+    define_color(IO::green(),3);
+    define_color(IO::purple(),4);
+    define_color(IO::blue(),5);
+    define_color(IO::violet(),6);
+    define_color(IO::white(),7);
+    define_color(IO::gray(),8);
   }
 
 };
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/draw_straight_skeleton_2.h b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/draw_straight_skeleton_2.h
index 02956b3d686..8bf2a8bf393 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/draw_straight_skeleton_2.h
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/draw_straight_skeleton_2.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
 struct DefaultColorFunctorSS2
 {
   template<typename SS2>
-  static CGAL::Color run(const SS2&,
+  static CGAL::IO::Color run(const SS2&,
                          const typename SS2::Finite_faces_iterator fh)
   {
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(std::size_t)(&*fh));
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ protected:
   /*
   void compute_face(Facet_const_handle fh)
   {
-    CGAL::Color c=m_fcolor.run(ss2, fh);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c=m_fcolor.run(ss2, fh);
     face_begin(c);
 
     add_point_in_face(fh->vertex(0)->point());
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ protected:
   void compute_edge(Halfedge_const_handle eh)
   {
     if(eh->is_bisector())
-      add_segment(eh->opposite()->vertex()->point(), eh->vertex()->point(), CGAL::red());
+      add_segment(eh->opposite()->vertex()->point(), eh->vertex()->point(), CGAL::IO::red());
     else
-      add_segment(eh->opposite()->vertex()->point(), eh->vertex()->point(), CGAL::black());
+      add_segment(eh->opposite()->vertex()->point(), eh->vertex()->point(), CGAL::IO::black());
   }
   void print_halfedge_labels(Halfedge_const_handle h)
   {
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ protected:
   void compute_vertex(Vertex_const_handle vh)
   {
     if(vh->is_split())
-      add_point(vh->point(), CGAL::Color(10,10,180)); // blue, but not flashy
+      add_point(vh->point(), CGAL::IO::Color(10,10,180)); // blue, but not flashy
     else if(vh->has_infinite_time())
-      add_point(vh->point(), CGAL::orange());
+      add_point(vh->point(), CGAL::IO::orange());
     else
-      add_point(vh->point(), CGAL::Color(10,180,10)); // green, but not flashy
+      add_point(vh->point(), CGAL::IO::Color(10,180,10)); // green, but not flashy
   }
   void print_vertex_label(Vertex_const_handle vh)
   {
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp
index 6cf6dbb2f7d..c3e87ac3cfe 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Dxf_stream<IK> DxfStream ;
 
 using namespace std ;
 using namespace CGAL ;
+using namespace CGAL::IO ;
 
 inline string to_string( double n ) { ostringstream ss ; ss << n ; return ss.str(); }
 inline bool   is_even ( int n ) { return n % 2 == 0 ; }
@@ -458,7 +459,7 @@ void dump_to_eps ( TestCase const& aCase )
 
 }
 template<class Polygon>
-void dump_polygon_to_dxf( Polygon const& aPolygon, Color aColor, string aLayer, DxfStream& rDXF )
+void dump_polygon_to_dxf( Polygon const& aPolygon, IO::Color aColor, string aLayer, DxfStream& rDXF )
 {
   rDXF << aColor << Dxf_layer(aLayer) ;
 
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ void dump_polygon_to_dxf( Polygon const& aPolygon, Color aColor, string aLayer,
 
 
 template<class Region>
-void dump_region_to_dxf( Region const& aRegion, Color aColor, string aBaseLayer, DxfStream& rDXF )
+void dump_region_to_dxf( Region const& aRegion, IO::Color aColor, string aBaseLayer, DxfStream& rDXF )
 {
   int lN = 0 ;
   for ( typename Region::const_iterator bit = aRegion.begin() ; bit != aRegion.end() ; ++ bit )
@@ -480,10 +481,10 @@ void dump_region_to_dxf( Region const& aRegion, Color aColor, string aBaseLayer,
 }
 
 void dump_skeleton_to_dxf( ISls const& aSkeleton
-                         , Color      aContourBisectorColor
-                         , Color      aSkeletonBisectorColor
-                         , Color      aPeakBisectorColor
-                         , Color      /*aInfiniteBisectorColor*/
+                         , IO::Color      aContourBisectorColor
+                         , IO::Color      aSkeletonBisectorColor
+                         , IO::Color      aPeakBisectorColor
+                         , IO::Color      /*aInfiniteBisectorColor*/
                          , string     aLayer
                          , DxfStream& rDXF
                          )
diff --git a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt
index d0644f0d513..14b74e375f5 100644
--- a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt
+++ b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt
@@ -43,62 +43,62 @@ The following table lists some \cgal data structures that have I/O functions com
     <td rowspan="6" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="3" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">`CGAL::Surface_mesh`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncOFF CGAL::read_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncOFF CGAL::IO::read_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>`CGAL::Polyhedron_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc CGAL::read_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Polyhedron_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc CGAL::IO::read_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Polyhedron_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any model of `MutableFaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOFF CGAL::read_OFF(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOFF CGAL::IO::read_OFF(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Point Set</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOOFF CGAL::read_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOOFF CGAL::IO::read_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff CGAL::read_OFF(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff CGAL::IO::read_OFF(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOFF CGAL::read_OFF(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOFF CGAL::IO::read_OFF(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="6">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="3">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Surface_mesh`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncOFF CGAL::write_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncOFF CGAL::IO::write_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>`CGAL::Polyhedron_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc CGAL::write_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Polyhedron_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc CGAL::IO::write_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Polyhedron_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOFF CGAL::write_OFF(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOFF CGAL::IO::write_OFF(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Point Set</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOOFF CGAL::write_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOOFF CGAL::IO::write_OFF(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff CGAL::write_OFF(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff CGAL::IO::write_OFF(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOFF CGAL::write_OFF(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOFF CGAL::IO::write_OFF(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
 If the data of a polygon mesh cannot be read in a `FaceGraph` due to bad orientation or
-manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
+manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
 which offers combinatorial repairing while reading bad inputs.
 
 
@@ -117,28 +117,28 @@ A precise specification of the format is available <a href="http://www.martinred
     <td rowspan="2" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="1" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">Any model of `MutableFaceGraph`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::read_OBJ(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::read_OBJ(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="1">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td>Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::write_OBJ(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::IO::write_OBJ(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::write_OBJ(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOBJ CGAL::IO::write_OBJ(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
 If the data of a polygon mesh cannot be read in a `FaceGraph` due to bad orientation or
-manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
+manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
 which offers combinatorial repairing while reading bad inputs.
 
 
@@ -158,23 +158,23 @@ A precise specification of those formats is available <a href="http://www.fabber
     <td rowspan="2" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="1" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">Any model of `MutableFaceGraph`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsSTL CGAL::read_STL(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsSTL CGAL::IO::read_STL(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsSTL CGAL::read_STL(const char*, PointRange&, TriangleRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsSTL CGAL::IO::read_STL(const char*, PointRange&, TriangleRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="1">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td>Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsSTL CGAL::write_STL(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsSTL CGAL::IO::write_STL(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsSTL CGAL::write_STL(const char*, PointRange&, TriangleRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsSTL CGAL::IO::write_STL(const char*, PointRange&, TriangleRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Note that the STL file format exports triangular faces as geometric triangles an
 combinatorial information is lost.
 
 If the data of a polygon mesh cannot be read in a `FaceGraph` due to bad orientation or
-manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
+manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
 which offers combinatorial repairing while reading bad inputs.
 
 
@@ -202,54 +202,54 @@ A precise specification of those formats is available <a href="http://paulbourke
     <td rowspan="5" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="2" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">`CGAL::Surface_mesh`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncPLY CGAL::read_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncPLY CGAL::IO::read_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any model of `MutableFaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsPLY CGAL::read_PLY(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsPLY CGAL::IO::read_PLY(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Point Set</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOPLY CGAL::read_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOPLY CGAL::IO::read_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly CGAL::read_PLY(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly CGAL::IO::read_PLY(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsPLY CGAL::read_PLY(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsPLY CGAL::IO::read_PLY(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="5">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="2">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Surface_mesh`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncPLY CGAL::write_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncPLY CGAL::IO::write_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Surface_mesh&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsPLY CGAL::write_PLY(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsPLY CGAL::IO::write_PLY(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Point Set</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOPLY CGAL::write_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOPLY CGAL::IO::write_PLY(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly CGAL::write_PLY(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly CGAL::IO::write_PLY(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsPLY CGAL::write_PLY(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsPLY CGAL::IO::write_PLY(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
 If the data of a polygon mesh cannot be read in a `FaceGraph` due to bad orientation or
-manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
+manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
 which offers combinatorial repairing while reading bad inputs.
 
 
@@ -270,21 +270,21 @@ A precise specification of those formats is available
     <td rowspan="2" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="2" width="175">Point Set</td>
     <td width="250">`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgPointSet3IOLAS CGAL::read_LAS(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgPointSet3IOLAS CGAL::IO::read_LAS(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOLas CGAL::read_LAS(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOLas CGAL::IO::read_LAS(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="2">Point Set</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOLAS CGAL::write_LAS(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOLAS CGAL::IO::write_LAS(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOLas CGAL::write_LAS(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOLas CGAL::IO::write_LAS(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -303,21 +303,21 @@ of its coordinates and other properties. Only coordinates and normals are curren
     <td rowspan="2" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="2" width="175">Point Set</td>
     <td width="250">`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgPointSet3IOXYZ CGAL::read_XYZ(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgPointSet3IOXYZ CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz CGAL::read_XYZ(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="2">Point Set</td>
     <td>`CGAL::Point_set_3`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOXYZ CGAL::write_XYZ(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSet3IOXYZ CGAL::IO::write_XYZ(const char*, CGAL::Point_set_3&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Any point range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz CGAL::write_XYZ(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz CGAL::IO::write_XYZ(const char*, PointRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -337,28 +337,28 @@ A precise specification of the format is available <a href="http://paulbourke.ne
     <td rowspan="2" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="1" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">Any model of `MutableFaceGraph`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::read_GOCAD(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::read_GOCAD(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="1">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td>Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::write_GOCAD(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::write_GOCAD(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsGOCAD CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
 If the data of a polygon mesh cannot be read in a `FaceGraph` due to bad orientation or
-manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
+manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
 which offers combinatorial repairing while reading bad inputs.
 
 
@@ -381,28 +381,28 @@ note that only versions `1.x` are currently supported in \cgal.
     <td rowspan="2" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="1" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">`CGAL::Surface_mesh`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFunc3MF CGAL::read_3MF(const char*, Surface_meshRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgSurfaceMeshIOFunc3MF CGAL::IO::read_3MF(const char*, Surface_meshRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncs3MF CGAL::read_3MF(const char*, PointRanges&, PolygonRanges&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncs3MF CGAL::IO::read_3MF(const char*, PointRanges&, PolygonRanges&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="1">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td>Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncs3MF CGAL::write_3MF(const char*, GraphRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncs3MF CGAL::IO::write_3MF(const char*, GraphRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncs3MF CGAL::write_3MF(const char*, PointRanges&, PolygonRanges&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncs3MF CGAL::IO::write_3MF(const char*, PointRanges&, PolygonRanges&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
 If the data of a polygon mesh cannot be read in a `FaceGraph` due to bad orientation or
-manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
+manifoldness issues, consider using \link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink,
 which offers combinatorial repairing while reading bad inputs.
 
 
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ A precise specification of the format is available <a href="http://gun.teipir.gr
     <td rowspan="1" width="75">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="1" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsWRL CGAL::write_WRL(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsWRL CGAL::IO::write_WRL(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -451,30 +451,30 @@ A precise specification of those formats is available at
     <td rowspan="2" width="75">Input</td>
     <td rowspan="1" width="175">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td width="250">Any model of `MutableFaceGraph`</td>
-    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsVTP CGAL::read_VTP(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td width="500">\link PkgBGLIoFuncsVTP CGAL::IO::read_VTP(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsVTP CGAL::read_VTP(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsVTP CGAL::IO::read_VTP(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td rowspan="2">Output</td>
     <td rowspan="1">Polygon Mesh</td>
     <td>Any model of `FaceGraph`</td>
-    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsVTP CGAL::write_VTP(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgBGLIoFuncsVTP CGAL::IO::write_VTP(const char*, Graph&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>Polygon Soup</td>
     <td>Any point + polygon range</td>
-    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsVTP CGAL::write_VTP(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
+    <td>\link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsVTP CGAL::IO::write_VTP(const char*, PointRange&, PolygonRange&)\endlink</td>
   </tr>
 </table>
 
 The following \cgal data structures can be exported into the `.VTU` file format:
 
-- `CGAL::Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3`, using \link PkgMesh3IOFunctions `CGAL::output_to_vtu()` \endlink
-- `CGAL::Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2`, using the function \link PkgMesh2IO `CGAL::write_vtu()` \endlink
+- `CGAL::Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3`, using \link PkgMesh3IOFunctions `CGAL::IO::output_to_vtu()` \endlink
+- `CGAL::Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2`, using the function \link PkgMesh2IO `CGAL::IO::write_vtu()` \endlink
 
 
 \section IOStreamAvizo Avizo File Format
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ The AmiraMesh format, using file extension `.am`, is used
 by the <a href="https://www.fei.com/software/avizo3d">Avizo</a> software to read 3D geometry.
 
 A single \cgal data structure, `CGAL::Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3`, can be exported into `.am` files.
-This can be done using the function `CGAL::output_to_avizo()`.
+This can be done using the function `CGAL::IO::output_to_avizo()`.
 
 A precise specification of the format is available
 <a href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/MSD/Product-Guides/users-guide-avizo-software-2019.pdf">in this guide</a>.
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ A precise specification of the format is available <a href="https://hal.inria.fr
 in the appendices (section 7.2.1, page 36).
 
 Only the `CGAL::Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3` \cgal data structure can be exported into `.mesh`
-This can be done using the function `CGAL::output_to_medit()`.
+This can be done using the function `CGAL::IO::output_to_medit()`.
 
 
 \section IOStreamTetgen Tetgen File Format
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ A precise specification of the format is available at <a href="https://wias-berl
 
 Only the `CGAL::Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3` \cgal data structure can be exported into
 some of the Tetgen file formats, namely `.node`, `.ele` and `.face`.
-This can be done using the function `CGAL::output_to_tetgen()`.
+This can be done using the function `CGAL::IO::output_to_tetgen()`.
 
 
 \section IOStreamWKT Well-Known Text (WKT) File Format
diff --git a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt
index 0feca74a609..111305a7583 100644
--- a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt
+++ b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ See the reference manual of each data structure for more information.
 
 The functions above require the input to represent a 2-manifold surface (possibly with boundaries).
 If this is not the case, the package \ref PkgPolygonMeshProcessing offers the function
-\link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink
+\link PMP_IO_grp `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` \endlink
 which can perform some combinatorial repairing to ensure the input data is a 2-manifold.
 
 \subsection IOstream2DGeo Simple 2D Geometry IO
diff --git a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt
index ce937e817f1..7306ef0bd2c 100644
--- a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ the printing mode.
 - \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode` \endlink
 
 \cgalCRPSection{Classes}
-- `CGAL::Color`
+- `CGAL::IO::Color`
 - `CGAL::Istream_iterator<T,Stream>`
 - `CGAL::Ostream_iterator<T,Stream>`
 - `CGAL::Verbose_ostream`
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ the printing mode.
 - `CGAL::oformat()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O Functions}
-- `CGAL::read_polygon_soup()`
-- `CGAL::write_polygon_soup()`
+- `CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_polygon_soup()`
 - \link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsSTL I/O for STL files \endlink
 - \link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsPLY I/O for PLY files \endlink
 - \link PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOBJ I/O for OBJ files \endlink
diff --git a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Linestring_WKT.cpp b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Linestring_WKT.cpp
index 6988a1d0ad7..597f871353b 100644
--- a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Linestring_WKT.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Linestring_WKT.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   LineString ls;
   {
     std::ifstream is((argc>1)?argv[1]:"data/linestring.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_linestring_WKT(is, ls);
+    CGAL::IO::read_linestring_WKT(is, ls);
     is.close();
   }
   for(Point p : ls)
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   MultiLineString mls;
   {
     std::ifstream is((argc>2)?argv[2]:"data/multilinestring.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(is, mls);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(is, mls);
     is.close();
   }
   for(LineString l : mls)
diff --git a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Point_WKT.cpp b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Point_WKT.cpp
index ce6020f4e23..768b3d20099 100644
--- a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Point_WKT.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Point_WKT.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   std::ifstream is((argc>1)?argv[1]:"data/multipoint.wkt");
   MultiPoint mp;
-  CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(is, mp);
+  CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(is, mp);
   for(const Point& p : mp)
   {
     std::cout<<p<<std::endl;
diff --git a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Polygon_WKT.cpp b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Polygon_WKT.cpp
index 19945cf0c57..a29918b9584 100644
--- a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Polygon_WKT.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/Polygon_WKT.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     do
       {
         Polygon p;
-        CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(is, p);
+        CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(is, p);
         if(!p.outer_boundary().is_empty())
           polys.push_back(p);
       }while(is.good() && !is.eof());
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   {
     std::ifstream  is((argc>2)?argv[2]:"data/multipolygon.wkt");
     MultiPolygon mp;
-    CGAL::read_multi_polygon_WKT(is, mp);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT(is, mp);
     for(Polygon p : mp)
       std::cout<<p<<std::endl;
   }
diff --git a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/read_WKT.cpp b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/read_WKT.cpp
index 1c9467e7be8..d5f18037385 100644
--- a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/read_WKT.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/read_WKT.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     MultiPoint points;
     MultiLineString polylines;
     MultiPolygon polygons;
-    CGAL::read_WKT(is, points,polylines,polygons);
+    CGAL::IO::read_WKT(is, points,polylines,polygons);
 
     for(Point p : points)
       std::cout<<p<<std::endl;
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF.h
index 42c1b3126a4..b2f7a84cc39 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF.h
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
@@ -396,7 +398,7 @@ bool read_3MF(const std::string& fname,
  * \tparam ColorRanges a model of the concepts `RandomAccessContainer` and
  *                     `BackInsertionSequence` whose `value_type` is
  *                     a model of the concepts `RandomAccessContainer` and `BackInsertionSequence`
- *                     whose `value_type` is `CGAL::Color`
+ *                     whose `value_type` is `CGAL::IO::Color`
  *
  * \param fname the name of the 3mf file to read
  * \param all_points a `PointRanges` that will contain the points of the meshes in `fname`.
@@ -477,7 +479,7 @@ bool write_3MF(const std::string& fname,
       name = std::string("");
     }
 
-    std::vector<CGAL::Color> colors(all_triangles[id].size());
+    std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> colors(all_triangles[id].size());
     IO::write_mesh_to_model(all_points[id], all_triangles[id], colors, name, &pMeshObject, pModel);
   }
 
@@ -502,13 +504,15 @@ bool write_3MF(const std::string& fname,
 
 template<typename PointRange, typename TriangleRange>
 bool write_3MF(const std::string& fname, const PointRange& points, const TriangleRange& triangles,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_triangle_soup_to_3mf(fname, points, triangles, "anonymous");
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // defined(CGAL_LINKED_WITH_3MF) || defined(DOXYGEN_RUNNING)
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF/read_3mf.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF/read_3mf.h
index 6c81f124380..ca4d64af3d0 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF/read_3mf.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/3MF/read_3mf.h
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ bool extract_soups (NMR::PLib3MFModelMeshObject *pMeshObject,
     NMR::MODELMESH_TRIANGLECOLOR_SRGB pColor;
     NMR::lib3mf_propertyhandler_getcolor(pPropertyHandler, pid, &pColor);
     NMR::MODELMESHCOLOR_SRGB mColor = pColor.m_Colors[0];
-    colors[pid]=CGAL::Color(mColor.m_Red, mColor.m_Green,
+    colors[pid]=CGAL::IO::Color(mColor.m_Red, mColor.m_Green,
                             mColor.m_Blue, mColor.m_Alpha);
   }
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/Color.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/Color.h
index 10754d9979a..12bdd320e28 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/Color.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/Color.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
@@ -350,6 +351,22 @@ inline Color white() { return Color(255,255,255); }
 */
 inline Color yellow() { return Color(255,255,0); }
 
+} //namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::Color;
+using IO::black;
+using IO::blue;
+using IO::deep_blue;
+using IO::gray;
+using IO::green;
+using IO::orange;
+using IO::purple;
+using IO::red;
+using IO::violet;
+using IO::white;
+using IO::yellow;
+#endif
 
 } //namespace CGAL
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
index 104a3c6cc54..ab838f15b9e 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is,
                 PolygonRange& polygons,
                 const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+                , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                 )
 {
@@ -204,7 +206,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool read_GOCAD(std::istream& is, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-                typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   std::pair<std::string, std::string> dummy;
   return read_GOCAD(is, dummy, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
@@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                 PolygonRange& polygons,
                 const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+                , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                 )
 {
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-                typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+                typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_GOCAD(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -370,7 +372,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
                  const PolygonRange& polygons,
                  const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                 , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+                 , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                  )
 {
@@ -381,7 +383,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
-                 typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+                 typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return IO::internal::write_GOCAD(os, "anonymous", points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -423,7 +425,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                  const PolygonRange& polygons,
                  const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-                 , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+                 , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                  )
 {
@@ -437,13 +439,15 @@ bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
-                 typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+                 typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_GOCAD(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_GOCAD_H
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h
index ea3abc8075f..f8467ade4e3 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h
@@ -181,7 +181,6 @@ bool read_OBJ(std::istream& is,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /// \ingroup PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOBJ
 ///
@@ -218,22 +217,22 @@ bool read_OBJ(std::istream& is,
               PolygonRange& polygons,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
   const bool verbose = parameters::choose_parameter(parameters::get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), false);
 
-  return IO::internal::read_OBJ(is, points, polygons,
-                                CGAL::Emptyset_iterator(), CGAL::Emptyset_iterator(),
-                                verbose);
+  return internal::read_OBJ(is, points, polygons,
+                            CGAL::Emptyset_iterator(), CGAL::Emptyset_iterator(),
+                            verbose);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool read_OBJ(std::istream& is, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OBJ(is, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -274,7 +273,7 @@ bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
               PolygonRange& polygons,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -287,7 +286,7 @@ bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OBJ(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -333,7 +332,7 @@ bool write_OBJ(std::ostream& os,
                const PolygonRange& polygons,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -346,7 +345,7 @@ bool write_OBJ(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool write_OBJ(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OBJ(os, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
                const PolygonRange& polygons,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -402,13 +401,15 @@ bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OBJ(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_OBJ_H
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF.h
index 645ecf6e15f..ceb9d7db40b 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF.h
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
   typedef typename Kernel::Point_2                                                    Texture;
   typedef typename Kernel::Vector_3                                                   Normal;
   typedef typename Kernel::FT                                                         FT;
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                                                 Color;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                                 Color;
 
 
   if(!is.good()){
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
     double x(0), y(0), z(0), w(0);
     scanner.scan_vertex(x, y, z, w);
     CGAL_assertion(w != 0);
-    IO::internal::fill_point(x, y, z, w, points[i]);
+    internal::fill_point(x, y, z, w, points[i]);
 
     if(scanner.has_normals())
     {
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
  * \ingroup PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsOFF
@@ -190,30 +189,30 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
               PolygonRange& polygons,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::get_parameter;
 
-  return IO::internal::read_OFF(is, points, polygons,
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_normal_output_iterator),
-                                                 CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_color_output_iterator),
-                                                 CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_texture_output_iterator),
-                                                 CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::face_color_output_iterator),
-                                                 CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), true));
+  return internal::read_OFF(is, points, polygons,
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_normal_output_iterator),
+                                             CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_color_output_iterator),
+                                             CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_texture_output_iterator),
+                                             CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::face_color_output_iterator),
+                                             CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), true));
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool read_OFF(std::istream& is, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OFF(is, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -254,7 +253,7 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
               PolygonRange& polygons,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_OFF(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os,
                const PolygonRange& polygons,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OFF(os, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -362,7 +361,7 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname,
                const PolygonRange& polygons,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -375,13 +374,15 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_OFF(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_OFF_H
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h
index 89bb14656ef..81a50722ba1 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h
@@ -372,163 +372,163 @@ public:
     z = static_cast<int>(dz);
   }
 
-  static const Color& get_indexed_color(int id)
+  static const IO::Color& get_indexed_color(int id)
   {
-    static const Color color[149] = {
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(178, 38, 25, 191),
-      Color(51, 51, 204, 191),
-      Color(229, 153, 5, 191),
-      Color(25, 76, 204, 191),
-      Color(25, 178, 51, 191),
-      Color(204, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 51, 191),
-      Color(51, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 51, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
-      Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
-      Color(12, 76, 25, 191),
-      Color(178, 2, 25, 191),
-      Color(51, 12, 153, 191),
-      Color(229, 229, 5, 191),
-      Color(0, 51, 102, 191),
-      Color(25, 102, 102, 191),
-      Color(204, 204, 204, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
-      Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
-      Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
-      Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
-      Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
-      Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
-      Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
-      Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
-      Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
-      Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
-      Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
-      Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
-      Color(120, 120, 120, 120) };
+    static const IO::Color color[149] = {
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 38, 25, 191),
+      IO::Color(51, 51, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 153, 5, 191),
+      IO::Color(25, 76, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(25, 178, 51, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 51, 191),
+      IO::Color(51, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 51, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(255, 255, 255, 191),
+      IO::Color(12, 76, 25, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 2, 25, 191),
+      IO::Color(51, 12, 153, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 229, 5, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 51, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(25, 102, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 204, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 127, 51, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 178, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(178, 0, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 178, 178, 191),
+      IO::Color(229, 0, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 229, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 0, 229, 191),
+      IO::Color(191, 191, 191, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 102, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 204, 0, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 102, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(0, 204, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(102, 0, 204, 191),
+      IO::Color(204, 0, 102, 191),
+      IO::Color(120, 120, 120, 120) };
     if(id > 148) id =148;
     return color[id];
   }
 
-  static CGAL::Color get_color_from_line(std::istream &is)
+  static CGAL::IO::Color get_color_from_line(std::istream &is)
   {
     std::string color_info;
     bool is_float = false;
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ public:
       if(index == 3)
         break;
     }
-    CGAL::Color color;
+    CGAL::IO::Color color;
     //if there were only one number, fetch the color in the color map
     if(index < 2)
     {
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ public:
       //else create the color with the 3 values;
     }
     else{
-      color = CGAL::Color(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]);
+      color = CGAL::IO::Color(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]);
     }
     std::iostream::pos_type ss_pos = iss.tellg();
     if(ss_pos != std::iostream::pos_type(-1))
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ public:
     }
     else
     {
-      CGAL::Color color;
+      CGAL::IO::Color color;
       if(color_entries == 1){
         color = get_indexed_color(static_cast<int>(entries[first_color_index])); // the index in the color map
         r = color.red();
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h
index bfcebbf8d7c..692525675e5 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
               typename std::enable_if<CGAL::is_iterator<ColorOutputIterator>::value>::type* = nullptr)
 {
   typedef typename boost::range_value<PointRange>::type     Point_3;
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                       Color_rgb;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                   Color_rgb;
 
   if(!is.good())
   {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
     return false;
   }
 
-  IO::internal::PLY_reader reader(verbose);
+  internal::PLY_reader reader(verbose);
 
   if(!(reader.init(is)))
   {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
 
   for(std::size_t i=0; i<reader.number_of_elements(); ++i)
   {
-    IO::internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
+    internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
 
     if(element.name() == "vertex" || element.name() == "vertices")
     {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
       {
         for(std::size_t k=0; k<element.number_of_properties(); ++k)
         {
-          IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
+          internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
           property->get(is);
 
           if(is.fail())
@@ -114,21 +114,21 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
         std::tuple<Point_3, boost::uint8_t, boost::uint8_t, boost::uint8_t> new_vertex;
         if(has_colors)
         {
-          IO::internal::process_properties(element, new_vertex,
-                                           make_ply_point_reader(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_vertex)),
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<1>(new_vertex),
-                                                          PLY_property<boost::uint8_t>(rtag.c_str())),
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<2>(new_vertex),
-                                                          PLY_property<boost::uint8_t>(gtag.c_str())),
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<3>(new_vertex),
-                                                          PLY_property<boost::uint8_t>(btag.c_str())));
+          internal::process_properties(element, new_vertex,
+                                       make_ply_point_reader(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_vertex)),
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<1>(new_vertex),
+                                                      PLY_property<boost::uint8_t>(rtag.c_str())),
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<2>(new_vertex),
+                                                      PLY_property<boost::uint8_t>(gtag.c_str())),
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<3>(new_vertex),
+                                                      PLY_property<boost::uint8_t>(btag.c_str())));
 
           *vc_out++ = Color_rgb(get<1>(new_vertex), get<2>(new_vertex), get<3>(new_vertex));
         }
         else
         {
-          IO::internal::process_properties(element, new_vertex,
-                                            make_ply_point_reader(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_vertex)));
+          internal::process_properties(element, new_vertex,
+                                       make_ply_point_reader(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_vertex)));
         }
 
         points.push_back(get<0>(new_vertex));
@@ -138,19 +138,19 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
     {
       if(element.has_property<std::vector<boost::int32_t> >("vertex_indices"))
       {
-        IO::internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::int32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_indices");
+        internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::int32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_indices");
       }
       else if(element.has_property<std::vector<boost::uint32_t> >("vertex_indices"))
       {
-        IO::internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::uint32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_indices");
+        internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::uint32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_indices");
       }
       else if(element.has_property<std::vector<boost::int32_t> >("vertex_index"))
       {
-        IO::internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::int32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_index");
+        internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::int32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_index");
       }
       else if(element.has_property<std::vector<boost::uint32_t> >("vertex_index"))
       {
-        IO::internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::uint32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_index");
+        internal::read_PLY_faces<boost::uint32_t>(is, element, polygons, fc_out, "vertex_index");
       }
       else
       {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
       {
         for(std::size_t k=0; k<element.number_of_properties(); ++k)
         {
-          IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
+          internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
           property->get(is);
 
           if(is.fail())
@@ -185,26 +185,26 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
 
         if(has_uv)
         {
-          IO::internal::process_properties(element, new_hedge,
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_hedge),
-                                                          PLY_property<unsigned int>(stag.c_str())),
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<1>(new_hedge),
-                                                          PLY_property<unsigned int>(ttag.c_str())),
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<2>(new_hedge),
-                                                          PLY_property<float>(utag.c_str())),
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<3>(new_hedge),
-                                                          PLY_property<float>(vtag.c_str())));
+          internal::process_properties(element, new_hedge,
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_hedge),
+                                                      PLY_property<unsigned int>(stag.c_str())),
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<1>(new_hedge),
+                                                      PLY_property<unsigned int>(ttag.c_str())),
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<2>(new_hedge),
+                                                      PLY_property<float>(utag.c_str())),
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<3>(new_hedge),
+                                                      PLY_property<float>(vtag.c_str())));
 
           *hedges_out++ = std::make_pair(get<0>(new_hedge), get<1>(new_hedge));
           *huvs_out++ = std::make_pair(get<2>(new_hedge), get<3>(new_hedge));
         }
         else
         {
-          IO::internal::process_properties(element, new_hedge,
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_hedge),
-                                                          PLY_property<unsigned int>(stag.c_str())),
-                                           std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<1>(new_hedge),
-                                                          PLY_property<unsigned int>(ttag.c_str())));
+          internal::process_properties(element, new_hedge,
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<0>(new_hedge),
+                                                      PLY_property<unsigned int>(stag.c_str())),
+                                       std::make_pair(CGAL::make_nth_of_tuple_property_map<1>(new_hedge),
+                                                      PLY_property<unsigned int>(ttag.c_str())));
         }
       }
     }
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
       {
         for(std::size_t k=0; k<element.number_of_properties(); ++k)
         {
-          IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
+          internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
           property->get(is);
           if(is.fail())
             return false;
@@ -226,7 +226,6 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
@@ -239,14 +238,14 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
               ColorRange& vcolors,
               HUVRange& huvs,
               const bool verbose = false,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
-  return IO::internal::read_PLY(is, points, polygons,
-                                std::back_inserter(hedges),
-                                std::back_inserter(fcolors),
-                                std::back_inserter(vcolors),
-                                std::back_inserter(huvs),
-                                verbose);
+  return internal::read_PLY(is, points, polygons,
+                            std::back_inserter(hedges),
+                            std::back_inserter(fcolors),
+                            std::back_inserter(vcolors),
+                            std::back_inserter(huvs),
+                            verbose);
 }
 
 template <class PointRange, class PolygonRange, class ColorRange>
@@ -260,12 +259,12 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
   std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int> > dummy_pui;
   std::vector<std::pair<float, float> > dummy_pf;
 
-  return IO::internal::read_PLY(is, points, polygons,
-                                std::back_inserter(dummy_pui),
-                                std::back_inserter(fcolors),
-                                std::back_inserter(vcolors),
-                                std::back_inserter(dummy_pf),
-                                verbose);
+  return internal::read_PLY(is, points, polygons,
+                            std::back_inserter(dummy_pui),
+                            std::back_inserter(fcolors),
+                            std::back_inserter(vcolors),
+                            std::back_inserter(dummy_pf),
+                            verbose);
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -315,7 +314,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
               PolygonRange& polygons,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -325,20 +324,20 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
   std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int> > dummy_pui;
   std::vector<std::pair<float, float> > dummy_pf;
 
-  return IO::internal::read_PLY(is, points, polygons, std::back_inserter(dummy_pui),
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::face_color_output_iterator),
-                                                 CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_color_output_iterator),
-                                                 CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
-                                std::back_inserter(dummy_pf),
-                                choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), true));
+  return internal::read_PLY(is, points, polygons, std::back_inserter(dummy_pui),
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::face_color_output_iterator),
+                                             CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_color_output_iterator),
+                                             CGAL::Emptyset_iterator()),
+                            std::back_inserter(dummy_pf),
+                            choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), true));
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 template <class PointRange, class PolygonRange>
 bool read_PLY(std::istream& is, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_PLY(is, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -386,7 +385,7 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
               PolygonRange& polygons,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygons,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_PLY(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& out,
                const PolygonRange& polygons,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -472,27 +471,27 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& out,
 
   // Write header
   out << "ply" << std::endl
-      << ((get_mode(out) == IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
+      << ((get_mode(out) == BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
       << "comment Generated by the CGAL library" << std::endl
       << "element vertex " << points.size() << std::endl;
 
-  IO::internal::output_property_header(out, make_ply_point_writer(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
+  internal::output_property_header(out, make_ply_point_writer(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
 
   out << "element face " << polygons.size() << std::endl;
 
-  IO::internal::output_property_header(out, std::make_pair(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Polygon_3>(),
-                                                            PLY_property<std::vector<int> >("vertex_indices")));
+  internal::output_property_header(out, std::make_pair(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Polygon_3>(),
+                                                       PLY_property<std::vector<int> >("vertex_indices")));
 
   out << "end_header" << std::endl;
 
   for(std::size_t i=0; i<points.size(); ++i)
-    IO::internal::output_properties(out, points.begin() + i,
-                                    make_ply_point_writer(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
+    internal::output_properties(out, points.begin() + i,
+                                make_ply_point_writer(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Point_3>()));
 
   for(std::size_t i=0; i<polygons.size(); ++i)
-    IO::internal::output_properties(out, polygons.begin() + i,
-                                    std::make_pair(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Polygon_3>(),
-                                                   PLY_property<std::vector<int> >("vertex_indices")));
+    internal::output_properties(out, polygons.begin() + i,
+                                std::make_pair(CGAL::Identity_property_map<Polygon_3>(),
+                                               PLY_property<std::vector<int> >("vertex_indices")));
 
   return out.good();
 }
@@ -501,7 +500,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& out,
 
 template <class PointRange, class PolygonRange>
 bool write_PLY(std::ostream& out, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(out, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -548,7 +547,7 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
                const PolygonRange& polygons,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -571,13 +570,15 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <class PointRange, class PolygonRange>
 bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_PLY(fname, points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_PLY_H
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h
index 62330c24e60..6d144761842 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 // PLY types:
@@ -135,7 +137,6 @@ make_ply_normal_writer(VectorMap normal_map)
                          PLY_property<typename Get_FT_from_map<VectorMap>::type>("nz"));
 }
 
-namespace IO {
 namespace internal {
 
 class PLY_read_number
@@ -707,7 +708,7 @@ bool read_PLY_faces(std::istream& in,
                       CGAL::is_iterator<ColorOutputIterator>::value
                     >::type* = nullptr)
 {
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                     Color_rgb;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                 Color_rgb;
 
   bool has_colors = false;
   std::string rtag = "r", gtag = "g", btag = "b";
@@ -784,6 +785,14 @@ bool read_PLY_faces(std::istream& in,
 } // namespace PLY
 } // namespace internal
 
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPREACTED_CODE
+using IO::PLY_property;
+using IO::make_ply_normal_reader;
+using IO::make_ply_normal_writer;
+using IO::make_ply_point_reader;
+using IO::make_ply_point_writer;
+#endif
+
 /// \endcond
 
 } // namespace CGAL
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h
index 009e90b1ad4..0d045451f61 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ bool read_STL(std::istream& is,
               TriangleRange& facets,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ bool read_STL(std::istream& is,
   {
     if(binary)
       return false;
-    return IO::internal::parse_ASCII_STL(is, points, facets, verbose);
+    return internal::parse_ASCII_STL(is, points, facets, verbose);
   }
 
   // We are within the first 80 characters, both ASCII and binary are possible
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ bool read_STL(std::istream& is,
   // If the first word is not 'solid', the file must be binary
   if(s != "solid" || (word[5] !='\n' && word[5] !='\r' && word[5] != ' '))
   {
-    if(IO::internal::parse_binary_STL(is, points, facets, verbose))
+    if(internal::parse_binary_STL(is, points, facets, verbose))
     {
       return true;
     }
@@ -151,14 +153,14 @@ bool read_STL(std::istream& is,
       // The file does not start with 'solid' anyway, so it's fine to reset it.
       is.clear();
       is.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
-      return IO::internal::parse_ASCII_STL(is, points, facets, verbose);
+      return internal::parse_ASCII_STL(is, points, facets, verbose);
     }
 
   }
   // Now, we have found the keyword "solid" which is supposed to indicate that the file is ASCII
   is.clear();
   is.seekg(0, std::ios::beg); // the parser needs to read all "solid" to work correctly.
-  if(IO::internal::parse_ASCII_STL(is, points, facets, verbose))
+  if(internal::parse_ASCII_STL(is, points, facets, verbose))
   {
     // correctly read the input as an ASCII file
     return true;
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ bool read_STL(std::istream& is,
   else// Failed to read the ASCII file
   {
     // It might have actually have been a binary file... ?
-    return IO::internal::parse_binary_STL(is, points, facets, verbose);
+    return internal::parse_binary_STL(is, points, facets, verbose);
   }
 }
 
@@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ bool read_STL(std::istream& is,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename TriangleRange>
 bool read_STL(std::istream& is, PointRange& points, TriangleRange& facets,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_STL(is, points, facets, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -222,7 +224,7 @@ bool read_STL(const std::string& fname,
               TriangleRange& facets,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-              , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
+              , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
               )
 {
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ bool read_STL(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::set_mode(is, BINARY);
     if(read_STL(is, points, facets, np))
     {
       return true;
@@ -251,7 +253,7 @@ bool read_STL(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename TriangleRange>
 bool read_STL(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, TriangleRange& facets,
-              typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+              typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return read_STL(fname, points, facets, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ bool write_STL(std::ostream& os,
                const TriangleRange& facets,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -319,7 +321,7 @@ bool write_STL(std::ostream& os,
 
   set_stream_precision_from_NP(os, np);
 
-  if(get_mode(os) == IO::BINARY)
+  if(get_mode(os) == BINARY)
   {
     os << "FileType: Binary                                                                ";
     const boost::uint32_t N32 = static_cast<boost::uint32_t>(facets.size());
@@ -369,7 +371,7 @@ bool write_STL(std::ostream& os,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename TriangleRange>
 bool write_STL(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const TriangleRange& facets,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_STL(os, points, facets, parameters::all_default());
 }
@@ -417,7 +419,7 @@ bool write_STL(const std::string& fname,
                const TriangleRange& facets,
                const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-               , typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
+               , typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr
 #endif
                )
 {
@@ -440,13 +442,15 @@ bool write_STL(const std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename PointRange, typename TriangleRange>
 bool write_STL(const std::string& fname, const PointRange& points, const TriangleRange& facets,
-               typename boost::enable_if<IO::internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
+               typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<TriangleRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   return write_STL(fname, points, facets, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_STL_H
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL/STL_reader.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL/STL_reader.h
index 09aaf71f4ab..919ceeddd56 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL/STL_reader.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL/STL_reader.h
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ bool read_ASCII_facet(std::istream& is,
       }
       else
       {
-        IO::internal::fill_point(x, y, z, 1 /*w*/, p);
+        fill_point(x, y, z, 1 /*w*/, p);
         typename std::map<Point, int>::iterator iti = index_map.insert(std::make_pair(p, -1)).first;
 
         if(iti->second == -1)
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ bool parse_binary_STL(std::istream& is,
       }
 
       Point p;
-      IO::internal::fill_point(x, y, z, 1 /*w*/, p);
+      fill_point(x, y, z, 1 /*w*/, p);
 
       typename std::map<Point, int>::iterator iti = index_map.insert(std::make_pair(p, -1)).first;
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h
index d56dd2f0d11..fcd541de756 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ bool vtkPointSet_to_polygon_soup(vtkPointSet* poly_data,
   return true;
 }
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -109,14 +108,14 @@ bool read_VTP(const std::string& fname,
   }
 
   vtkSmartPointer<vtkPointSet> data;
-  vtkSmartPointer<IO::internal::ErrorObserverVtk> obs =
-      vtkSmartPointer<IO::internal::ErrorObserverVtk>::New();
+  vtkSmartPointer<internal::ErrorObserverVtk> obs =
+      vtkSmartPointer<internal::ErrorObserverVtk>::New();
 
-  data = vtkPolyData::SafeDownCast(IO::internal::read_vtk_file<vtkXMLPolyDataReader>(fname, obs)->GetOutput());
+  data = vtkPolyData::SafeDownCast(internal::read_vtk_file<vtkXMLPolyDataReader>(fname, obs)->GetOutput());
   if (obs->GetError())
     return false;
 
-  return IO::internal::vtkPointSet_to_polygon_soup(data, points, polygons, np);
+  return internal::vtkPointSet_to_polygon_soup(data, points, polygons, np);
 }
 
 /*!
@@ -150,7 +149,6 @@ bool read_VTP(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& polygo
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
-namespace IO {
 namespace internal {
 
 // writes the polys appended data at the end of the .vtp file
@@ -345,7 +343,6 @@ void write_soup_polys_points(std::ostream& os,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
  * \ingroup PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsVTP
@@ -421,16 +418,16 @@ bool write_VTP(std::ostream& os,
   const bool binary = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::use_binary_mode), true);
   std::vector<std::size_t> size_map;
   std::vector<unsigned char> cell_type;
-  IO::internal::write_soup_points_tag(os, points, binary, offset);
-  IO::internal::write_soup_polys_tag(os, polygons, binary, offset, size_map, cell_type);
+  internal::write_soup_points_tag(os, points, binary, offset);
+  internal::write_soup_polys_tag(os, polygons, binary, offset, size_map, cell_type);
 
   os << "   </Piece>\n"
      << "  </PolyData>\n";
   if(binary)
   {
     os << "<AppendedData encoding=\"raw\">\n_";
-    IO::internal::write_soup_polys_points(os, points);
-    IO::internal::write_soup_polys(os, polygons,size_map, cell_type);
+    internal::write_soup_polys_points(os, points);
+    internal::write_soup_polys(os, polygons,size_map, cell_type);
   }
   os << "</VTKFile>" << std::endl;
 }
@@ -509,6 +506,8 @@ bool write_VTP(const std::string& fname, const PointRange& points, const Polygon
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // defined(CGAL_USE_VTK) || defined(DOXYGEN_RUNNING)
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h
index 9f81d43f7a9..998321e9eb5 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 namespace CGAL {
+namespace IO {
 namespace internal {
 
 template <typename K>
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ bool read_multi_point_WKT(std::istream& in,
   if(!in.good())
     return false;
 
-  internal::Geometry_container<MultiPoint, boost::geometry::multi_point_tag> gc(mp);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<MultiPoint, boost::geometry::multi_point_tag> gc(mp);
   std::string line;
   while(std::getline(in, line))
   {
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ bool read_linestring_WKT(std::istream& in,
   if(!in.good())
     return false;
 
-  internal::Geometry_container<LineString, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> gc(polyline);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<LineString, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> gc(polyline);
   std::string line;
   while(std::getline(in, line))
   {
@@ -218,10 +219,10 @@ bool read_multi_linestring_WKT(std::istream& in,
     return false;
 
   typedef typename MultiLineString::value_type                                      PointRange;
-  typedef internal::Geometry_container<PointRange, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> LineString;
+  typedef CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<PointRange, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> LineString;
 
   std::vector<LineString> pr_range;
-  internal::Geometry_container<std::vector<LineString>, boost::geometry::multi_linestring_tag> gc(pr_range);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<std::vector<LineString>, boost::geometry::multi_linestring_tag> gc(pr_range);
   std::string line;
   while(std::getline(in, line))
   {
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ bool read_multi_polygon_WKT(std::istream& in,
   if(!in.good())
     return false;
 
-  internal::Geometry_container<MultiPolygon, boost::geometry::multi_polygon_tag> gc(polygons);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<MultiPolygon, boost::geometry::multi_polygon_tag> gc(polygons);
   std::string line;
   while(std::getline(in, line))
   {
@@ -336,7 +337,7 @@ bool read_multi_polygon_WKT(std::istream& in,
         return false;
       };
 
-      for(typename internal::Geometry_container<MultiPolygon, boost::geometry::multi_polygon_tag>::iterator it = gc.begin(); it != gc.end(); ++it)
+      for(typename CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<MultiPolygon, boost::geometry::multi_polygon_tag>::iterator it = gc.begin(); it != gc.end(); ++it)
         internal::pop_back_if_equal_to_front(*it);
 
       break;
@@ -402,7 +403,7 @@ std::ostream& write_linestring_WKT(std::ostream& out,
   if(!out.good())
     return out;
 
-  internal::Geometry_container<LineString, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> gc(ls);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<LineString, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> gc(ls);
   out << boost::geometry::wkt(gc) << std::endl;
   return out;
 }
@@ -423,7 +424,7 @@ std::ostream& write_multi_point_WKT(std::ostream& out,
   if(!out.good())
     return out;
 
-  internal::Geometry_container<MultiPoint, boost::geometry::multi_point_tag> gc(mp);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<MultiPoint, boost::geometry::multi_point_tag> gc(mp);
   out << boost::geometry::wkt(gc) << std::endl;
   return out;
 }
@@ -444,7 +445,7 @@ std::ostream& write_multi_polygon_WKT(std::ostream& out,
   if(!out.good())
     return out;
 
-  internal::Geometry_container<MultiPolygon, boost::geometry::multi_polygon_tag> gc(polygons);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<MultiPolygon, boost::geometry::multi_polygon_tag> gc(polygons);
   out << boost::geometry::wkt(gc) << std::endl;
   return out;
 }
@@ -457,7 +458,7 @@ std::ostream& write_multi_polygon_WKT(std::ostream& out,
 //!
 //! \attention Only Cartesian Kernels with double or float  as `FT` are supported.
 //!
-//! \see `CGAL::write_linestring_WKT()`
+//! \see `CGAL::IO::write_linestring_WKT()`
 template<typename MultiLineString>
 std::ostream& write_multi_linestring_WKT(std::ostream& out,
                                          MultiLineString& mls)
@@ -466,7 +467,7 @@ std::ostream& write_multi_linestring_WKT(std::ostream& out,
     return out;
 
   typedef typename MultiLineString::value_type                                      PointRange;
-  typedef internal::Geometry_container<PointRange, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> LineString;
+  typedef CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<PointRange, boost::geometry::linestring_tag> LineString;
 
   std::vector<LineString> pr_range;
   for(PointRange& pr : mls)
@@ -475,7 +476,7 @@ std::ostream& write_multi_linestring_WKT(std::ostream& out,
     pr_range.push_back(ls);
   }
 
-  internal::Geometry_container<std::vector<LineString>, boost::geometry::multi_linestring_tag> gc(pr_range);
+  CGAL::internal::Geometry_container<std::vector<LineString>, boost::geometry::multi_linestring_tag> gc(pr_range);
   out << boost::geometry::wkt(gc) << std::endl;
 
   return out;
@@ -492,7 +493,7 @@ std::ostream& write_multi_linestring_WKT(std::ostream& out,
 //!
 //! \attention Only Cartesian Kernels with double or float  as `FT` are supported.
 //!
-//! \see `CGAL::read_linestring_WKT()`
+//! \see `CGAL::IO::read_linestring_WKT()`
 template<typename MultiPoint,
          typename MultiLineString,
          typename MultiPolygon>
@@ -531,40 +532,40 @@ bool read_WKT(std::istream& is,
     if(type == "POINT")
     {
       Point p;
-      CGAL::read_point_WKT(is, p);
+      CGAL::IO::read_point_WKT(is, p);
       points.push_back(p);
     }
     else if(type == "LINESTRING")
     {
       LineString l;
-      CGAL::read_linestring_WKT(is, l);
+      CGAL::IO::read_linestring_WKT(is, l);
       polylines.push_back(l);
     }
     else if(type == "POLYGON")
     {
       Polygon p;
-      CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(is, p);
+      CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(is, p);
       if(!p.outer_boundary().is_empty())
         polygons.push_back(p);
     }
     else if(type == "MULTIPOINT")
     {
       MultiPoint mp;
-      CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(is, mp);
+      CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(is, mp);
       for(const Point& point : mp)
         points.push_back(point);
     }
     else if(type == "MULTILINESTRING")
     {
       MultiLineString mls;
-      CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(is, mls);
+      CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(is, mls);
       for(const LineString& ls : mls)
         polylines.push_back(ls);
     }
     else if(type == "MULTIPOLYGON")
     {
       MultiPolygon mp;
-      CGAL::read_multi_polygon_WKT(is, mp);
+      CGAL::IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT(is, mp);
       for(const Polygon& poly : mp)
         polygons.push_back(poly);
     }
@@ -574,6 +575,8 @@ bool read_WKT(std::istream& is,
   return !is.fail();
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // BOOST VERSION CHECKS
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h
index 9de4c84e962..f3d25edbd5f 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ inline void read(std::istream& is, T& t)
   read(is, t, typename Io_traits<T>::Io_tag());
 }
 
-inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, const Color& col)
+inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, const IO::Color& col)
 {
   switch(get_mode(out))
   {
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, const Color& col)
   }
 }
 
-inline std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, Color& col)
+inline std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, IO::Color& col)
 {
   unsigned char r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, a = 0;
   int ir = 0, ig = 0, ib = 0, ia = 0;
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ inline std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, Color& col)
       break;
   }
 
-  col = Color(r,g,b,a);
+  col = IO::Color(r,g,b,a);
   return is;
 }
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/polygon_soup_io.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/polygon_soup_io.h
index 718e95f317a..4934720e26a 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/polygon_soup_io.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/polygon_soup_io.h
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ bool read_polygon_soup(const std::string& fname,
 {
   const bool verbose = parameters::choose_parameter(parameters::get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), false);
 
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
   if(ext == std::string())
   {
     if(verbose)
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ bool write_polygon_soup(const std::string& fname,
 {
   const bool verbose = parameters::choose_parameter(parameters::get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose), false);
 
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
   if(ext == std::string())
   {
     if(verbose)
@@ -215,6 +217,8 @@ bool write_polygon_soup(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, PolygonRan
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_IO_READ_POLYGON_SOUP_H
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_GOCAD.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_GOCAD.cpp
index 5d5838651fc..3ea0044bdb3 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_GOCAD.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_GOCAD.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<Point> points;
   std::vector<Face> polygons;
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD(gocad_file, points, polygons);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(gocad_file, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   std::cout << points.size() << " points and " << polygons.size() << " polygons" << std::endl;
 
@@ -28,37 +28,37 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::string gocad_string(gocad_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD(gocad_string, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(gocad_string, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::ifstream is(gocad_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_GOCAD(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_GOCAD(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_GOCAD(gocad_file, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD(gocad_file, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   std::ofstream os("tmp.ts");
-  ok = CGAL::write_GOCAD(os, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD(os, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_GOCAD("tmp.ts", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_GOCAD("tmp.ts", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   const std::size_t ptn = points.size();
   const std::size_t pln = polygons.size();
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_polygon_soup("tmp.ts", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_soup("tmp.ts", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
-  ok = CGAL::read_polygon_soup("tmp.ts", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup("tmp.ts", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   assert(points.size() == ptn);
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OBJ.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OBJ.cpp
index 1d37863dca5..e72960ecf43 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OBJ.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OBJ.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<Point> points;
   std::vector<Face> polygons;
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_OBJ(obj_file, points, polygons, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(obj_file, points, polygons, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
   assert(ok);
   std::cout << points.size() << " points and " << polygons.size() << " polygons" << std::endl;
 
@@ -28,40 +28,40 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::string obj_string(obj_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ(obj_string, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(obj_string, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
   std::ifstream is(obj_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
 
   is.open(obj_file, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OBJ(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OBJ(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
 
   std::ofstream os("tmp.obj");
-  ok = CGAL::write_OBJ(os, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_OBJ(os, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_OBJ("tmp.obj", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_OBJ("tmp.obj", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   std::vector<Point> pts_backup = points;
   std::vector<Face> pls_backup = polygons;
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_polygon_soup("tmp.obj", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_soup("tmp.obj", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
-  ok = CGAL::read_polygon_soup("tmp.obj", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup("tmp.obj", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   assert(points.size() == pts_backup.size());
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OFF.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OFF.cpp
index c0e21adc399..fe38b75e6dc 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OFF.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_OFF.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<Point> points;
   std::vector<Face> polygons;
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_OFF(off_file, points, polygons);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(off_file, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   std::cout << points.size() << " points and " << polygons.size() << " polygons" << std::endl;
 
@@ -28,41 +28,41 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::string off_string(off_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF(off_string, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(off_string, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::ifstream is(off_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
   is.open(off_file, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::read_OFF(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
 
   std::ofstream os("tmp.off", std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::write_OFF(os, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_OFF(os, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_OFF("tmp.off", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_OFF("tmp.off", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   std::vector<Point> pts_backup = points;
   std::vector<Face> pls_backup = polygons;
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_polygon_soup("tmp.off", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_soup("tmp.off", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
-  ok = CGAL::read_polygon_soup("tmp.off", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup("tmp.off", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   assert(points.size() == pts_backup.size());
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp
index f33d307ecb7..c5d32139a68 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<Point> points;
   std::vector<Face> polygons;
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_PLY(ply_file, points, polygons);
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(ply_file, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   std::cout << points.size() << " points and " << polygons.size() << " polygons" << std::endl;
 
@@ -28,33 +28,33 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::string ply_string(ply_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY(ply_string, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(ply_string, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
   std::ifstream is(ply_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
   is.open(ply_file, std::ios::binary);
-  ok = CGAL::read_PLY(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_PLY(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_PLY("tmp.ply", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_PLY("tmp.ply", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_polygon_soup("tmp.ply", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_soup("tmp.ply", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   std::ofstream os("tmp.ply");
   CGAL::set_binary_mode(os);
-  ok = CGAL::write_PLY(os, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_PLY(os, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
-  ok = CGAL::read_polygon_soup("tmp.ply", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup("tmp.ply", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   assert(points.size() == pts_backup.size());
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp
index 4e201eb0882..c696b3af860 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ void read(const char* fname, std::size_t v, std::size_t f,
 
   std::vector<Point_type> points;
   std::vector<Polygon_type> faces;
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_STL(input, points, faces, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(is_binary));
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(input, points, faces, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(is_binary));
   assert(ok != should_fail);
   if(!should_fail)
   {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::vector<Point> points;
   std::vector<Face> polygons;
 
-  bool ok = CGAL::read_STL(stl_file, points, polygons, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
+  bool ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(stl_file, points, polygons, CGAL::parameters::verbose(true));
   assert(ok);
   std::cout << points.size() << " points and " << polygons.size() << " polygons" << std::endl;
 
@@ -85,31 +85,31 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::string stl_string(stl_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL(stl_string, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(stl_string, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   std::ifstream is(stl_file);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL(is, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(is, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
   is.clear();
   is.seekg(0, is.beg);
-  ok = CGAL::read_STL(is, points, polygons, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(is, points, polygons, CGAL::parameters::use_binary_mode(false));
   assert(ok);
   is.close();
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_STL("tmp.stl", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_STL("tmp.stl", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
-  ok = CGAL::write_polygon_soup("tmp.stl", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_polygon_soup("tmp.stl", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   std::ofstream os("tmp.stl");
   CGAL::set_binary_mode(os);
-  ok = CGAL::write_STL(os, points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::write_STL(os, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   points.clear();
   polygons.clear();
 
-  ok = CGAL::read_polygon_soup("tmp.stl", points, polygons);
+  ok = CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup("tmp.stl", points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
 
   assert(points.size() == pts_backup.size());
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_WKT.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_WKT.cpp
index 426469bff3b..31171b7e822 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_WKT.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_WKT.cpp
@@ -29,42 +29,42 @@ bool test_read_WKT()
   Point p;
   {
     std::ifstream in("data/point.wkt");
-    if(!CGAL::read_point_WKT(in, p))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_point_WKT(in, p))
       return false;
     CGAL_assertion(p == Point(2,3));
   }
   {
     std::ifstream in("data/linestring.wkt");
     Linestring ls;
-    if(!CGAL::read_linestring_WKT(in, ls))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_linestring_WKT(in, ls))
       return false;
     CGAL_assertion(ls.size() == 3);
   }
   {
     Poly poly;
     std::ifstream in("data/polygon.wkt");
-    if(!CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(in, poly))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(in, poly))
       return false;
     CGAL_assertion(poly.outer_boundary().size() == 3);
   }
   {
     MultiPoint pees;
     std::ifstream in("data/multipoint.wkt");
-    if(!CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(in, pees))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(in, pees))
       return false;
     CGAL_assertion(pees.size() == 4);
   }
   {
     std::ifstream in("data/multilinestring.wkt");
     MultiLinestring mls;
-    if(!CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(in, mls))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(in, mls))
       return false;
     CGAL_assertion(mls.size() == 2);
   }
   {
     MultiPolygon polies;
     std::ifstream in("data/multipolygon.wkt");
-    if(!CGAL::read_multi_polygon_WKT(in, polies))
+    if(!CGAL::IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT(in, polies))
       return false;
     CGAL_assertion(polies.size() == 2);
   }
@@ -176,13 +176,13 @@ bool test_write_WKT()
   {
     std::ofstream os("test.wkt");
     os.precision(17);
-    CGAL::write_point_WKT(os, p);
+    CGAL::IO::write_point_WKT(os, p);
     os.close();
   }
   Point test_p;
   {
     std::ifstream is("test.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_point_WKT(is, test_p);
+    CGAL::IO::read_point_WKT(is, test_p);
     is.close();
   }
   CGAL_assertion(p == test_p);
@@ -191,13 +191,13 @@ bool test_write_WKT()
   {
     std::ofstream os("test.wkt");
     os.precision(17);
-    CGAL::write_linestring_WKT(os, ls);
+    CGAL::IO::write_linestring_WKT(os, ls);
     os.close();
   }
   Linestring test_ls;
   {
     std::ifstream is("test.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_linestring_WKT(is, test_ls);
+    CGAL::IO::read_linestring_WKT(is, test_ls);
     is.close();
   }
   CGAL_assertion(ls == test_ls);
@@ -206,13 +206,13 @@ bool test_write_WKT()
   {
     std::ofstream os("test.wkt");
     os.precision(17);
-    CGAL::write_polygon_WKT(os, poly);
+    CGAL::IO::write_polygon_WKT(os, poly);
     os.close();
   }
   Poly test_poly;
   {
     std::ifstream is("test.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_polygon_WKT(is, test_poly);
+    CGAL::IO::read_polygon_WKT(is, test_poly);
     is.close();
   }
 
@@ -222,13 +222,13 @@ bool test_write_WKT()
   {
     std::ofstream os("test.wkt");
     os.precision(17);
-    CGAL::write_multi_point_WKT(os, pees);
+    CGAL::IO::write_multi_point_WKT(os, pees);
     os.close();
   }
   MultiPoint test_pees;
   {
     std::ifstream is("test.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_multi_point_WKT(is, test_pees);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_point_WKT(is, test_pees);
     is.close();
   }
   CGAL_assertion(pees== test_pees);
@@ -237,13 +237,13 @@ bool test_write_WKT()
   {
     std::ofstream os("test.wkt");
     os.precision(17);
-    CGAL::write_multi_linestring_WKT(os, mls);
+    CGAL::IO::write_multi_linestring_WKT(os, mls);
     os.close();
   }
   MultiLinestring test_mls;
   {
     std::ifstream is("test.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_multi_linestring_WKT(is, test_mls);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT(is, test_mls);
     is.close();
   }
   bool ok = true;
@@ -255,13 +255,13 @@ bool test_write_WKT()
   {
     std::ofstream os("test.wkt");
     os.precision(17);
-    CGAL::write_multi_polygon_WKT(os, polies);
+    CGAL::IO::write_multi_polygon_WKT(os, polies);
     os.close();
   }
   MultiPolygon test_polies;
   {
     std::ifstream is("test.wkt");
-    CGAL::read_multi_polygon_WKT(is, test_polies);
+    CGAL::IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT(is, test_polies);
     is.close();
   }
   CGAL_assertion(polies == test_polies);
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/benchmark/lcc_performance_2.h b/Surface_mesh/benchmark/lcc_performance_2.h
index 849467b27d5..a230cac75db 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/benchmark/lcc_performance_2.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/benchmark/lcc_performance_2.h
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ private:
   virtual bool write_mesh(const char* _filename)
   {
     std::ofstream ofs(_filename);
-    CGAL::write_off(lcc, ofs);
+    CGAL::IO::write_OFF(lcc, ofs);
     return true;
   }
 
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/benchmark/surface_mesh_performance.h b/Surface_mesh/benchmark/surface_mesh_performance.h
index e114d73c45e..9ab57e28c9a 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/benchmark/surface_mesh_performance.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/benchmark/surface_mesh_performance.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ private:
   virtual bool read_mesh(const char* _filename)
   {
     CGAL::Memory_sizer ms;
-    bool b = CGAL::read_OFF(mesh, _filename);
+    bool b = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(mesh, _filename);
     std::cout << "memory consumption: " << ms.virtual_size() << "  " << ms.resident_size() << std::endl;
     return b;
   }
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ private:
 
   virtual bool write_mesh(const char* _filename)
   {
-    return CGAL::write_OFF(mesh, _filename);
+    return CGAL::IO::write_OFF(mesh, _filename);
   }
 
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ private:
     namespace SMS = CGAL::Surface_mesh_simplification ;
 
     mesh.clear();
-    bool b = CGAL::read_OFF(_filename, mesh);
+    bool b = CGAL::IO::read_OFF(_filename, mesh);
     SMS::Count_ratio_stop_predicate<Surface_mesh> stop(0.1);
     int r = SMS::edge_collapse(mesh, stop);
   }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh.cpp b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh.cpp
index 60e390b95c8..143501a70f6 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/elephant.off";
 
   Mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh_small_faces.h b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh_small_faces.h
index a574c2d738d..39a89eac77c 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh_small_faces.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/draw_surface_mesh_small_faces.h
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ protected:
     bool issmall=false;
 
     // Default color of faces
-    CGAL::Color c(75,160,255);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c(75,160,255);
 
     // Compare the size of the face with the % m_threshold
     bool exist;
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ protected:
     // It it is smaller, color the face in red.
     if (get(faces_size, fh)<m_min_size+((m_max_size-m_min_size)/(100-m_threshold)))
     {
-      c=CGAL::Color(255,20,20);
+      c=CGAL::IO::Color(255,20,20);
       issmall=true;
     }
 
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_bgl.cpp b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_bgl.cpp
index 2b8ed489c49..b069f1528f1 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_bgl.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_bgl.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ typedef boost::graph_traits<Mesh>::vertex_descriptor vertex_descriptor;
 int main(int /* argc */, char* argv[])
 {
   Mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(argv[1], sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(argv[1], sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_do_intersect.cpp b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_do_intersect.cpp
index c6583404588..974394a27dc 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_do_intersect.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_do_intersect.cpp
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::cout.precision(17);
 
   Mesh P, Q;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(argv[1], P) || !CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(argv[2], Q))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(argv[1], P) || !CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(argv[2], Q))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input files." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_draw_small_faces.cpp b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_draw_small_faces.cpp
index a243b14e4f3..694e0cd995d 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_draw_small_faces.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_draw_small_faces.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/elephant.off";
 
   Mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_join.cpp b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_join.cpp
index 187c816e142..12770121943 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_join.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_join.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* filename2 = (argc>2) ? argv[2] : "data/quad.off";
 
   Mesh sm1, sm2;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, sm1) || !CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, sm2))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, sm1) || !CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename2, sm2))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input files." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   for(vertex_descriptor vd : vertices(sm1))
     std::cerr << vd << " " <<  name1[vd] <<std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_OFF(std::cout, sm1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::cout, sm1, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_kruskal.cpp b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_kruskal.cpp
index 331716884dd..b18beb032da 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_kruskal.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/examples/Surface_mesh/sm_kruskal.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ void kruskal(const Mesh& sm)
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
   Mesh sm;
-  if(argc < 2 || !CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(argv[1], sm))
+  if(argc < 2 || !CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(argv[1], sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h
index d891192f99c..1d4769c8581 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h
@@ -30,22 +30,22 @@ namespace CGAL {
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename K>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_mesh(Surface_mesh<K>& sm, const std::string& filename)
 {
-  return read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm);
+  return IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm);
 }
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename K>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_mesh(const Surface_mesh<K>& mesh, const std::string& filename)
 {
-  return write_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh);
+  return IO::write_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h
index 2f0b1d83f0c..9a57902092c 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 // @todo generalize it to any model of `FaceGraph` and put it in BGL/IO (see read_OFF for the face color map)
 
 /*!
@@ -60,9 +62,9 @@ bool read_3MF(const std::string& filename,
   std::vector<PointRange> all_points;
   std::vector<TriangleRange> all_triangles;
   std::vector<std::string> names;
-  std::vector<std::vector<CGAL::Color> > all_colors;
+  std::vector<std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> > all_colors;
 
-  const bool success = CGAL::read_3MF(filename, all_points, all_triangles, all_colors, names);
+  const bool success = CGAL::IO::read_3MF(filename, all_points, all_triangles, all_colors, names);
   if(!success)
   {
     std::cerr << "Error in reading meshes." << std::endl;
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ bool read_3MF(const std::string& filename,
     SMesh sm;
     TriangleRange triangles = all_triangles[i];
     PointRange points = all_points[i];
-    std::vector<CGAL::Color> colors = all_colors[i];
+    std::vector<CGAL::IO::Color> colors = all_colors[i];
 
     // Create the surface mesh from scratch
     std::size_t n(points.size());
@@ -119,8 +121,8 @@ bool read_3MF(const std::string& filename,
 
     if(need_pmap)
     {
-      typename SMesh::template Property_map<Face_index, CGAL::Color> fcolor =
-          sm.template add_property_map<Face_index,CGAL::Color>("f:color", first).first;
+      typename SMesh::template Property_map<Face_index, CGAL::IO::Color> fcolor =
+          sm.template add_property_map<Face_index,CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color", first).first;
 
       for(std::size_t pid=0, cs=colors.size(); pid<cs; ++pid)
         put(fcolor, Face_index(pid), colors[pid]); // there can't have any deleted face yet
@@ -133,16 +135,18 @@ bool read_3MF(const std::string& filename,
   return true;
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_3MF()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_3MF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template<typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED int read_3mf(const std::string& filename, std::vector<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Point> >& output)
 {
-  return read_3MF(filename, output);
+  return IO::read_3MF(filename, output);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
index d8200a7592e..9629fcf53e0 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
@@ -36,9 +36,8 @@ namespace CGAL {
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Read
-
-namespace internal {
 namespace IO {
+namespace internal {
 
 template<typename PolygonMesh, typename K,
          typename NamedParameters = Named_function_parameters<bool, internal_np::all_default_t> >
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ template<typename PolygonMesh,
 class GetVertexColorMap
 {
   typedef typename PolygonMesh::template Property_map<typename PolygonMesh::Vertex_index,
-                                                      CGAL::Color>                              DefaultMap;
+                                                      CGAL::IO::Color>                              DefaultMap;
   typedef DefaultMap                                                                            DefaultMap_const;
 public:
   typedef typename internal_np::Lookup_named_param_def<internal_np::vertex_color_map_t,
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ template<typename PolygonMesh,
 class GetFaceColorMap
 {
   typedef typename PolygonMesh::template Property_map<typename PolygonMesh::Face_index,
-                                                      CGAL::Color>                              DefaultMap;
+                                                      CGAL::IO::Color>                              DefaultMap;
   typedef DefaultMap                                                                            DefaultMap_const;
 
 public:
@@ -107,9 +106,9 @@ bool read_OFF_with_or_without_fcolors(std::istream& is,
 {
   typedef Surface_mesh<Point>                                                             Mesh;
   typedef typename Mesh::Face_index                                                       Face_index;
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                                                     Color;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                                     Color;
 
-  typedef typename CGAL::internal::IO::GetFaceColorMap<Mesh, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type     FCM;
+  typedef typename GetFaceColorMap<Mesh, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type     FCM;
 
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::is_default_parameter;
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ bool read_OFF_with_or_without_vtextures(std::istream& is,
 
   typedef typename GetK<Surface_mesh<Point>, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::Kernel                      K;
   typedef typename K::Point_2                                                                Texture;
-  typedef typename CGAL::internal::IO::GetVertexTextureMap<Mesh, K, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type VTM;
+  typedef typename GetVertexTextureMap<Mesh, K, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type VTM;
 
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::is_default_parameter;
@@ -185,8 +184,8 @@ bool read_OFF_with_or_without_vcolors(std::istream& is,
   typedef Surface_mesh<Point>                                                            Mesh;
   typedef typename Mesh::Vertex_index                                                    Vertex_index;
 
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                                                    Color;
-  typedef typename CGAL::internal::IO::GetVertexColorMap<Mesh, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type  VCM;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                                    Color;
+  typedef typename GetVertexColorMap<Mesh, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type  VCM;
 
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::is_default_parameter;
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ bool read_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(std::istream& is,
 
   typedef typename GetK<Surface_mesh<Point>, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::Kernel                      K;
   typedef typename K::Vector_3                                                               Normal;
-  typedef typename CGAL::internal::IO::GetVertexNormalMap<Mesh, K, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type  VNM;
+  typedef typename GetVertexNormalMap<Mesh, K, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type  VNM;
 
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::is_default_parameter;
@@ -253,7 +252,6 @@ bool read_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(std::istream& is,
   }
 }
 
-} // namespace IO
 } // namespace internal
 
 /// \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncOFF
@@ -301,7 +299,7 @@ bool read_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(std::istream& is,
 ///   \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
 ///     \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `sm`}
 ///     \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `Surface_mesh::Vertex_index`
-///                    as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+///                    as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
 ///     \cgalParamDefault{If this parameter is unsused, vertex colors (if they exist)
 ///                       will be written in an internal property map called `v:color`.}
 ///   \cgalParamNEnd
@@ -317,7 +315,7 @@ bool read_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(std::istream& is,
 ///   \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
 ///     \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `sm`}
 ///     \cgalParamType{a class model of `WritablePropertyMap` with `Surface_mesh::Face_index`
-///                    as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+///                    as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
 ///     \cgalParamDefault{If this parameter is unsused, face colors (if they exist)
 ///                       will be written in an internal property map called `f:color`.}
 ///   \cgalParamNEnd
@@ -340,43 +338,45 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
   CGAL::File_scanner_OFF scanner(is, false);
   is.seekg(pos);
 
-  bool res = internal::IO::read_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(is, sm, scanner, np);
+  bool res = internal::read_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(is, sm, scanner, np);
   if(!res)
     sm.clear();
 
   return res;
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, sm, np);
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, sm, np);
 }
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
 {
-  return read_OFF(is, sm, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_OFF(is, sm, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const std::string& filename)
 {
-  return read_OFF(filename, sm, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::read_OFF(filename, sm, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ bool write_OFF_with_or_without_fcolors(std::ostream& os,
 {
   typedef Surface_mesh<Point>                                            Mesh;
   typedef typename Mesh::Face_index                                      Face_index;
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                                    Color;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                    Color;
 
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::is_default_parameter;
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ bool write_OFF_with_or_without_fcolors(std::ostream& os,
 
   typename Mesh::template Property_map<Face_index, Color> fcolors;
   bool has_internal_fcolors;
-  std::tie(fcolors, has_internal_fcolors) = sm.template property_map<Face_index, CGAL::Color>("f:color");
+  std::tie(fcolors, has_internal_fcolors) = sm.template property_map<Face_index, CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color");
 
   if(!has_fcolors && has_internal_fcolors && std::distance(fcolors.begin(), fcolors.end()) > 0)
     return write_OFF_BGL(os, sm, np.face_color_map(fcolors));
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ bool write_OFF_with_or_without_vcolors(std::ostream& os,
 {
   typedef Surface_mesh<Point>                                            Mesh;
   typedef typename Mesh::Vertex_index                                    Vertex_index;
-  typedef CGAL::Color                                                    Color;
+  typedef CGAL::IO::Color                                                    Color;
 
   using parameters::choose_parameter;
   using parameters::is_default_parameter;
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ bool write_OFF_with_or_without_vcolors(std::ostream& os,
 
   typename Mesh::template Property_map<Vertex_index, Color> vcolors;
   bool has_internal_vcolors;
-  std::tie(vcolors, has_internal_vcolors) = sm.template property_map<Vertex_index, CGAL::Color>("v:color");
+  std::tie(vcolors, has_internal_vcolors) = sm.template property_map<Vertex_index, CGAL::IO::Color>("v:color");
 
   if(!has_vcolors && has_internal_vcolors && std::distance(vcolors.begin(), vcolors.end()) > 0)
     return write_OFF_with_or_without_vtextures(os, sm, np.vertex_color_map(vcolors));
@@ -493,7 +493,6 @@ bool write_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(std::ostream& os,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /// \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncOFF
 ///
@@ -535,7 +534,7 @@ bool write_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(std::ostream& os,
 ///   \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_color_map}
 ///     \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the vertices of `sm`}
 ///     \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `Surface_mesh::Vertex_index`
-///                    as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+///                    as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
 ///     \cgalParamDefault{vertex colors will be output using the internal property map, if it exists.}
 ///   \cgalParamNEnd
 ///
@@ -549,7 +548,7 @@ bool write_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(std::ostream& os,
 ///   \cgalParamNBegin{face_color_map}
 ///     \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating colors to the faces of `sm`}
 ///     \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `Surface_mesh::Face_index`
-///                    as key type and `CGAL::Color` as value type}
+///                    as key type and `CGAL::IO::Color` as value type}
 ///     \cgalParamDefault{face colors will be output using the internal property map, if it exists.}
 ///   \cgalParamNEnd
 ///
@@ -573,41 +572,43 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os,
 
   const bool has_vpoints = !(is_default_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_point)));
   if(has_vpoints)
-    return IO::internal::write_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(os, sm, np);
+    return internal::write_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(os, sm, np);
 
-  return IO::internal::write_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(os, sm, np.vertex_point_map(get_const_property_map(CGAL::vertex_point, sm)));
+  return internal::write_OFF_with_or_without_vnormals(os, sm, np.vertex_point_map(get_const_property_map(CGAL::vertex_point, sm)));
 }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return write_OFF(os, sm, np);
+  return IO::write_OFF(os, sm, np);
 }
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
 {
-  return write_OFF(os, sm, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::write_OFF(os, sm, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const std::string& filename)
 {
-  return write_OFF(filename, sm, parameters::all_default());
+  return IO::write_OFF(filename, sm, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
index f19a3b9d9b2..9d4a9dda8bf 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ private:
   int m_normals;
   typename Surface_mesh::template Property_map<Vertex_index, Vector> m_normal_map;
   int m_vcolors;
-  typename Surface_mesh::template Property_map<Vertex_index, CGAL::Color> m_vcolor_map;
+  typename Surface_mesh::template Property_map<Vertex_index, CGAL::IO::Color> m_vcolor_map;
   int m_fcolors;
-  typename Surface_mesh::template Property_map<Face_index, CGAL::Color> m_fcolor_map;
+  typename Surface_mesh::template Property_map<Face_index, CGAL::IO::Color> m_fcolor_map;
   bool m_use_int32_t;
   std::string m_index_tag;
   std::vector<Abstract_ply_property_to_surface_mesh_property*> m_vertex_properties;
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public:
       delete m_halfedge_properties[i];
   }
 
-  bool has_simplex_specific_property(IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property, Vertex_index)
+  bool has_simplex_specific_property(internal::PLY_read_number* property, Vertex_index)
   {
     const std::string& name = property->name();
     if(name == "x" ||
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ public:
     {
       ++ m_vcolors;
       if(m_vcolors == 3)
-        m_vcolor_map = m_mesh.template add_property_map<Vertex_index, CGAL::Color>("v:color").first;
+        m_vcolor_map = m_mesh.template add_property_map<Vertex_index, CGAL::IO::Color>("v:color").first;
       return true;
     }
     return false;
   }
 
-  bool has_simplex_specific_property(IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property, Face_index)
+  bool has_simplex_specific_property(internal::PLY_read_number* property, Face_index)
   {
     const std::string& name = property->name();
     if(name == "vertex_indices" || name == "vertex_index")
@@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ public:
     {
       ++ m_fcolors;
       if(m_fcolors == 3)
-        m_fcolor_map = m_mesh.template add_property_map<Face_index, CGAL::Color>("f:color").first;
+        m_fcolor_map = m_mesh.template add_property_map<Face_index, CGAL::IO::Color>("f:color").first;
       return true;
     }
 
     return false;
   }
 
-  bool has_simplex_specific_property(IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property, Edge_index)
+  bool has_simplex_specific_property(internal::PLY_read_number* property, Edge_index)
   {
     const std::string& name = property->name();
     if(name == "v0" || name == "v1")
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ public:
     return false;
   }
 
-  bool has_simplex_specific_property(IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property, Halfedge_index)
+  bool has_simplex_specific_property(internal::PLY_read_number* property, Halfedge_index)
   {
     const std::string& name = property->name();
     if(name == "source" || name == "target")
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ public:
   {
     for(std::size_t j = 0; j < element.number_of_properties(); ++ j)
     {
-      IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(j);
+      internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(j);
 
       if(has_simplex_specific_property(property, Simplex()))
         continue;
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ public:
       element.assign(r, "red");
       element.assign(g, "green");
       element.assign(b, "blue");
-      m_vcolor_map[vi] = CGAL::Color(r, g, b);
+      m_vcolor_map[vi] = CGAL::IO::Color(r, g, b);
     }
   }
 
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ public:
       element.assign(r, "red");
       element.assign(g, "green");
       element.assign(b, "blue");
-      m_fcolor_map[fi] = CGAL::Color(r, g, b);
+      m_fcolor_map[fi] = CGAL::IO::Color(r, g, b);
     }
   }
 
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property char " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Char_property_printer<Simplex,Int8_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Char_property_printer<Simplex,Int8_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property uchar " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Char_property_printer<Simplex,Uint8_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Char_property_printer<Simplex,Uint8_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property short " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Int16_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Int16_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property ushort " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Uint16_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Uint16_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property int " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Int32_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Int32_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property uint " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Uint32_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Uint32_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property int " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Int64_map,boost::int32_t>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Int64_map,boost::int32_t>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property uint " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Uint64_map,boost::uint32_t>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Uint64_map,boost::uint32_t>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property float " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Float_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Float_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
       if(okay)
       {
         os << "property double " << name << std::endl;
-        printers.push_back(new IO::internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Double_map>(pmap));
+        printers.push_back(new internal::Simple_property_printer<Simplex,Double_map>(pmap));
         continue;
       }
     }
@@ -710,7 +710,6 @@ void fill_header(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /// \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncPLY
 ///
@@ -765,8 +764,8 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
     return false;
   }
 
-  IO::internal::PLY_reader reader(verbose);
-  IO::internal::Surface_mesh_filler<P> filler(sm);
+  internal::PLY_reader reader(verbose);
+  internal::Surface_mesh_filler<P> filler(sm);
 
   if(!(reader.init(is)))
   {
@@ -778,7 +777,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
 
   for(std::size_t i = 0; i < reader.number_of_elements(); ++ i)
   {
-    IO::internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
+    internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
 
     bool is_vertex =(element.name() == "vertex" || element.name() == "vertices");
     bool is_face = false;
@@ -816,7 +815,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is,
     {
       for(std::size_t k = 0; k < element.number_of_properties(); ++ k)
       {
-        IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
+        internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
         property->get(is);
         if(is.fail())
           return false;
@@ -853,16 +852,18 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<P>& sm)
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::read_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename P>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<P>& sm, std::string& comments)
 {
-  return read_PLY(is, sm, comments);
+  return IO::read_PLY(is, sm, comments);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
@@ -871,6 +872,8 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<P>& sm, std::string
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /// \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncPLY
 ///
 /// \brief inserts the surface mesh in an output stream in the \ref IOStreamPLY.
@@ -924,7 +927,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   set_stream_precision_from_NP(os, np);
 
   os << "ply" << std::endl
-     << ((get_mode(os) == IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
+     << ((get_mode(os) == BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
      << "comment Generated by the CGAL library" << std::endl;
 
   if(comments != std::string())
@@ -940,20 +943,20 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
 
   os << "element vertex " << sm.number_of_vertices() << std::endl;
 
-  std::vector<IO::internal::Abstract_property_printer<VIndex>*> vprinters;
-  IO::internal::fill_header(os, sm, vprinters);
+  std::vector<internal::Abstract_property_printer<VIndex>*> vprinters;
+  internal::fill_header(os, sm, vprinters);
 
   os << "element face " << sm.number_of_faces() << std::endl;
   os << "property list uchar int vertex_indices" << std::endl;
-  std::vector<IO::internal::Abstract_property_printer<FIndex>*> fprinters;
-  IO::internal::fill_header(os, sm, fprinters);
+  std::vector<internal::Abstract_property_printer<FIndex>*> fprinters;
+  internal::fill_header(os, sm, fprinters);
 
 
-  std::vector<IO::internal::Abstract_property_printer<EIndex>*> eprinters;
+  std::vector<internal::Abstract_property_printer<EIndex>*> eprinters;
   if(sm.template properties<EIndex>().size() > 1)
   {
     std::ostringstream oss;
-    IO::internal::fill_header(oss, sm, eprinters);
+    internal::fill_header(oss, sm, eprinters);
 
     if(!eprinters.empty())
     {
@@ -964,11 +967,11 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     }
   }
 
-  std::vector<IO::internal::Abstract_property_printer<HIndex>*> hprinters;
+  std::vector<internal::Abstract_property_printer<HIndex>*> hprinters;
   if(sm.template properties<HIndex>().size() > 1)
   {
     std::ostringstream oss;
-    IO::internal::fill_header(oss, sm, hprinters);
+    internal::fill_header(oss, sm, hprinters);
 
     if(!hprinters.empty())
     {
@@ -989,10 +992,10 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     for(std::size_t i = 0; i < vprinters.size(); ++ i)
     {
       vprinters[i]->print(os, vi);
-      if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+      if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
         os << " ";
     }
-    if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+    if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
       os << std::endl;
 
     reindex[std::size_t(vi)] = n++;
@@ -1007,7 +1010,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     for(VIndex vi : CGAL::vertices_around_face(sm.halfedge(fi), sm))
       polygon.push_back(reindex[std::size_t(vi)]);
 
-    if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+    if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
     {
       os << polygon.size() << " ";
       for(std::size_t i = 0; i < polygon.size(); ++ i)
@@ -1027,11 +1030,11 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     for(std::size_t i = 0; i < fprinters.size(); ++ i)
     {
       fprinters[i]->print(os, fi);
-      if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+      if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
         os << " ";
     }
 
-    if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+    if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
       os << std::endl;
   }
 
@@ -1041,7 +1044,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     {
       int v0 = reindex[std::size_t(sm.vertex(ei, 0))];
       int v1 = reindex[std::size_t(sm.vertex(ei, 1))];
-      if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+      if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
       {
         os << v0 << " " << v1 << " ";
       }
@@ -1054,11 +1057,11 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       for(std::size_t i = 0; i < eprinters.size(); ++ i)
       {
         eprinters[i]->print(os, ei);
-        if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+        if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
           os << " ";
       }
 
-      if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+      if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
         os << std::endl;
     }
   }
@@ -1069,7 +1072,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
     {
       int source = reindex[std::size_t(sm.source(hi))];
       int target = reindex[std::size_t(sm.target(hi))];
-      if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+      if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
       {
         os << source << " " << target << " ";
       }
@@ -1082,11 +1085,11 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
       for(std::size_t i = 0; i < hprinters.size(); ++ i)
       {
         hprinters[i]->print(os, hi);
-        if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+        if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
           os << " ";
       }
 
-      if(get_mode(os) == IO::ASCII)
+      if(get_mode(os) == ASCII)
         os << std::endl;
     }
   }
@@ -1127,17 +1130,19 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<P>& sm)
 
 /// \endcond
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::write_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 
 template <typename P>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<P>& sm, const std::string& comments)
 {
-  return write_PLY(os, sm, comments);
+  return IO::write_PLY(os, sm, comments);
 }
 
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh.h
index da54a33d7a4..75a01cc8be5 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/Surface_mesh.h
@@ -2171,7 +2171,7 @@ private: //------------------------------------------------------- private data
    template <typename P>
   std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<P>& sm)
   {
-    write_OFF(os, sm);
+    IO::write_OFF(os, sm);
     return os;
   }
 
@@ -2183,7 +2183,7 @@ private: //------------------------------------------------------- private data
   template <typename P>
   std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<P>& sm)
   {
-    read_OFF(is, sm);
+    IO::read_OFF(is, sm);
     return is;
   }
 
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/SM_common.h b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/SM_common.h
index 1dc68f0094d..f0f9d1e0988 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/SM_common.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/SM_common.h
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ struct Surface_fixture_3 {
 
 struct Cube_fixture
 {
-  Cube_fixture() { CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("cube.off", m); }
+  Cube_fixture() { CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("cube.off", m); }
 
   Sm m;
 
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_open_colored_off.cpp b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_open_colored_off.cpp
index b76191918d7..35ff58cafb9 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_open_colored_off.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_open_colored_off.cpp
@@ -31,20 +31,20 @@ void OpenOFF(int i)
   CGAL_assertion(in && !surface_mesh.is_empty());
 
 
-  SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color> fcolors =
-      surface_mesh.property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("f:color").first;
+  SMesh::Property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> fcolors =
+      surface_mesh.property_map<face_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("f:color").first;
 
-  SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color> vcolors =
-    surface_mesh.property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::Color >("v:color").first;
-  CGAL::Color c = fcolors[*(surface_mesh.faces().begin())];
-  CGAL_assertion(c== CGAL::Color(229,0,0));
+  SMesh::Property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color> vcolors =
+    surface_mesh.property_map<vertex_descriptor, CGAL::IO::Color >("v:color").first;
+  CGAL::IO::Color c = fcolors[*(surface_mesh.faces().begin())];
+  CGAL_assertion(c== CGAL::IO::Color(229,0,0));
   c = fcolors[*(--surface_mesh.faces().end())];
-  CGAL_assertion(c== CGAL::Color(0,0,229));
+  CGAL_assertion(c== CGAL::IO::Color(0,0,229));
 
   c = vcolors[*(surface_mesh.vertices().begin())];
-  CGAL_assertion((c== CGAL::Color(229,0,0)));
+  CGAL_assertion((c== CGAL::IO::Color(229,0,0)));
   c = vcolors[*(--surface_mesh.vertices().end())];
-  CGAL_assertion((c== CGAL::Color(0,0,229)));
+  CGAL_assertion((c== CGAL::IO::Color(0,0,229)));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp
index 942fe50b965..5c2d21fc595 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int main()
 {
   std::ifstream in("colored_tetra.ply");
   SMesh mesh;
-  CGAL::read_PLY(in, mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::read_PLY(in, mesh);
 
   std::cerr << "Read mesh with " << mesh.number_of_vertices() << " vertices and "
             << mesh.number_of_faces() << " faces" << std::endl;
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ int main()
 
   // Append second mesh
   std::ifstream in2("tetra.ply");
-  CGAL::read_PLY(in2, mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::read_PLY(in2, mesh);
 
   std::ofstream out("out.ply");
 //  CGAL::set_binary_mode(out);
-  CGAL::write_PLY(out, mesh);
+  CGAL::IO::write_PLY(out, mesh);
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_2_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_2_example.cpp
index 30781891e59..8f2687ffe69 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_2_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_2_example.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // read input surface triangle mesh
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_example.cpp
index bf12a72cc6f..ebaa4be8582 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_approximation_example.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // read input surface triangle mesh
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_class_interface_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_class_interface_example.cpp
index 2a61fab2f81..885bfcd3de9 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_class_interface_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_class_interface_example.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // reads input surface triangle mesh
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_isotropic_metric_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_isotropic_metric_example.cpp
index 116f53dfbd9..f2a62bf1fac 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_isotropic_metric_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_isotropic_metric_example.cpp
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // reads input surface triangle mesh
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_segmentation_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_segmentation_example.cpp
index dc3c5a57b8a..ef6af2112c2 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_segmentation_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_segmentation_example.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // reads input surface triangle mesh
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_simple_approximation_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_simple_approximation_example.cpp
index 81f326e4573..8baa4f1b6a3 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_simple_approximation_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_approximation/examples/Surface_mesh_approximation/vsa_simple_approximation_example.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // reads input surface triangle mesh
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/all_roi_assign_example_Surface_mesh.cpp b/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/all_roi_assign_example_Surface_mesh.cpp
index a66e4152b3c..e7e97aaa051 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/all_roi_assign_example_Surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/all_roi_assign_example_Surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/plane.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/k_ring_roi_translate_rotate_Surface_mesh.cpp b/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/k_ring_roi_translate_rotate_Surface_mesh.cpp
index a881936c32b..6d807a09ce2 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/k_ring_roi_translate_rotate_Surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_deformation/examples/Surface_mesh_deformation/k_ring_roi_translate_rotate_Surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/plane.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh))
   {
     std::cerr<< "Cannot open data/plane.off";
     return 1;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/discrete_authalic.cpp b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/discrete_authalic.cpp
index 1f71c6e1d69..6ed0453a3f4 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/discrete_authalic.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/discrete_authalic.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/three_peaks.off";
 
   SurfaceMesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/lscm.cpp b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/lscm.cpp
index 43fb06a8785..e44f6545017 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/lscm.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/lscm.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/lion.off";
 
   SurfaceMesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/orbifold.cpp b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/orbifold.cpp
index 44eaf8f6ec5..ce1610568d4 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/orbifold.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/orbifold.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/bear.off";
 
   SurfaceMesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/simple_parameterization.cpp b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/simple_parameterization.cpp
index b40a8bf48cc..c9eabe71a45 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/simple_parameterization.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/examples/Surface_mesh_parameterization/simple_parameterization.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/nefertiti.off";
 
   SurfaceMesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/extract_segmentation_into_mesh_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/extract_segmentation_into_mesh_example.cpp
index 189f068b136..74d48718f72 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/extract_segmentation_into_mesh_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/extract_segmentation_into_mesh_example.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv )
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cactus.off";
 
   SM mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_LCC_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_LCC_example.cpp
index 543e8563155..b21941ac293 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_LCC_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_LCC_example.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   // create and read LCC
   LCC mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_SM_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_SM_example.cpp
index 9aebc8cb0fa..2d8391fa781 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_SM_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_segmentation/examples/Surface_mesh_segmentation/segmentation_from_sdf_values_SM_example.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv )
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cactus.off";
 
   Mesh mesh;
-  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, mesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(mesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_sequence.cpp b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_sequence.cpp
index 512b2882ae0..e4d6b38763b 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_sequence.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_sequence.cpp
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/elephant.off";
 
   Triangle_mesh tmesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tmesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_with_locate.cpp b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_with_locate.cpp
index 5ce5baa5733..12bc9c64b95 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_with_locate.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_path_with_locate.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/elephant.off";
 
   Triangle_mesh tmesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tmesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths.cpp b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths.cpp
index 14109508355..09fa0cd6ac9 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/elephant.off";
 
   Triangle_mesh tmesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tmesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths_multiple_sources.cpp b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths_multiple_sources.cpp
index d543da6abde..38143178e3c 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths_multiple_sources.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/examples/Surface_mesh_shortest_path/shortest_paths_multiple_sources.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   const char* filename = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/elephant.off";
 
   Triangle_mesh tmesh;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, tmesh) ||
      !CGAL::is_triangle_mesh(tmesh))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input file." << std::endl;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_bounded_normal_change.cpp b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_bounded_normal_change.cpp
index 70f9e16be24..cf15718d3df 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_bounded_normal_change.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_bounded_normal_change.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
                                       .get_placement(Placement()));
 
   std::cout << t.time() << " sec" << std::endl;
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_constrained_border_surface_mesh.cpp b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_constrained_border_surface_mesh.cpp
index eaba77051d5..04c59231c85 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_constrained_border_surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_constrained_border_surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::cout << "\nFinished!\n" << r << " edges removed.\n"
             << surface_mesh.number_of_edges() << " final edges.\n";
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 2) ? argv[2] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   // now check!
   for(halfedge_descriptor hd : halfedges(surface_mesh))
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_garland_heckbert.cpp b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_garland_heckbert.cpp
index 338a17aed37..b7fe2fe732e 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_garland_heckbert.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_garland_heckbert.cpp
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   std::cout << "\nFinished!\n" << r << " edges removed.\n" << surface_mesh.number_of_edges() << " final edges.\n";
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_linear_cell_complex.cpp b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_linear_cell_complex.cpp
index 8fbc1763b86..c9551fc0419 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_linear_cell_complex.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_linear_cell_complex.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   LCC lcc;
   const char* filename = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "data/cube-meshed.off";
 
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, lcc))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, lcc))
   {
     std::cerr << "Failed to read input mesh: " << filename << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   lcc.display_characteristics(std::cout) << ", is_valid=" << CGAL::is_valid(lcc) << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3 ? argv[3] : "out.off"), lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3 ? argv[3] : "out.off"), lcc);
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_surface_mesh.cpp b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_surface_mesh.cpp
index 063e6fd63c1..b40ae60efcc 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::cout << "\nFinished!\n" << r << " edges removed.\n" << surface_mesh.number_of_edges() << " final edges.\n";
   std::cout << "Time elapsed: " << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end_time - start_time).count() << "ms" << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_visitor_surface_mesh.cpp b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_visitor_surface_mesh.cpp
index ffbe9574fe2..a85bab7aa0a 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_visitor_surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_simplification/examples/Surface_mesh_simplification/edge_collapse_visitor_surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::cout << "\nFinished!\n" << r << " edges removed.\n"
             << surface_mesh.number_of_edges() << " final edges.\n";
 
-  CGAL::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh((argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "out.off", surface_mesh, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/MCF_Skeleton_LCC_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/MCF_Skeleton_LCC_example.cpp
index 881faad7fe7..491ebf21d91 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/MCF_Skeleton_LCC_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/MCF_Skeleton_LCC_example.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ typedef Skeleton::edge_descriptor                             Skeleton_edge;
 int main()
 {
   LCC lcc;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("data/elephant.off", lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("data/elephant.off", lcc);
 
   Skeleton skeleton;
   Skeletonization mcs(lcc);
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/simple_mcfskel_LCC_example.cpp b/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/simple_mcfskel_LCC_example.cpp
index dca0967772e..81169ddea8d 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/simple_mcfskel_LCC_example.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/examples/Surface_mesh_skeletonization/simple_mcfskel_LCC_example.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct Display_polylines{
 int main()
 {
   LCC lcc;
-  CGAL::read_polygon_mesh("data/elephant.off", lcc);
+  CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh("data/elephant.off", lcc);
 
   Skeleton skeleton;
 
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/draw_facewidth.h b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/draw_facewidth.h
index 520fffe69cf..c23906f10b3 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/draw_facewidth.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/draw_facewidth.h
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ struct Facewidth_draw_functor : public CGAL::DefaultDrawingFunctorLCC
   { return alcc.is_marked(dh, m_vertex_mark); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color vertex_color(const LCC& /* alcc */,
+  CGAL::IO::Color vertex_color(const LCC& /* alcc */,
                            typename LCC::Dart_const_handle /* dh */) const
-  { return CGAL::Color(0, 255, 0); }
+  { return CGAL::IO::Color(0, 255, 0); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
   bool colored_edge(const LCC& /*alcc*/, typename LCC::Dart_const_handle /*dh*/) const
   { return false; }
 
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color edge_color(const LCC& /* alcc*/,
+  CGAL::IO::Color edge_color(const LCC& /* alcc*/,
                          typename LCC::Dart_const_handle /* dh */) const
-  { return CGAL::Color(0, 0, 255); }
+  { return CGAL::IO::Color(0, 0, 255); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
   bool colored_face(const LCC& /* alcc */,
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ struct Facewidth_draw_functor : public CGAL::DefaultDrawingFunctorLCC
   {return true;}
 
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color face_color(const LCC& alcc, typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
-  { return alcc.is_marked(dh, m_face_mark)?CGAL::Color(255, 0, 0)
-                                          :CGAL::Color(211, 211, 211); }
+  CGAL::IO::Color face_color(const LCC& alcc, typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
+  { return alcc.is_marked(dh, m_face_mark)?CGAL::IO::Color(255, 0, 0)
+                                          :CGAL::IO::Color(211, 211, 211); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
   bool colored_volume(const LCC& /* alcc */,
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/edgewidth_surface_mesh.cpp b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/edgewidth_surface_mesh.cpp
index a78ffce8e4f..ce80de070e5 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/edgewidth_surface_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/edgewidth_surface_mesh.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   bool draw=(argc<3?false:(std::string(argv[2])=="-draw"));
 
   Mesh sm;
-  if(!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
+  if(!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename, sm))
   {
     std::cout<<"Cannot read file '"<<filename<<"'. Exiting program"<<std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/path_homotopy_with_sm_and_polyhedron.cpp b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/path_homotopy_with_sm_and_polyhedron.cpp
index aaba6843a74..9da9d5f74ed 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/path_homotopy_with_sm_and_polyhedron.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/path_homotopy_with_sm_and_polyhedron.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   {
     Polyhedron p;
-    if (!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(file, p))
+    if (!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(file, p))
     {
       std::cout<<"ERROR reading file "<<file<<" for polyhedron."<<std::endl;
       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
   {
     SM sm;
-    if (!CGAL::read_polygon_mesh(file, sm))
+    if (!CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh(file, sm))
     {
       std::cout<<"ERROR reading file "<<file<<" for surface mesh."<<std::endl;
       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/unsew_edgewidth_repeatedly.cpp b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/unsew_edgewidth_repeatedly.cpp
index fafa9dd1160..3e5f26de109 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/unsew_edgewidth_repeatedly.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_topology/examples/Surface_mesh_topology/unsew_edgewidth_repeatedly.cpp
@@ -45,27 +45,27 @@ struct Draw_functor : public CGAL::DefaultDrawingFunctorLCC
   { return alcc.is_marked(dh, is_root); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color vertex_color(const LCC& /* alcc */,
+  CGAL::IO::Color vertex_color(const LCC& /* alcc */,
                            typename LCC::Dart_const_handle /* dh */) const
-  { return CGAL::Color(0,255,0); }
+  { return CGAL::IO::Color(0,255,0); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
   bool colored_edge(const LCC& alcc, typename LCC::Dart_const_handle dh) const
   { return alcc.is_marked(dh, belong_to_cycle); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color edge_color(const LCC& /* alcc*/,
+  CGAL::IO::Color edge_color(const LCC& /* alcc*/,
                          typename LCC::Dart_const_handle /* dh */) const
-  { return CGAL::Color(0, 0, 255); }
+  { return CGAL::IO::Color(0, 0, 255); }
 
   template<typename LCC>
   bool colored_face(const LCC& /* alcc */,
                     typename LCC::Dart_const_handle /* dh */) const {return true;}
 
   template<typename LCC>
-  CGAL::Color face_color(const LCC& /* alcc */,
+  CGAL::IO::Color face_color(const LCC& /* alcc */,
                          typename LCC::Dart_const_handle /* dh */) const
-  {return CGAL::Color(211, 211, 211);}
+  {return CGAL::IO::Color(211, 211, 211);}
 
   template<typename LCC>
   bool colored_volume(const LCC& /* alcc */,
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph_with_paths.h b/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph_with_paths.h
index 726cf03efd1..981cc54ca22 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph_with_paths.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh_topology/include/CGAL/draw_face_graph_with_paths.h
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ protected:
     if (m_current_dart!=lcc.darts().end())
     { // We want to draw only one dart
       Dart_const_handle selected_dart=m_current_dart; //lcc.dart_handle(m_current_dart);
-      compute_edge(selected_dart, CGAL::Color(255,0,0));
+      compute_edge(selected_dart, CGAL::IO::Color(255,0,0));
       lcc.template mark_cell<1>(selected_dart, markedges);
       compute_vertex(selected_dart);
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ protected:
     }
     while(cur!=dh);
 
-    // CGAL::Color c=m_fcolor.run(*lcc, dh);
+    // CGAL::IO::Color c=m_fcolor.run(*lcc, dh);
     face_begin(); //c);
 
     cur=dh;
@@ -241,13 +241,13 @@ protected:
     {
       if (m_draw_marked_darts && m_amark!=LCC::INVALID_MARK &&
           (lcc.is_marked(dh, m_amark) || lcc.is_marked(lcc.opposite2(dh), m_amark)))
-      { add_segment(p1, get_point(d2), CGAL::Color(0, 0, 255)); }
+      { add_segment(p1, get_point(d2), CGAL::IO::Color(0, 0, 255)); }
       else
       { add_segment(p1, get_point(d2)); }
     }
   }
 
-  void compute_edge(Dart_const_handle dh, const CGAL::Color& color)
+  void compute_edge(Dart_const_handle dh, const CGAL::IO::Color& color)
   {
     Point p1 = get_point(dh);
     Dart_const_handle d2 = lcc.other_extremity(dh);
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ protected:
     { return; }
 
     CGAL::Random random(static_cast<unsigned int>(i));
-    CGAL::Color color=get_random_color(random);
+    CGAL::IO::Color color=get_random_color(random);
 
     add_point(get_point((*m_paths)[i].get_ith_dart(0)), color);
     for (std::size_t j=0; j<(*m_paths)[i].length(); ++j)
diff --git a/Tetrahedral_remeshing/examples/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_from_mesh.cpp b/Tetrahedral_remeshing/examples/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_from_mesh.cpp
index 83565e56341..4ea0c1ddc54 100644
--- a/Tetrahedral_remeshing/examples/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_from_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Tetrahedral_remeshing/examples/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_from_mesh.cpp
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   Remeshing_triangulation tr;
 
   std::ifstream is(filename, std::ios_base::in);
-  CGAL::read_MEDIT(is, tr);
+  CGAL::IO::read_MEDIT(is, tr);
 
   CGAL::tetrahedral_isotropic_remeshing(tr, target_edge_length);
 
   std::ofstream os("after_remeshing.mesh");
-  CGAL::write_MEDIT(os, tr);
+  CGAL::IO::write_MEDIT(os, tr);
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/examples/Triangulation_2/colored_face.cpp b/Triangulation_2/examples/Triangulation_2/colored_face.cpp
index 820daa4cfe5..0f290a796be 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/examples/Triangulation_2/colored_face.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_2/examples/Triangulation_2/colored_face.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
 
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_2<K> Vb;
-typedef CGAL::Triangulation_face_base_with_info_2<CGAL::Color,K> Fb;
+typedef CGAL::Triangulation_face_base_with_info_2<CGAL::IO::Color,K> Fb;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_data_structure_2<Vb,Fb> Tds;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_2<K,Tds> Triangulation;
 
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ int main() {
   t.insert(Point(2,2));
 
   for(Face_handle f : t.finite_face_handles())
-    f->info() = CGAL::blue();
+    f->info() = CGAL::IO::blue();
 
   Point p(0.5,0.5);
   Face_handle fh = t.locate(p);
-  fh->info() = CGAL::red();
+  fh->info() = CGAL::IO::red();
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_2.h b/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_2.h
index fef579d2ff0..3561dbbc04a 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_2.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace CGAL
 struct DefaultColorFunctorT2
 {
   template<typename T2>
-  static CGAL::Color run(const T2&,
+  static CGAL::IO::Color run(const T2&,
                          const typename T2::Finite_faces_iterator fh)
   {
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(std::size_t)(&*fh));
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public:
 protected:
   void compute_face(Facet_const_handle fh)
   {
-    CGAL::Color c=m_fcolor.run(t2, fh);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c=m_fcolor.run(t2, fh);
     face_begin(c);
 
     add_point_in_face(fh->vertex(0)->point());
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.cpp b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.cpp
index dfab5a6d210..c56c3cd269b 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3/Scene.cpp
@@ -123,12 +123,12 @@ void Scene::loadPointsOFF(const char* filename)
 
 void Scene::loadPointsXYZ(const char* filename)
 {
-  /* Use CGAL::read_XYZ to read in data -- tested */
+  /* Use CGAL::IO::read_XYZ to read in data -- tested */
   /* Note: this function reads in points only (normals are ignored) */
   /* Note: this function can NOT omit comments (starting with '#') */
   list<Point_3> pts;
-  if( !CGAL::read_XYZ( filename,  // input ifstream
-                       back_inserter(pts) ) ) {  // output iterator over points
+  if( !CGAL::IO::read_XYZ( filename,  // input ifstream
+                           back_inserter(pts) ) ) {  // output iterator over points
     showError( QObject::tr("Error: cannot read file %1.").arg(filename) );
   }
 
@@ -199,11 +199,11 @@ void Scene::savePointsXYZ(const char* filename)
     return;
   }
 
-  /* Use CGAL::write_xyz_points to write out data */
+  /* Use CGAL::IO::write_xyz_points to write out data */
   /* Note: this function writes out points only (normals are ignored) */
-  if( !CGAL::write_XYZ( fout,  // output ofstream
-                        CGAL::make_range( m_dt.points_begin(),  // first output point
-                                          m_dt.points_end()) ) ) {  // past-the-end output point
+  if( !CGAL::IO::write_XYZ( fout,  // output ofstream
+                            CGAL::make_range( m_dt.points_begin(),  // first output point
+                                              m_dt.points_end()) ) ) {  // past-the-end output point
     showError( QObject::tr("Error: cannot read file %1.").arg(filename) );
   }
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_color_demo.cpp b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_color_demo.cpp
index f5f8f09b9ba..010bf0465d8 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_color_demo.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_color_demo.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main()
 
 typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
 
-typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3<CGAL::Color, K>  Vb;
+typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3<CGAL::IO::Color, K>  Vb;
 typedef CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_cell_base_3<K>                  Cb;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_data_structure_3<Vb, Cb>                 Tds;
 typedef CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3<K, Tds>                       Delaunay;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ typedef Delaunay::Point Point;
 int main()
 {
   CGAL::Geomview_stream gv(CGAL::Bbox_3(0,0,0, 2, 2, 2));
-  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::Color(0, 200, 200));
+  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::IO::Color(0, 200, 200));
   gv.clear();
 
   Delaunay T;
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ int main()
   Delaunay::Finite_vertices_iterator vit;
   for (vit = T.finite_vertices_begin(); vit != T.finite_vertices_end(); ++vit)
     if (T.degree(vit) == 6)
-      vit->info() = CGAL::red();
+      vit->info() = CGAL::IO::red();
 
   std::cout << "           Visualization of T" << std::endl;
   gv.set_wired(true);
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_demo.cpp b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_demo.cpp
index f552d48c5cf..b34b666422d 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_demo.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_demo.cpp
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ void visu_vertex(CGAL::Geomview_stream & os, const TRIANGULATION & T,
 int main()
 {
   CGAL::Geomview_stream gv(CGAL::Bbox_3(0,0,0, 2, 2, 2));
-  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::Color(0, 200, 200));
+  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::IO::Color(0, 200, 200));
   gv.clear();
 
   Triangulation  T;
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_remove_demo.cpp b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_remove_demo.cpp
index 538a33b8bf3..4b1ab9e2f08 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_remove_demo.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_remove_demo.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ void visu_vertex(CGAL::Geomview_stream & os, const TRIANGULATION & T,
 int main()
 {
   CGAL::Geomview_stream gv(CGAL::Bbox_3(0,0,0, 5, 5, 5));
-  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::Color(0, 200, 200));
+  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::IO::Color(0, 200, 200));
   gv.set_wired(true);
   gv.clear();
 
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_voronoi_demo.cpp b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_voronoi_demo.cpp
index e2d52232cf6..3fccb43099e 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_voronoi_demo.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/demo/Triangulation_3_Geomview_demos/Triangulation_3_voronoi_demo.cpp
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ typedef Triangulation::Point          Point;
 int main()
 {
   CGAL::Geomview_stream gv(CGAL::Bbox_3(0,0,0, 3, 3, 3));
-  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::Color(0, 200, 200));
+  gv.set_bg_color(CGAL::IO::Color(0, 200, 200));
   gv.clear();
 
   Triangulation T;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ int main()
   gv << T;
 
   std::cout <<"          Visualizing the Voronoi edges" << std::endl;
-  gv << CGAL::red();
+  gv << CGAL::IO::red();
   T.draw_dual(gv);
 
   char ch;
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/color.cpp b/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/color.cpp
index c61bf335689..88be5a11a23 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/color.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/color.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel         K;
 
-typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3<CGAL::Color, K> Vb;
+typedef CGAL::Triangulation_vertex_base_with_info_3<CGAL::IO::Color, K> Vb;
 typedef CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_cell_base_3<K>                 Cb;
 typedef CGAL::Triangulation_data_structure_3<Vb, Cb>                Tds;
 typedef CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3<K, Tds>                      Delaunay;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ int main()
   Delaunay::Finite_vertices_iterator vit;
   for (Delaunay::Vertex_handle v : T.finite_vertex_handles())
       if (T.degree(v) == 6)
-        v->info() = CGAL::red();
+        v->info() = CGAL::IO::red();
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_cell_traverser_3.cpp b/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_cell_traverser_3.cpp
index e9a675ff7e0..cb0eb2c855d 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_cell_traverser_3.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_cell_traverser_3.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   const char* fname = (argc>1) ? argv[1] : "data/blobby.xyz";
 
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
-  if (!CGAL::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
+  if (!CGAL::IO::read_points(fname, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_simplex_traverser_3.cpp b/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_simplex_traverser_3.cpp
index 14c2fb7a7b2..f32ad6859bd 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_simplex_traverser_3.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/examples/Triangulation_3/segment_simplex_traverser_3.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
   std::ifstream stream(fname);
   if (!stream ||
-      !CGAL::read_XYZ(stream, std::back_inserter(points)))
+      !CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(stream, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_3.h b/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_3.h
index 0c778ca08a7..3e5bbaec9f5 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_3.h
+++ b/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/draw_triangulation_3.h
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ namespace CGAL
 struct DefaultColorFunctorT3
 {
   template<typename T3>
-  static CGAL::Color run(const T3&,
+  static CGAL::IO::Color run(const T3&,
                          const typename T3::Finite_facets_iterator* fh)
   {
     if (fh==nullptr) // use to get the mono color
-      return CGAL::Color(100, 125, 200); // R G B between 0-255
+      return CGAL::IO::Color(100, 125, 200); // R G B between 0-255
 
     CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)((std::size_t)(&*((*fh)->first))+
                                        (std::size_t)((*fh)->second)));
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public:
 protected:
   void compute_face(Facet_const_handle fh)
   {
-    CGAL::Color c=m_fcolor.run(t3, &fh);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c=m_fcolor.run(t3, &fh);
     face_begin(c);
 
     add_point_in_face(fh->first->vertex((fh->second+1)%4)->point());
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/test_simplex_iterator_3.cpp b/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/test_simplex_iterator_3.cpp
index 9ef1b068212..a2340ade3dd 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/test_simplex_iterator_3.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/test_simplex_iterator_3.cpp
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::vector<Point_3> points;
   std::ifstream stream(fname);
   if (!stream ||
-    !CGAL::read_XYZ(stream, std::back_inserter(points)))
+    !CGAL::IO::read_XYZ(stream, std::back_inserter(points)))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere.cpp
index ca161c357f1..05a9135b26c 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
     std::cout << dtos.number_of_ghost_faces() << " ghost faces\n" << std::endl;
   }
 
-  CGAL::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_geo.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_geo.cpp
index 5f3d9c21040..a4989188773 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_geo.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_geo.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::cout << dtos.number_of_faces() << " solid faces" << std::endl;
   std::cout << dtos.number_of_ghost_faces() << " ghost faces" << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_proj.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_proj.cpp
index a50f6fde1e5..814c36b7089 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_proj.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_proj.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
     std::cout << dtos.number_of_ghost_faces() << " ghost faces" << std::endl;
   }
 
-  CGAL::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_range.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_range.cpp
index 7ae1621c3c1..d3a9137fee3 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_range.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/examples/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/triang_on_sphere_range.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   std::cout << dtos.number_of_vertices() << " vertices" << std::endl;
   std::cout << dtos.number_of_faces() << " solid faces" << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF("result.off", dtos, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/IO/OFF.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/IO/OFF.h
index 13fc0a329ab..b939db6e843 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/IO/OFF.h
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ class Triangulation_on_sphere_2;
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IOOFF
 
@@ -187,6 +189,6 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Triangulation_on_sphere_2<G
 
 /// \endcond
 
-} // namespace CGAL
+} } // namespace CGAL::IO
 
 #endif // CGAL_TOS2_IO_OFF_H
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos.cpp
index 9cec6e8b2ac..e3c66570792 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos.cpp
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
   assert(tr.geom_traits().radius() == 1);
 
   tr.insert(points.begin(), points.end());
-  write_OFF("test_dtos.off", tr);
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF("test_dtos.off", tr);
   assert(tr.is_valid());
 
   //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos_dual.cpp b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos_dual.cpp
index bd617d65e10..7acf8ae61f2 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos_dual.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/test_dtos_dual.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ void test(const PointRange& points)
   dt.insert(points.begin(), points.end());
 
   // The triangulation, using straight edges
-  write_OFF("result.off", dt, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
+  CGAL::IO::write_OFF("result.off", dt, CGAL::parameters::stream_precision(17));
 
   std::ofstream out_primal("edges_primal.polylines.cgal");
   out_primal.precision(17);
diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/draw_voronoi_diagram_2.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/draw_voronoi_diagram_2.h
index 66f7d364293..3ccb450b14f 100644
--- a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/draw_voronoi_diagram_2.h
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/draw_voronoi_diagram_2.h
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ namespace CGAL {
 struct DefaultColorFunctorV2
 {
   template <typename V2>
-  static CGAL::Color run(const V2 &, const typename V2::Face_iterator /*fh*/) {
+  static CGAL::IO::Color run(const V2 &, const typename V2::Face_iterator /*fh*/) {
     //CGAL::Random random((unsigned int)(std::size_t)(&*fh));
     //return get_random_color(random);
-    return CGAL::Color(73, 250, 117);
+    return CGAL::IO::Color(73, 250, 117);
   }
 };
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ protected:
 
   void compute_dual_vertex(Dual_vertices_iterator vi)
   {
-    add_point(vi->point(), CGAL::Color(50, 100, 180));
+    add_point(vi->point(), CGAL::IO::Color(50, 100, 180));
   }
 
   void add_segments_and_update_bounding_box(Halfedge_handle he)
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ protected:
     if (he->is_ray()) {
       if (he->has_source()) {
         // add_ray_segment(he->source()->point(), get_second_point(he));
-        add_ray(he->source()->point(), direction, CGAL::Color(100, 0, 0));
+        add_ray(he->source()->point(), direction, CGAL::IO::Color(100, 0, 0));
       }
     } else if (he->is_bisector()) {
       Kernel::Point_2 pointOnLine((v1->point().x() + v2->point().x()) / 2,
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ protected:
 
   void compute_face(Face_const_handle fh)
   {
-    CGAL::Color c = m_fcolor.run(v2, fh);
+    CGAL::IO::Color c = m_fcolor.run(v2, fh);
 
     Ccb_halfedge_circulator ec_start = fh->ccb();
     Ccb_halfedge_circulator ec = ec_start;

From 56025fb5f9b80504deb61c21fc23e3114cbd19a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 14:38:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 115/171] fix release number of depreciation

---
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h                |  8 ++++----
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h                |  2 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h                |  2 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h        |  4 ++--
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h        |  4 ++--
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h        |  4 ++--
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h        |  4 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h                |  4 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h                |  2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h                |  4 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h                |  2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h               |  4 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h               |  2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h               |  4 ++--
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h               |  2 +-
 .../doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h     |  4 ++--
 Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h          |  4 ++--
 Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h      |  2 +-
 Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h      | 12 ++++++------
 Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h      |  4 ++--
 20 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
index 997d9f96ef0..fb5b5a25f4d 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, Graph& g,
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLAS
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(const char* fname, Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g,
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g)
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(const char* fname, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
index 5aa8d565965..069a4245b57 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ bool write_VTP(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g) { return write_VTP(fnam
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_VTP()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_VTP()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_vtp(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h
index 3c19ef09642..db2c263b1ad 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/WRL.h
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ bool write_WRL(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g) { return write_WRL(fnam
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgBGLIOFctDeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_WRL()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_WRL()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Graph, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_wrl(std::ostream& os, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
index be66ddb97dd..4f32c2e6376 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ bool read_LAS(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_LAS()` \endlink should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& fname,
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_LAS()` \endlink should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
index 3f37d0cf911..44f0c2fb584 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/OFF.h
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ bool write_OFF(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
index c6966fd553b..b773b87e0e7 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_PLY()` \endlink  should be used instead.
 
   \brief reads a point set with properties from an input stream in ASCII or Binary PLY format.
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_PLY()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
index c74a184011c..33499ce8620 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/XYZ.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ bool read_XYZ(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::read_XYZ()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ bool write_XYZ(const std::string& fname, const CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>&
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgPointSet3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSet3IO `CGAL::IO::write_XYZ()` \endlink  should be used instead.
  */
 template <typename Point, typename Vector>
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
index a4416b9e51b..f0830b47e3d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ bool read_las_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 /**
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator,
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_las_points_with_properties(std::istream& is,
 /**
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_LAS()` should be used instead.
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_LAS()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator,
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
index 4b33393b61f..dacf2b41693 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ bool read_off_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 /*!
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
              \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff `CGAL::IO::read_OFF()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
index 426ce3e663a..020d2bfae99 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ bool read_ply_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 /**
  \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
- \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+ \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
              \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::read_PLY_with_properties()` \endlink should be used instead.
   */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator, typename ... PropertyHandler>
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply_points_with_properties(std::istream& is, OutputIte
 /**
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
                \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::read_PLY()` \endlink should be used instead.
   */
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType, typename OutputIterator, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
index dd9c5fc5a6a..a414ddb839a 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_xyz_points.h
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ bool read_xyz_points(std::istream& is, ///< input stream.
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+   \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
                \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz `CGAL::IO::read_XYZ()` \endlink should be used instead.
 
    \returns `true` if reading was successful, `false` otherwise.
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
index eb4b33fb763..224e45b453c 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ bool write_las_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 /**
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_LAS_with_properties()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange,
           typename PointMap,
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_las_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os,
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_LAS()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_LAS()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool write_las_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
index 83bf88aa5b3..8985e286e39 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_off_points.h
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ bool write_off_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 /**
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOOff `CGAL::IO::write_OFF()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
index bbb379f84cb..8dd0e0640f6 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ bool write_ply_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 /**
 \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
             \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange,
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os, ///< out
 /**
 \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
             \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOPly `CGAL::IO::write_PLY()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
index a3d3babb2a1..4e2b88068f6 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, ///< output stream.
 /**
   \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IODeprecated
 
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
               \link PkgPointSetProcessing3IOXyz `CGAL::write_XYZ()` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename PointRange, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
diff --git a/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h b/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h
index 16a41bd1542..4af85fdec22 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/doc/Polyhedron/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_iostream.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ bool read_OFF( std::istream& in, Polyhedron_3<Traits>& P);
 
 /*!
 \relates Polyhedron_3
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
             \link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::ostream&, Polyhedron_3<Traits>&)` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <class Traits>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ bool write_OFF( std::ostream& out, Polyhedron_3<Traits>& P);
 
 /*!
 \relates Polyhedron_3
-\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2,
+\deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3,
             \link PkgPolyhedronIOFunc `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, Polyhedron_3<Traits>&)` \endlink should be used instead.
 */
 template <class Traits>
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h
index 1d4769c8581..55d6bbd8be8 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename K>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_mesh(Surface_mesh<K>& sm, const std::string& filename)
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_mesh(Surface_mesh<K>& sm, const std::string& filename)
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_polygon_mesh()` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename K>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_mesh(const Surface_mesh<K>& mesh, const std::string& filename)
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h
index 9a57902092c..227d0c9ec06 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/3MF.h
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ bool read_3MF(const std::string& filename,
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_3MF()` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_3MF()` should be used instead.
 */
 template<typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED int read_3mf(const std::string& filename, std::vector<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Point> >& output)
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
index 9629fcf53e0..ea105a65cbc 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const C
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_OFF(std::istream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const std::string& filename)
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ bool write_OFF(std::ostream& os,
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point, typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_OFF(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename Point>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_off(const Surface_mesh<Point>& sm, const std::string& filename)
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
index 9d4a9dda8bf..38db58f55dc 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ bool read_PLY(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<P>& sm)
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::read_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::read_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 template <typename P>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_ply(std::istream& is, Surface_mesh<P>& sm, std::string& comments)
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<P>& sm)
 
 /*!
   \ingroup PkgSurfaceMeshIOFuncDeprecated
-  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.2, `CGAL::IO::write_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
+  \deprecated This function is deprecated since \cgal 5.3, `CGAL::IO::write_PLY(std::ostream&, const Surface_mesh<Point>&)` should be used instead.
 */
 
 template <typename P>

From f5e5ebe39be6b7fcd979af004da8b87458a6381e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 14:45:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 116/171] backward compatibility

---
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h
index 998321e9eb5..3c1cadc849d 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/WKT.h
@@ -577,6 +577,22 @@ bool read_WKT(std::istream& is,
 
 } // namespace IO
 
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::read_linestring_WKT;
+using IO::read_multi_linestring_WKT;
+using IO::read_multi_point_WKT;
+using IO::read_multi_polygon_WKT;
+using IO::read_point_WKT;
+using IO::read_polygon_WKT;
+using IO::read_WKT;
+using IO::write_linestring_WKT;
+using IO::write_multi_linestring_WKT;
+using IO::write_multi_point_WKT;
+using IO::write_multi_polygon_WKT;
+using IO::write_point_WKT;
+using IO::write_polygon_WKT;
+#endif
+
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // BOOST VERSION CHECKS

From cfc0fee1c49b8e3d472ca39b709374d64aeb64dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 14:58:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 117/171] add missing IO namespace

---
 Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h
index 0744fcda56b..ed0dceb3efe 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_stream.h
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ protected:
       return Color_value(a) < Color_value(b);
     }
 
-    static int Color_value ( Color const& c )
+    static int Color_value ( IO::Color const& c )
     {
       return ( int(c.r()) << 16 ) + ( int(c.g()) << 8  ) + ( int(c.b()) ) ;
     }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public:
     mWriter          (out)
    ,mDefaultDxfColor (255)
    ,mDxfColor        (255)
-    ,mCgalColor       (white())
+    ,mCgalColor       (IO::white())
    ,mLayer           ("0")
   {
     setup_initial_color_table();

From 22be8671f7acd8d70910c36d09671782d030f0c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 14:59:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 118/171] move read_vtk_image_data to IO

---
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h     | 108 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../include/CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h        |  87 +-------------
 .../Mesh_3/mesh_3D_gray_vtk_image.cpp         |   4 +-
 .../Plugins/Mesh_3/Io_image_plugin.cpp        |   4 +-
 4 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h

diff --git a/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h b/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ccce66f3ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2005-2008  INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France).
+//               2008 GeometryFactory
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org)
+//
+// $URL$
+// $Id$
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
+//
+//
+// Author(s)     : Laurent Rineau, Pierre Alliez
+
+#ifndef CGAL_IO_READ_VTK_IMAGE_DATA_H
+#define CGAL_IO_READ_VTK_IMAGE_DATA_H
+
+#include <CGAL/Image_3.h>
+#include <CGAL/Image_3_vtk_interface.h>
+
+namespace CGAL {
+
+namespace {
+
+struct VTK_to_ImageIO_type_mapper {
+  WORD_KIND wordKind;
+  SIGN sign;
+  unsigned int wdim;
+};
+
+static const VTK_to_ImageIO_type_mapper VTK_to_ImageIO_type[VTK_ID_TYPE] =
+  { { WK_UNKNOWN, SGN_UNKNOWN,  0}, //  0=VTK_VOID
+    { WK_UNKNOWN, SGN_UNKNOWN,  0}, //  1=VTK_BIT
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   1}, //  2=VTK_CHAR
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 1}, //  3=VTK_UNSIGNED_CHAR
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   2}, //  4=VTK_SHORT
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 2}, //  5=VTK_UNSIGNED_SHORT
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   4}, //  6=VTK_INT
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 4}, //  7=VTK_UNSIGNED_INT
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   8}, //  8=VTK_LONG
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 8}, //  9=VTK_UNSIGNED_LONG
+    { WK_FLOAT,   SGN_SIGNED,   4}, // 10=VTK_FLOAT
+    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   8}  // 11=VTK_DOUBLE
+ };
+
+} //end anonymous namespace
+
+namespace IO {
+
+inline
+Image_3
+read_vtk_image_data(vtkImageData* vtk_image, Image_3::Own owning = Image_3::OWN_THE_DATA)
+{
+  if(!vtk_image)
+    return Image_3();
+
+  _image* image = ::_initImage();
+  const int* dims = vtk_image->GetDimensions();
+  const double* spacing = vtk_image->GetSpacing();
+  const double* offset = vtk_image->GetOrigin();
+  image->vectMode = VM_SCALAR;
+  image->xdim = dims[0];
+  image->ydim = dims[1];
+  image->zdim = dims[2];
+  image->vdim = 1;
+  image->vx = (spacing[0] == 0) ? 1 : spacing[0];
+  image->vy = (spacing[1] == 0) ? 1 : spacing[1];
+  image->vz = (spacing[2] == 0) ? 1 : spacing[2];
+  image->tx = static_cast<float>(offset[0]);
+  image->ty = static_cast<float>(offset[1]);
+  image->tz = static_cast<float>(offset[2]);
+  image->endianness = ::_getEndianness();
+  int vtk_type = vtk_image->GetScalarType();
+  if(vtk_type == VTK_SIGNED_CHAR) vtk_type = VTK_CHAR;
+  if(vtk_type < 0 || vtk_type > VTK_DOUBLE)
+    vtk_type = VTK_DOUBLE;
+  const VTK_to_ImageIO_type_mapper& imageio_type =
+    VTK_to_ImageIO_type[vtk_type];
+  image->wdim = imageio_type.wdim;
+  image->wordKind = imageio_type.wordKind;
+  image->sign = imageio_type.sign;
+  if (!vtk_image->GetPointData() || !vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()) {
+    ::_freeImage(image);
+    return Image_3();
+  }
+  CGAL_assertion(vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetNumberOfTuples() == dims[0]*dims[1]*dims[2]);
+  if(owning == Image_3::OWN_THE_DATA) {
+    image->data = ::ImageIO_alloc(dims[0]*dims[1]*dims[2]*image->wdim);
+    // std::cerr << "GetNumberOfTuples()=" << vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetNumberOfTuples()
+    //           << "\nimage->size()=" << dims[0]*dims[1]*dims[2]
+    //           << "\nwdim=" << image->wdim << '\n';
+    vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->ExportToVoidPointer(image->data);
+  } else {
+    image->data = vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetVoidPointer(0);
+  }
+
+  return Image_3(image, owning);
+}
+
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::read_vtk_image_data;
+#endif
+
+} // namespace CGAL
+
+
+#endif // CGAL_IO_READ_VTK_IMAGE_DATA_H
diff --git a/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h b/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h
index 527b7ba973e..78f6586325f 100644
--- a/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h
+++ b/CGAL_ImageIO/include/CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h
@@ -14,87 +14,12 @@
 #ifndef CGAL_READ_VTK_IMAGE_DATA_H
 #define CGAL_READ_VTK_IMAGE_DATA_H
 
-#include <CGAL/Image_3.h>
-#include <CGAL/Image_3_vtk_interface.h>
-
-namespace CGAL {
-
-namespace {
-
-struct VTK_to_ImageIO_type_mapper {
-  WORD_KIND wordKind;
-  SIGN sign;
-  unsigned int wdim;
-};
-
-static const VTK_to_ImageIO_type_mapper VTK_to_ImageIO_type[VTK_ID_TYPE] =
-  { { WK_UNKNOWN, SGN_UNKNOWN,  0}, //  0=VTK_VOID
-    { WK_UNKNOWN, SGN_UNKNOWN,  0}, //  1=VTK_BIT
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   1}, //  2=VTK_CHAR
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 1}, //  3=VTK_UNSIGNED_CHAR
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   2}, //  4=VTK_SHORT
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 2}, //  5=VTK_UNSIGNED_SHORT
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   4}, //  6=VTK_INT
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 4}, //  7=VTK_UNSIGNED_INT
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   8}, //  8=VTK_LONG
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_UNSIGNED, 8}, //  9=VTK_UNSIGNED_LONG
-    { WK_FLOAT,   SGN_SIGNED,   4}, // 10=VTK_FLOAT
-    { WK_FIXED,   SGN_SIGNED,   8}  // 11=VTK_DOUBLE
- };
-
-} //end anonymous namespace
-
-inline
-Image_3
-read_vtk_image_data(vtkImageData* vtk_image, Image_3::Own owning = Image_3::OWN_THE_DATA)
-{
-  if(!vtk_image)
-    return Image_3();
-
-  _image* image = ::_initImage();
-  const int* dims = vtk_image->GetDimensions();
-  const double* spacing = vtk_image->GetSpacing();
-  const double* offset = vtk_image->GetOrigin();
-  image->vectMode = VM_SCALAR;
-  image->xdim = dims[0];
-  image->ydim = dims[1];
-  image->zdim = dims[2];
-  image->vdim = 1;
-  image->vx = (spacing[0] == 0) ? 1 : spacing[0];
-  image->vy = (spacing[1] == 0) ? 1 : spacing[1];
-  image->vz = (spacing[2] == 0) ? 1 : spacing[2];
-  image->tx = static_cast<float>(offset[0]);
-  image->ty = static_cast<float>(offset[1]);
-  image->tz = static_cast<float>(offset[2]);
-  image->endianness = ::_getEndianness();
-  int vtk_type = vtk_image->GetScalarType();
-  if(vtk_type == VTK_SIGNED_CHAR) vtk_type = VTK_CHAR;
-  if(vtk_type < 0 || vtk_type > VTK_DOUBLE)
-    vtk_type = VTK_DOUBLE;
-  const VTK_to_ImageIO_type_mapper& imageio_type =
-    VTK_to_ImageIO_type[vtk_type];
-  image->wdim = imageio_type.wdim;
-  image->wordKind = imageio_type.wordKind;
-  image->sign = imageio_type.sign;
-  if (!vtk_image->GetPointData() || !vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()) {
-    ::_freeImage(image);
-    return Image_3();
-  }
-  CGAL_assertion(vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetNumberOfTuples() == dims[0]*dims[1]*dims[2]);
-  if(owning == Image_3::OWN_THE_DATA) {
-    image->data = ::ImageIO_alloc(dims[0]*dims[1]*dims[2]*image->wdim);
-    // std::cerr << "GetNumberOfTuples()=" << vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetNumberOfTuples()
-    //           << "\nimage->size()=" << dims[0]*dims[1]*dims[2]
-    //           << "\nwdim=" << image->wdim << '\n';
-    vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->ExportToVoidPointer(image->data);
-  } else {
-    image->data = vtk_image->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetVoidPointer(0);
-  }
-
-  return Image_3(image, owning);
-}
-
-} // namespace CGAL
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+#include <CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h>
 
+#define CGAL_DEPRECATED_HEADER "<CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h>"
+#define CGAL_REPLACEMENT_HEADER "<CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h>"
+#include <CGAL/internal/deprecation_warning.h>
+#endif
 
 #endif // CGAL_READ_VTK_IMAGE_DATA_H
diff --git a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_3D_gray_vtk_image.cpp b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_3D_gray_vtk_image.cpp
index 4d2012dfa5b..4083c4c5aca 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_3D_gray_vtk_image.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/examples/Mesh_3/mesh_3D_gray_vtk_image.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Labeled_mesh_domain_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/make_mesh_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Image_3.h>
-#include <CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h>
+#include <CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h>
 
 #include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
 #include <boost/functional.hpp>
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   vtkImageData* vtk_image = smoother->GetOutput();
   vtk_image->Print(std::cerr);
 
-  CGAL::Image_3 image = CGAL::read_vtk_image_data(vtk_image);
+  CGAL::Image_3 image = CGAL::IO::read_vtk_image_data(vtk_image);
   if(image.image() == 0){
     std::cerr << "could not create a CGAL::Image_3 from the vtk image\n";
     return 0;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Io_image_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Io_image_plugin.cpp
index 33248597860..1b2a4553095 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Io_image_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/Io_image_plugin.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #ifdef CGAL_USE_VTK
-#include <CGAL/read_vtk_image_data.h>
+#include <CGAL/IO/read_vtk_image_data.h>
 
 #include <vtkNew.h>
 #include <vtkImageData.h>
@@ -1312,7 +1312,7 @@ Image* Io_image_plugin::createDCMImage(QString dirname)
   auto vtk_image = smoother->GetOutput();
   vtk_image->Print(std::cerr);
   image = new Image;
-  *image = CGAL::read_vtk_image_data(vtk_image); // copy the image data
+  *image = CGAL::IO::read_vtk_image_data(vtk_image); // copy the image data
 #else
   CGAL::Three::Three::warning("You need VTK to read a DCM file");
   CGAL_USE(dirname);

From 12f0e412b5f2213f061d90f71bf52b24a1445995 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 15:12:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 119/171] write_vtu -> write_VTU

---
 .../Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp  |  4 ++--
 Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h         |  6 +++---
 Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt                  |  2 +-
 Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt      |  2 +-
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h            | 20 ++++++++++++-------
 Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h     |  2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h        |  2 +-
 .../File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt   |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
index 57126af76d2..a827b567f5b 100644
--- a/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
+++ b/GraphicsView/demo/Triangulation_2/Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Random.h>
 #include <CGAL/point_generators_2.h>
 #include <CGAL/Timer.h>
-#include <CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h>
+#include <CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h>
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600 && (! defined(BOOST_GCC) || BOOST_GCC >= 40500)
 #include <CGAL/IO/WKT.h>
 #endif
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ MainWindow::saveConstraints(QString fileName)
     output << cdt;
   else if (output)
   {
-    CGAL::IO::write_vtu(output, cdt);
+    CGAL::IO::write_VTU(output, cdt);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index e9d35b05dfa..c750c1f80a8 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ namespace IO {
 //!
 //! \param os the stream used for writing.
 //! \param tr the triangulated domain to be written.
-//! \param mode decides if the data should be written in binary (`IO::BINARY`)
-//!   or in ASCII (`IO::ASCII`).
+//! \param mode decides if the data should be written in binary (`BINARY`)
+//!   or in ASCII (`ASCII`).
 //!
 template <class CDT>
-void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
+void write_VTU(std::ostream& os,
                const CDT& tr,
                IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY);
 } }
diff --git a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt
index bc1053fdb52..9e96c31499d 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt
+++ b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/Mesh_2.txt
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ in the Reference Manual.
 
 
 \section secMesh_2_IO Input/Output
-It is possible to export the result of a meshing in VTU, using the function `CGAL::IO::write_vtu()`.
+It is possible to export the result of a meshing in VTU, using the function `CGAL::IO::write_VTU()`.
 For more information about this format, see \ref IOStreamVTK.
 */
 } /* namespace CGAL */
diff --git a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt
index 6919700cb23..458e3bf6b05 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The package can handle intersecting input constraints  and set no restriction on
 - `CGAL::lloyd_optimize_mesh_2`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O Functions}
-- `CGAL::IO::write_vtu()`
+- `CGAL::IO::write_VTU()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{Enumerations}
 - `CGAL::Mesh_optimization_return_code`
diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index 5c54bab0ee4..c85e73dd80b 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ write_attributes_2(std::ostream& os,
 }
 
 template <class CDT>
-void write_vtu_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
+void write_VTU_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
                const CDT& tr,
                std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> >& attributes,
-               IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY)
+               IO::Mode mode = BINARY)
 {
   typedef typename CDT::Vertex_handle Vertex_handle;
   std::map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t> V;
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ void write_vtu_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
   os << "  <Piece NumberOfPoints=\"" << tr.number_of_vertices()
      << "\" NumberOfCells=\"" << number_of_triangles + std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(), tr.constrained_edges_end()) << "\">\n";
   std::size_t offset = 0;
-  const bool binary = (mode == IO::BINARY);
+  const bool binary = (mode == BINARY);
   write_cdt_points_tag(os,tr,V,binary,offset);
   write_cells_tag_2(os,tr,number_of_triangles, V,binary,offset);
   if(attributes.empty())
@@ -363,18 +363,24 @@ void write_vtu_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
 } // namespace internal
 
 template <class CDT>
-void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
+void write_VTU(std::ostream& os,
                const CDT& tr,
-               IO::Mode mode = BINARY)
+               Mode mode = BINARY)
 {
   std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> > dummy_atts;
-  internal::write_vtu_with_attributes(os, tr, dummy_atts, mode);
+  internal::write_VTU_with_attributes(os, tr, dummy_atts, mode);
 }
 
 } // namespace IO
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
-using IO::write_vtu;
+template <class CDT>
+void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
+               const CDT& tr,
+               IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY)
+{
+  IO::write_VTU(os, tr, mode);
+}
 #endif
 
 } //end CGAL
diff --git a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
index cf96c166d83..e1d9d87e4a9 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/doc/Mesh_3/CGAL/IO/output_to_vtu.h
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ namespace IO {
 template <class C3T3>
 void output_to_vtu(std::ostream& os,
                    const C3T3& c3t3,
-                   IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY);
+                   IO::Mode mode = BINARY);
 } }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
index 8dd0e0640f6..196a36b6fc5 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ template <typename PointRange,
 
   // Write header
   os << "ply" << std::endl
-     << ((get_mode(os) == IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
+     << ((get_mode(os) == BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
      << "comment Generated by the CGAL library" << std::endl
      << "element vertex " << points.size() << std::endl;
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt
index 14b74e375f5..a29b2c915be 100644
--- a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt
+++ b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/File_formats/Supported_file_formats.txt
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ A precise specification of those formats is available at
 The following \cgal data structures can be exported into the `.VTU` file format:
 
 - `CGAL::Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3`, using \link PkgMesh3IOFunctions `CGAL::IO::output_to_vtu()` \endlink
-- `CGAL::Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2`, using the function \link PkgMesh2IO `CGAL::IO::write_vtu()` \endlink
+- `CGAL::Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2`, using the function \link PkgMesh2IO `CGAL::IO::write_VTU()` \endlink
 
 
 \section IOStreamAvizo Avizo File Format

From 4e2f1a67d5a748d0d6cfee4c45e919dad09b6327 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 15:15:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 120/171] rename header + add backward compatibility header

---
 .../CGAL/IO/{write_vtu.h => write_VTU.h}      |   0
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h            | 387 ++++++++++++++++++
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h            | 369 +----------------
 3 files changed, 392 insertions(+), 364 deletions(-)
 rename Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/{write_vtu.h => write_VTU.h} (100%)
 create mode 100644 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h

diff --git a/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h
similarity index 100%
rename from Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
rename to Mesh_2/doc/Mesh_2/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h
diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b193000418
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2018 GeometryFactory (France).
+// Copyright (c) 2004-2006  INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France).
+// Copyright (c) 2009  INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France).
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org).
+//
+// $URL$
+// $Id$
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
+//
+//
+// Author(s)     : Laurent RINEAU, Stephane Tayeb, Maxime Gimeno
+
+#ifndef CGAL_IO_WRITE_VTU_H
+#define CGAL_IO_WRITE_VTU_H
+
+#include <CGAL/license/Mesh_2.h>
+
+#include <CGAL/assertions.h>
+#include <CGAL/IO/io.h>
+#include <CGAL/IO/VTK/VTK_writer.h>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+
+//todo try to factorize with functors
+namespace CGAL {
+
+// writes the appended data into the .vtu file
+namespace IO {
+namespace internal {
+
+// writes the cells tags before binary data is appended
+
+template <class CDT>
+void
+write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
+                  const CDT & tr,
+                  std::size_t number_of_triangles,
+                  std::map<typename CDT::Vertex_handle, std::size_t> & V,
+                  bool binary,
+                  std::size_t& offset)
+{
+  std::string formatattribute =
+    binary ? " format=\"appended\"" : " format=\"ascii\"";
+
+  std::string typeattribute;
+  switch(sizeof(std::size_t)) {
+  case 8: typeattribute = " type=\"UInt64\""; break;
+  case 4: typeattribute = " type=\"UInt32\""; break;
+  default: CGAL_error_msg("Unknown size of std::size_t");
+  }
+
+  // Write connectivity table
+  os << "    <Cells>\n"
+     << "      <DataArray Name=\"connectivity\""
+     << formatattribute << typeattribute;
+
+  if (binary) { // if binary output, just write the xml tag
+    os << " offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
+    // 3 indices (size_t) per triangle + length of the encoded data (size_t)
+    offset += (3 * number_of_triangles + 1) * sizeof(std::size_t);
+    // 2 indices (size_t) per edge (size_t)
+    offset += (2 * std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+                                 tr.constrained_edges_end())) * sizeof(std::size_t);
+  }
+  else {
+    os << "\">\n";
+    for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator
+            fit = tr.finite_faces_begin(),
+            end = tr.finite_faces_end();
+          fit != end; ++fit)
+      {
+      if(fit->is_in_domain())
+      {
+        os << V[fit->vertex(0)] << " ";
+        os << V[fit->vertex(2)] << " ";
+        os << V[fit->vertex(1)] << " ";
+      }
+    }
+    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
+  }
+
+  // Write offsets
+  os   << "      <DataArray Name=\"offsets\""
+       << formatattribute << typeattribute;
+
+  if (binary) {  // if binary output, just write the xml tag
+    os << " offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
+    offset += (number_of_triangles +std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+                                                  tr.constrained_edges_end()) + 1)
+        * sizeof(std::size_t);
+    // 1 offset (size_t) per cell + length of the encoded data (size_t)
+  }
+  else {
+    os << "\">\n";
+    std::size_t cells_offset = 0;
+    for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator fit =
+        tr.finite_faces_begin() ;
+        fit != tr.finite_faces_end() ;
+        ++fit )
+    {
+      if(fit->is_in_domain())
+      {
+        cells_offset += 3;
+        os << cells_offset << " ";
+      }
+    }
+    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
+  }
+
+  // Write cell type (triangles == 5)
+  os   << "      <DataArray Name=\"types\""
+       << formatattribute << " type=\"UInt8\"";
+
+  if (binary) {
+    os << " offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
+    offset += number_of_triangles
+        + std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+                        tr.constrained_edges_end())
+        + sizeof(std::size_t);
+    // 1 unsigned char per cell + length of the encoded data (size_t)
+  }
+  else {
+    os << "\">\n";
+    for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator fit =
+        tr.finite_faces_begin() ;
+        fit != tr.finite_faces_end() ;
+        ++fit )
+    {
+      if(fit->is_in_domain())
+      {
+        os << "5 ";
+      }
+    }
+    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
+  }
+  os << "    </Cells>\n";
+}
+
+// writes the cells appended data at the end of the .vtu file
+template <class CDT>
+void
+write_cells_2(std::ostream& os,
+              const CDT & tr,
+              std::size_t number_of_triangles,
+              std::map<typename CDT::Vertex_handle, std::size_t> & V)
+{
+  std::vector<std::size_t> connectivity_table;
+  std::vector<std::size_t> offsets;
+  std::vector<unsigned char> cell_type(number_of_triangles,5);  // triangles == 5
+  cell_type.resize(cell_type.size() + std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+                                                     tr.constrained_edges_end()), 3);  // line == 3
+
+  std::size_t off = 0;
+  for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator
+      fit = tr.finite_faces_begin(),
+      end = tr.finite_faces_end();
+      fit != end; ++fit)
+  {
+    if(fit->is_in_domain())
+    {
+      off += 3;
+      offsets.push_back(off);
+      connectivity_table.push_back(V[fit->vertex(0)]);
+      connectivity_table.push_back(V[fit->vertex(2)]);
+      connectivity_table.push_back(V[fit->vertex(1)]);
+    }
+  }
+  for(typename CDT::Constrained_edges_iterator
+      cei = tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+      end = tr.constrained_edges_end();
+      cei != end; ++cei)
+  {
+    off += 2;
+    offsets.push_back(off);
+    for(int i=0; i<3; ++i)
+    {
+      if(i != cei->second)
+        connectivity_table.push_back(V[cei->first->vertex(i)]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  write_vector<std::size_t>(os,connectivity_table);
+  write_vector<std::size_t>(os,offsets);
+  write_vector<unsigned char>(os,cell_type);
+}
+
+// writes the points tags before binary data is appended
+template <class Tr>
+void
+write_cdt_points_tag(std::ostream& os,
+                     const Tr & tr,
+                     std::map<typename Tr::Vertex_handle, std::size_t> & V,
+                     bool binary,
+                     std::size_t& offset)
+{
+  std::size_t dim = 2;
+  typedef typename Tr::Finite_vertices_iterator Finite_vertices_iterator;
+  typedef typename Tr::Geom_traits Gt;
+  typedef typename Gt::FT FT;
+
+  std::size_t inum = 0;
+  std::string format = binary ? "appended" : "ascii";
+  std::string type = (sizeof(FT) == 8) ? "Float64" : "Float32";
+
+  os << "    <Points>\n"
+     << "      <DataArray type =\"" << type << "\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\""
+     << format;
+
+  if (binary) {
+    os << "\" offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
+    offset += 3 * tr.number_of_vertices() * sizeof(FT) + sizeof(std::size_t);
+    // dim coords per points + length of the encoded data (size_t)
+  }
+  else {
+    os << "\">\n";
+    for( Finite_vertices_iterator vit = tr.finite_vertices_begin();
+         vit != tr.finite_vertices_end();
+         ++vit)
+    {
+      V[vit] = inum++;
+        os << vit->point()[0] << " ";
+        os << vit->point()[1] << " ";
+        if(dim == 3)
+          os << vit->point()[2] << " ";
+        else
+          os << 0.0 << " ";
+      }
+    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
+  }
+  os << "    </Points>\n";
+}
+
+// writes the points appended data at the end of the .vtu file
+template <class Tr>
+void
+write_cdt_points(std::ostream& os,
+                 const Tr & tr,
+                 std::map<typename Tr::Vertex_handle,
+                 std::size_t> & V)
+{
+  std::size_t dim = 2;
+  typedef typename Tr::Finite_vertices_iterator Finite_vertices_iterator;
+  typedef typename Tr::Geom_traits Gt;
+  typedef typename Gt::FT FT;
+
+  std::size_t inum = 0;
+  std::vector<FT> coordinates;
+  for( Finite_vertices_iterator vit = tr.finite_vertices_begin();
+       vit != tr.finite_vertices_end();
+       ++vit)
+    {
+      V[vit] = inum++;  // binary output => the map has not been filled yet
+      coordinates.push_back(vit->point()[0]);
+      coordinates.push_back(vit->point()[1]);
+      coordinates.push_back(dim == 3 ? vit->point()[2] : 0.0);
+    }
+
+  write_vector<FT>(os,coordinates);
+}
+
+// writes the attribute tags before binary data is appended
+template <class T>
+void
+write_attribute_tag_2 (std::ostream& os,
+                    const std::string& attr_name,
+                    const std::vector<T>& attribute,
+                    bool binary,
+                    std::size_t& offset)
+{
+  std::string format = binary ? "appended" : "ascii";
+  std::string type = (sizeof(T) == 8) ? "Float64" : "Float32";
+  os << "      <DataArray type=\"" << type << "\" Name=\"" << attr_name << "\" format=\"" << format;
+
+  if (binary) {
+    os << "\" offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
+    offset += attribute.size() * sizeof(T) + sizeof(std::size_t);
+  }
+  else {
+    typedef typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator Iterator;
+    os << "\">\n";
+    for (Iterator it = attribute.begin();
+         it != attribute.end();
+         ++it )
+      os << *it << " ";
+    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
+  }
+}
+
+// writes the attributes appended data at the end of the .vtu file
+template <typename FT>
+void
+write_attributes_2(std::ostream& os,
+                 const std::vector<FT>& att)
+{
+  write_vector(os,att);
+}
+
+template <class CDT>
+void write_VTU_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
+               const CDT& tr,
+               std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> >& attributes,
+               IO::Mode mode = BINARY)
+{
+  typedef typename CDT::Vertex_handle Vertex_handle;
+  std::map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t> V;
+  //write header
+  os << "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"
+     << "<VTKFile type=\"UnstructuredGrid\" version=\"0.1\"";
+#ifdef CGAL_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+  os << " byte_order=\"LittleEndian\"";
+#else // CGAL_BIG_ENDIAN
+  os << " byte_order=\"BigEndian\"";
+#endif
+
+  switch(sizeof(std::size_t)) {
+  case 4: os << " header_type=\"UInt32\""; break;
+  case 8: os << " header_type=\"UInt64\""; break;
+  default: CGAL_error_msg("Unknown size of std::size_t");
+  }
+  os << ">\n"
+     << "  <UnstructuredGrid>" << "\n";
+
+  int number_of_triangles = 0;
+  for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator
+      fit = tr.finite_faces_begin(),
+      end = tr.finite_faces_end();
+      fit != end; ++fit)
+  {
+    if(fit->is_in_domain()) ++number_of_triangles;
+  }
+  os << "  <Piece NumberOfPoints=\"" << tr.number_of_vertices()
+     << "\" NumberOfCells=\"" << number_of_triangles + std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(), tr.constrained_edges_end()) << "\">\n";
+  std::size_t offset = 0;
+  const bool binary = (mode == BINARY);
+  write_cdt_points_tag(os,tr,V,binary,offset);
+  write_cells_tag_2(os,tr,number_of_triangles, V,binary,offset);
+  if(attributes.empty())
+      os << "    <CellData >\n";
+  else
+    os << "    <CellData Scalars=\""<<attributes.front().first<<"\">\n";
+  for(std::size_t i = 0; i< attributes.size(); ++i)
+  {
+    write_attribute_tag_2(os,attributes[i].first, *attributes[i].second, binary,offset);
+  }
+  os << "    </CellData>\n";
+  os << "   </Piece>\n"
+     << "  </UnstructuredGrid>\n";
+  if (binary) {
+    os << "<AppendedData encoding=\"raw\">\n_";
+    write_cdt_points(os,tr,V);  // write points before cells to fill the std::map V
+    write_cells_2(os,tr, number_of_triangles, V);
+    for(std::size_t i = 0; i< attributes.size(); ++i)
+      write_attributes_2(os, *attributes[i].second);
+  }
+  os << "</VTKFile>\n";
+}
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+template <class CDT>
+void write_VTU(std::ostream& os,
+               const CDT& tr,
+               Mode mode = BINARY)
+{
+  std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> > dummy_atts;
+  internal::write_VTU_with_attributes(os, tr, dummy_atts, mode);
+}
+
+} // namespace IO
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+template <class CDT>
+void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
+               const CDT& tr,
+               IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY)
+{
+  IO::write_VTU(os, tr, mode);
+}
+#endif
+
+} //end CGAL
+#endif // CGAL_IO_WRITE_VTU_H
diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index c85e73dd80b..a76a4ecba77 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -17,371 +17,12 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/license/Mesh_2.h>
 
-#include <CGAL/assertions.h>
-#include <CGAL/IO/io.h>
-#include <CGAL/IO/VTK/VTK_writer.h>
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <vector>
-#include <string>
-#include <map>
-
-//todo try to factorize with functors
-namespace CGAL {
-
-// writes the appended data into the .vtu file
-namespace IO {
-namespace internal {
-
-// writes the cells tags before binary data is appended
-
-template <class CDT>
-void
-write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
-                  const CDT & tr,
-                  std::size_t number_of_triangles,
-                  std::map<typename CDT::Vertex_handle, std::size_t> & V,
-                  bool binary,
-                  std::size_t& offset)
-{
-  std::string formatattribute =
-    binary ? " format=\"appended\"" : " format=\"ascii\"";
-
-  std::string typeattribute;
-  switch(sizeof(std::size_t)) {
-  case 8: typeattribute = " type=\"UInt64\""; break;
-  case 4: typeattribute = " type=\"UInt32\""; break;
-  default: CGAL_error_msg("Unknown size of std::size_t");
-  }
-
-  // Write connectivity table
-  os << "    <Cells>\n"
-     << "      <DataArray Name=\"connectivity\""
-     << formatattribute << typeattribute;
-
-  if (binary) { // if binary output, just write the xml tag
-    os << " offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
-    // 3 indices (size_t) per triangle + length of the encoded data (size_t)
-    offset += (3 * number_of_triangles + 1) * sizeof(std::size_t);
-    // 2 indices (size_t) per edge (size_t)
-    offset += (2 * std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
-                                 tr.constrained_edges_end())) * sizeof(std::size_t);
-  }
-  else {
-    os << "\">\n";
-    for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator
-            fit = tr.finite_faces_begin(),
-            end = tr.finite_faces_end();
-          fit != end; ++fit)
-      {
-      if(fit->is_in_domain())
-      {
-        os << V[fit->vertex(0)] << " ";
-        os << V[fit->vertex(2)] << " ";
-        os << V[fit->vertex(1)] << " ";
-      }
-    }
-    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
-  }
-
-  // Write offsets
-  os   << "      <DataArray Name=\"offsets\""
-       << formatattribute << typeattribute;
-
-  if (binary) {  // if binary output, just write the xml tag
-    os << " offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
-    offset += (number_of_triangles +std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
-                                                  tr.constrained_edges_end()) + 1)
-        * sizeof(std::size_t);
-    // 1 offset (size_t) per cell + length of the encoded data (size_t)
-  }
-  else {
-    os << "\">\n";
-    std::size_t cells_offset = 0;
-    for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator fit =
-        tr.finite_faces_begin() ;
-        fit != tr.finite_faces_end() ;
-        ++fit )
-    {
-      if(fit->is_in_domain())
-      {
-        cells_offset += 3;
-        os << cells_offset << " ";
-      }
-    }
-    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
-  }
-
-  // Write cell type (triangles == 5)
-  os   << "      <DataArray Name=\"types\""
-       << formatattribute << " type=\"UInt8\"";
-
-  if (binary) {
-    os << " offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
-    offset += number_of_triangles
-        + std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
-                        tr.constrained_edges_end())
-        + sizeof(std::size_t);
-    // 1 unsigned char per cell + length of the encoded data (size_t)
-  }
-  else {
-    os << "\">\n";
-    for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator fit =
-        tr.finite_faces_begin() ;
-        fit != tr.finite_faces_end() ;
-        ++fit )
-    {
-      if(fit->is_in_domain())
-      {
-        os << "5 ";
-      }
-    }
-    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
-  }
-  os << "    </Cells>\n";
-}
-
-// writes the cells appended data at the end of the .vtu file
-template <class CDT>
-void
-write_cells_2(std::ostream& os,
-              const CDT & tr,
-              std::size_t number_of_triangles,
-              std::map<typename CDT::Vertex_handle, std::size_t> & V)
-{
-  std::vector<std::size_t> connectivity_table;
-  std::vector<std::size_t> offsets;
-  std::vector<unsigned char> cell_type(number_of_triangles,5);  // triangles == 5
-  cell_type.resize(cell_type.size() + std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
-                                                     tr.constrained_edges_end()), 3);  // line == 3
-
-  std::size_t off = 0;
-  for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator
-      fit = tr.finite_faces_begin(),
-      end = tr.finite_faces_end();
-      fit != end; ++fit)
-  {
-    if(fit->is_in_domain())
-    {
-      off += 3;
-      offsets.push_back(off);
-      connectivity_table.push_back(V[fit->vertex(0)]);
-      connectivity_table.push_back(V[fit->vertex(2)]);
-      connectivity_table.push_back(V[fit->vertex(1)]);
-    }
-  }
-  for(typename CDT::Constrained_edges_iterator
-      cei = tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
-      end = tr.constrained_edges_end();
-      cei != end; ++cei)
-  {
-    off += 2;
-    offsets.push_back(off);
-    for(int i=0; i<3; ++i)
-    {
-      if(i != cei->second)
-        connectivity_table.push_back(V[cei->first->vertex(i)]);
-    }
-  }
-
-  write_vector<std::size_t>(os,connectivity_table);
-  write_vector<std::size_t>(os,offsets);
-  write_vector<unsigned char>(os,cell_type);
-}
-
-// writes the points tags before binary data is appended
-template <class Tr>
-void
-write_cdt_points_tag(std::ostream& os,
-                     const Tr & tr,
-                     std::map<typename Tr::Vertex_handle, std::size_t> & V,
-                     bool binary,
-                     std::size_t& offset)
-{
-  std::size_t dim = 2;
-  typedef typename Tr::Finite_vertices_iterator Finite_vertices_iterator;
-  typedef typename Tr::Geom_traits Gt;
-  typedef typename Gt::FT FT;
-
-  std::size_t inum = 0;
-  std::string format = binary ? "appended" : "ascii";
-  std::string type = (sizeof(FT) == 8) ? "Float64" : "Float32";
-
-  os << "    <Points>\n"
-     << "      <DataArray type =\"" << type << "\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\""
-     << format;
-
-  if (binary) {
-    os << "\" offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
-    offset += 3 * tr.number_of_vertices() * sizeof(FT) + sizeof(std::size_t);
-    // dim coords per points + length of the encoded data (size_t)
-  }
-  else {
-    os << "\">\n";
-    for( Finite_vertices_iterator vit = tr.finite_vertices_begin();
-         vit != tr.finite_vertices_end();
-         ++vit)
-    {
-      V[vit] = inum++;
-        os << vit->point()[0] << " ";
-        os << vit->point()[1] << " ";
-        if(dim == 3)
-          os << vit->point()[2] << " ";
-        else
-          os << 0.0 << " ";
-      }
-    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
-  }
-  os << "    </Points>\n";
-}
-
-// writes the points appended data at the end of the .vtu file
-template <class Tr>
-void
-write_cdt_points(std::ostream& os,
-                 const Tr & tr,
-                 std::map<typename Tr::Vertex_handle,
-                 std::size_t> & V)
-{
-  std::size_t dim = 2;
-  typedef typename Tr::Finite_vertices_iterator Finite_vertices_iterator;
-  typedef typename Tr::Geom_traits Gt;
-  typedef typename Gt::FT FT;
-
-  std::size_t inum = 0;
-  std::vector<FT> coordinates;
-  for( Finite_vertices_iterator vit = tr.finite_vertices_begin();
-       vit != tr.finite_vertices_end();
-       ++vit)
-    {
-      V[vit] = inum++;  // binary output => the map has not been filled yet
-      coordinates.push_back(vit->point()[0]);
-      coordinates.push_back(vit->point()[1]);
-      coordinates.push_back(dim == 3 ? vit->point()[2] : 0.0);
-    }
-
-  write_vector<FT>(os,coordinates);
-}
-
-// writes the attribute tags before binary data is appended
-template <class T>
-void
-write_attribute_tag_2 (std::ostream& os,
-                    const std::string& attr_name,
-                    const std::vector<T>& attribute,
-                    bool binary,
-                    std::size_t& offset)
-{
-  std::string format = binary ? "appended" : "ascii";
-  std::string type = (sizeof(T) == 8) ? "Float64" : "Float32";
-  os << "      <DataArray type=\"" << type << "\" Name=\"" << attr_name << "\" format=\"" << format;
-
-  if (binary) {
-    os << "\" offset=\"" << offset << "\"/>\n";
-    offset += attribute.size() * sizeof(T) + sizeof(std::size_t);
-  }
-  else {
-    typedef typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator Iterator;
-    os << "\">\n";
-    for (Iterator it = attribute.begin();
-         it != attribute.end();
-         ++it )
-      os << *it << " ";
-    os << "      </DataArray>\n";
-  }
-}
-
-// writes the attributes appended data at the end of the .vtu file
-template <typename FT>
-void
-write_attributes_2(std::ostream& os,
-                 const std::vector<FT>& att)
-{
-  write_vector(os,att);
-}
-
-template <class CDT>
-void write_VTU_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
-               const CDT& tr,
-               std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> >& attributes,
-               IO::Mode mode = BINARY)
-{
-  typedef typename CDT::Vertex_handle Vertex_handle;
-  std::map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t> V;
-  //write header
-  os << "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"
-     << "<VTKFile type=\"UnstructuredGrid\" version=\"0.1\"";
-#ifdef CGAL_LITTLE_ENDIAN
-  os << " byte_order=\"LittleEndian\"";
-#else // CGAL_BIG_ENDIAN
-  os << " byte_order=\"BigEndian\"";
-#endif
-
-  switch(sizeof(std::size_t)) {
-  case 4: os << " header_type=\"UInt32\""; break;
-  case 8: os << " header_type=\"UInt64\""; break;
-  default: CGAL_error_msg("Unknown size of std::size_t");
-  }
-  os << ">\n"
-     << "  <UnstructuredGrid>" << "\n";
-
-  int number_of_triangles = 0;
-  for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator
-      fit = tr.finite_faces_begin(),
-      end = tr.finite_faces_end();
-      fit != end; ++fit)
-  {
-    if(fit->is_in_domain()) ++number_of_triangles;
-  }
-  os << "  <Piece NumberOfPoints=\"" << tr.number_of_vertices()
-     << "\" NumberOfCells=\"" << number_of_triangles + std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(), tr.constrained_edges_end()) << "\">\n";
-  std::size_t offset = 0;
-  const bool binary = (mode == BINARY);
-  write_cdt_points_tag(os,tr,V,binary,offset);
-  write_cells_tag_2(os,tr,number_of_triangles, V,binary,offset);
-  if(attributes.empty())
-      os << "    <CellData >\n";
-  else
-    os << "    <CellData Scalars=\""<<attributes.front().first<<"\">\n";
-  for(std::size_t i = 0; i< attributes.size(); ++i)
-  {
-    write_attribute_tag_2(os,attributes[i].first, *attributes[i].second, binary,offset);
-  }
-  os << "    </CellData>\n";
-  os << "   </Piece>\n"
-     << "  </UnstructuredGrid>\n";
-  if (binary) {
-    os << "<AppendedData encoding=\"raw\">\n_";
-    write_cdt_points(os,tr,V);  // write points before cells to fill the std::map V
-    write_cells_2(os,tr, number_of_triangles, V);
-    for(std::size_t i = 0; i< attributes.size(); ++i)
-      write_attributes_2(os, *attributes[i].second);
-  }
-  os << "</VTKFile>\n";
-}
-
-} // namespace internal
-
-template <class CDT>
-void write_VTU(std::ostream& os,
-               const CDT& tr,
-               Mode mode = BINARY)
-{
-  std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> > dummy_atts;
-  internal::write_VTU_with_attributes(os, tr, dummy_atts, mode);
-}
-
-} // namespace IO
-
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
-template <class CDT>
-void write_vtu(std::ostream& os,
-               const CDT& tr,
-               IO::Mode mode = IO::BINARY)
-{
-  IO::write_VTU(os, tr, mode);
-}
+#include <CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h>
+
+#define CGAL_DEPRECATED_HEADER "<CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h>"
+#define CGAL_REPLACEMENT_HEADER "<CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h>"
+#include <CGAL/internal/deprecation_warning.h>
 #endif
 
-} //end CGAL
 #endif // CGAL_WRITE_VTU_H

From 2060e0e352b1105c4eff6375492c28bfc16e1da4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 15:58:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 121/171] move LAS_property in IO

---
 .../CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h                   | 2 +-
 .../Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp   | 4 ++--
 .../examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp  | 8 ++++----
 Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h  | 5 +++--
 Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h | 6 +++---
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
index 5c4b626e80b..084ec73f6bd 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/doc/Arrangement_on_surface_2/CGAL/IO/Arr_with_history_iostream.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 namespace CGAL {
 
-namespace OI {
+namespace IO {
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgArrangementOnSurface2Read
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
index aec42159da3..f537390a6be 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
       (ifile, std::back_inserter (points),
        CGAL::IO::make_las_point_reader (Point_map()),
        std::make_pair (Scan_angle_map(),
-                       CGAL::LAS_property::Scan_angle()),
+                       CGAL::IO::LAS_property::Scan_angle()),
        std::make_pair (Scanline_id_map(),
-                       CGAL::LAS_property::Scan_direction_flag())))
+                       CGAL::IO::LAS_property::Scan_direction_flag())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Can't read " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp
index 7296f39637d..11d266a2d5b 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/read_las_example.cpp
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
                                          CGAL::IO::make_las_point_reader(CGAL::First_of_pair_property_map<PointWithColor>()),
                                          std::make_tuple(CGAL::Second_of_pair_property_map<PointWithColor>(),
                                                          CGAL::Construct_array(),
-                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::R(),
-                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::G(),
-                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::B(),
-                                                         CGAL::LAS_property::I())))
+                                                         CGAL::IO::LAS_property::R(),
+                                                         CGAL::IO::LAS_property::G(),
+                                                         CGAL::IO::LAS_property::B(),
+                                                         CGAL::IO::LAS_property::I())))
   {
     std::cerr << "Error: cannot read file " << fname << std::endl;
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
index f0830b47e3d..16147ef98a2 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 namespace LAS_property {
 namespace Id {
@@ -125,8 +127,6 @@ typedef Base<unsigned short, Id::I> I;
 }
 /// \endcond
 
-namespace IO {
-
 /**
    \ingroup PkgPointSetProcessing3IOLas
 
@@ -581,6 +581,7 @@ bool read_LAS(const std::string& fname, OutputIterator output)
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
 
 using IO::make_las_point_reader;
+namespace LAS_property = IO::LAS_property;
 
 template <typename OutputIteratorValueType,
           typename OutputIterator,
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
index 224e45b453c..2640843a169 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
@@ -416,9 +416,9 @@ template <typename PointRange,
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_las_points_with_properties(std::ostream& os,
                                                       const PointRange& points,
                                                       std::tuple<PointMap,
-                                                      LAS_property::X,
-                                                      LAS_property::Y,
-                                                      LAS_property::Z> point_property,
+                                                      IO::LAS_property::X,
+                                                      IO::LAS_property::Y,
+                                                      IO::LAS_property::Z> point_property,
                                                       PropertyHandler&& ... properties)
 {
   return IO::write_LAS_with_properties(os, points, point_property, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);

From c863ee6754c7907a5bf8a55256985cd1b464c1da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 17:28:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 122/171] fix check_headers compilation issues

---
 Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h              | 1 +
 .../include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_fwd.h | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h
index 7b9e5b2a72f..7801942afcb 100644
--- a/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h
+++ b/Classification/include/CGAL/Classification/Label.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/license/Classification.h>
 #include <CGAL/IO/Color.h>
 
+#include <string>
 #include <memory>
 
 namespace CGAL {
diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_fwd.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_fwd.h
index d0202553abc..6d644faa1ec 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_fwd.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_fwd.h
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 /// \file Mesh_complex_3_in_triangulation_3_fwd.h
 /// Forward declarations of the Mesh_3 package.
 
+#include <istream>
+
 #ifndef DOXYGEN_RUNNING
 namespace CGAL {
 

From fbbf3863af731096c8a75c50481226cb317f445b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 18:18:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 123/171] remove extra IO

---
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h                        | 2 +-
 Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h  | 8 ++++----
 Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h      | 2 +-
 Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h | 4 ++--
 Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h     | 2 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h                    | 6 +++---
 6 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h
index 9b193000418..e965633b05a 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ template <class CDT>
 void write_VTU_with_attributes(std::ostream& os,
                const CDT& tr,
                std::vector<std::pair<const char*, const std::vector<double>*> >& attributes,
-               IO::Mode mode = BINARY)
+               Mode mode = BINARY)
 {
   typedef typename CDT::Vertex_handle Vertex_handle;
   std::map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t> V;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
index 020d2bfae99..76d88a2129c 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ bool read_PLY_with_properties(std::istream& is,
   if(!is)
     return false;
 
-  IO::internal::PLY_reader reader(true);
+  internal::PLY_reader reader(true);
 
   if(!(reader.init(is)))
   {
@@ -160,13 +160,13 @@ bool read_PLY_with_properties(std::istream& is,
 
   for(std::size_t i = 0; i < reader.number_of_elements(); ++ i)
   {
-    IO::internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
+    internal::PLY_element& element = reader.element(i);
 
     for(std::size_t j = 0; j < element.number_of_items(); ++ j)
     {
       for(std::size_t k = 0; k < element.number_of_properties(); ++ k)
       {
-        IO::internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
+        internal::PLY_read_number* property = element.property(k);
         property->get(is);
 
         if(is.fail())
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ bool read_PLY_with_properties(std::istream& is,
       if(element.name() == "vertex" || element.name() == "vertices")
       {
         OutputValueType new_element;
-        IO::internal::process_properties(element, new_element, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+        internal::process_properties(element, new_element, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
         *(output ++) = new_element;
       }
     }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h
index 6dec414fccc..b9c31d64f69 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_points.h
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ bool read_points(const std::string& fname,
                  PointOutputIterator output,
                  const NamedParameters& np)
 {
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
 
   if(ext == "xyz" || ext == "pwn")
     return read_XYZ<OutputIteratorValueType>(fname, output, np);
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
index 196a36b6fc5..881585449e1 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ template <typename PointRange,
      << "comment Generated by the CGAL library" << std::endl
      << "element vertex " << points.size() << std::endl;
 
-  IO::internal::output_property_header (os, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+  internal::output_property_header (os, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 
   os << "end_header" << std::endl;
 
   // Write positions + normals
   for(typename PointRange::const_iterator it = points.begin(); it != points.end(); it++)
-    IO::internal::output_properties (os, it, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
+    internal::output_properties (os, it, std::forward<PropertyHandler>(properties)...);
 
   return !os.fail();
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h
index faccb3b08b1..61d64bfe8b1 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_points.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ bool write_points(const std::string& fname,
 #endif
                   )
 {
-  const std::string ext = IO::internal::get_file_extension(fname);
+  const std::string ext = internal::get_file_extension(fname);
 
   if(ext == "xyz" || ext == "pwn")
     return write_XYZ(fname, points, np);
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
index ab838f15b9e..325fa2cacf2 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
 #endif
                  )
 {
-  return IO::internal::write_GOCAD(os, "anonymous", points, polygons, np);
+  return internal::write_GOCAD(os, "anonymous", points, polygons, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ template <typename PointRange, typename PolygonRange>
 bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points, const PolygonRange& polygons,
                  typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PolygonRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
-  return IO::internal::write_GOCAD(os, "anonymous", points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
+  return internal::write_GOCAD(os, "anonymous", points, polygons, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
 {
   std::ofstream os(fname);
   CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
-  return IO::internal::write_GOCAD(os, fname.c_str(), points, polygons, np);
+  return internal::write_GOCAD(os, fname.c_str(), points, polygons, np);
 }
 
 /// \cond SKIP_IN_MANUAL

From 699c87daef9322e53da8d3b6e1b74d7260c1d812 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 19:08:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 124/171] fix IO namespace

---
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
index 325fa2cacf2..b4eca5aa3b4 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
@@ -276,7 +276,6 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname, PointRange& points, PolygonRange& poly
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Write
 
-namespace IO {
 namespace internal {
 
 template <typename PointRange,
@@ -335,7 +334,6 @@ bool write_GOCAD(std::ostream& os,
 }
 
 } // namespace internal
-} // namespace IO
 
 /*!
  * \ingroup PkgStreamSupportIoFuncsGOCAD

From b42bbded9beb82800d79f4d5eda74223ecc8ec59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2021 06:46:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 125/171] Add null comparison operators to vector_iterator

---
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/vector.h | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/vector.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/vector.h
index e4c1a5bca28..c10a8fdd53a 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/vector.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/vector.h
@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ public:
         tmp += n;
         return tmp.operator*();
     }
+    bool operator==( std::nullptr_t) const { return ptr == nullptr; }
+    bool operator!=( std::nullptr_t) const { return ptr != nullptr; }
     bool operator< ( const Self& i) const { return ( ptr < i.ptr); }
     bool operator> ( const Self& i) const { return i < *this;    }
     bool operator<=( const Self& i) const { return !(i < *this); }

From 4e519a3c7ab6e902f0fb5f6903800c104664e169 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2021 13:15:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 126/171] move documented IO functions in IO namespace

---
 .../Algebraic_foundations/fraction_traits.cpp |   2 +-
 .../implicit_interoperable_dispatch.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Needs_parens_as_product.h    |   4 +-
 .../Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_real_d_1.h   |   8 +-
 .../Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.h     |   4 +-
 .../Algebraic_kernel_d/Event_line_builder.h   |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Xy_coordinate_2.h |   4 +-
 .../Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/_test_algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h     |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_kernel_1.h   |  12 +-
 .../include/CGAL/_test_cls_alpha_shape_3.h    |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/_test_weighted_alpha_shape_3.h       |   2 +-
 .../Apollonius_graph_2_impl.h                 |  24 +-
 .../Apollonius_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h       |  16 +-
 .../xalci/include/misc.h                      |   2 +-
 .../xalci/misc.cpp                            |   2 +-
 .../xalci/xalci.cpp                           |   6 +-
 .../algebraic_curves.cpp                      |   2 +-
 .../rational_functions.cpp                    |   2 +-
 ...tional_functions_rational_coefficients.cpp |   2 +-
 .../unbounded_rational_functions.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Arr_enums.h                  |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/Arr_rat_arc/Algebraic_point_2.h      |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Arc_2.h |   6 +-
 .../Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2_functors.h   |   2 +-
 .../Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Point_2.h    |   6 +-
 .../gfx/Curve_renderer_2.h                    |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Arr_text_formatter.h      |   8 +-
 .../test_batched_point_location.cpp           |   4 +-
 .../test_construction.cpp                     |   4 +-
 .../Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_overlay.cpp |   4 +-
 .../test_point_location.cpp                   |   4 +-
 .../test_point_location_dynamic.cpp           |   4 +-
 .../Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_traits.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../test_vertical_decomposition.cpp           |   4 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h       |   4 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h         |   4 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h         |   8 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h         |   8 +-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h         |   2 +-
 BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp          |  10 +-
 .../include/CGAL/General_polygon_2.h          |   2 +-
 .../Min_circle_2/min_circle_homogeneous_2.cpp |   2 +-
 .../examples/Min_ellipse_2/min_ellipse_2.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../Min_sphere_d/min_sphere_homogeneous_3.cpp |   2 +-
 .../rectangular_p_center_2.cpp                |   2 +-
 Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_annulus_d.h |   6 +-
 .../Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterC2.h     |   6 +-
 .../Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterH2.h     |   6 +-
 .../CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_impl.h     |   6 +-
 .../Min_circle_2/Optimisation_circle_2_impl.h |   8 +-
 .../Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterC2.h   |   6 +-
 .../Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterH2.h   |   6 +-
 .../CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_impl.h   |   6 +-
 .../Optimisation_ellipse_2_impl.h             |   8 +-
 .../CGAL/Min_sphere_d/Min_sphere_d_impl.h     |   6 +-
 .../test/Bounding_volumes/min_sphere_test.cpp |   4 +-
 ...nimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_C.cpp |   2 +-
 ...nimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_H.cpp |   2 +-
 .../rectangular_p_center_2_random1_test.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../rectangular_p_center_2_random2_test.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../Bounding_volumes/test_Min_annulus_d.h     |   2 +-
 .../test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_circle.cpp |   8 +-
 .../Bounding_volumes/test_Min_ellipse_2.cpp   |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_2.h |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_3.h |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader.h              |  16 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader_doubles.h      |  10 +-
 .../Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp   |  14 +-
 .../Convex_hull_2/ch_from_cin_to_cout.cpp     |   4 +-
 .../Convex_hull_2/ch_graham_anderson.cpp      |   4 +-
 .../examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_timing.cpp      |   2 +-
 .../test/Convex_hull_d/chull_d-test.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../test/Convex_hull_d/delaunay_d-test.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../Convex_hull_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h  |   2 +-
 Generator/test/Generator/rcs_test.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Geomview_stream_impl.h    |   2 +-
 .../test/Hash_map/include/CGAL/test_macros.h  |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_2.h       |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_3.h       |   4 +-
 .../bbox_other_do_intersect_test.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../Jet_fitting_3/Mesh_estimation.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../Jet_fitting_3/Single_estimation.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../examples/Kernel_23/MyPointC2_iostream.h   |   4 +-
 Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MySegmentC2.h    |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_2.h               |   6 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_3.h               |   8 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Circle_2.h             |   6 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_2.h          |  12 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_3.h          |  12 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_cuboid_3.h         |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_rectangle_2.h      |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_2.h               |   6 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_3.h               |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Plane_3.h              |   6 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_2.h              |  10 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_3.h              |  10 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_2.h                |   4 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_3.h                |   4 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_2.h            |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_3.h            |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Sphere_3.h             |   8 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Tetrahedron_3.h        |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_2.h           |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_3.h           |   2 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_2.h             |  10 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_3.h             |  10 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_2.h     |  10 +-
 Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_3.h     |  10 +-
 Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Matrix__.h     |   4 +-
 Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Pair_d.h       |   4 +-
 Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Tuple_d.h      |   4 +-
 Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Vector__.h     |   4 +-
 .../test/Kernel_d/Linear_algebra-test.cpp     |   2 +-
 .../test/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h  |   2 +-
 Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/interface-test.cpp     |   2 +-
 Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/intersection-test.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../gmap_linear_cell_complex_3.cpp            |   2 +-
 .../linear_cell_complex_3.cpp                 |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h   |   6 +-
 .../archive/applications/slivers_exuder.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Compact_mesh_cell_base_3.h   |  12 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h   |   6 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h        |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_surface_cell_base_3.h    |   6 +-
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h  |  18 +-
 .../Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree.h             |  16 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_cell_base_3.h        |   4 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h      |   4 +-
 .../Mesh_3/Handle_IO_for_pair_of_int.h        |   6 +-
 .../CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/indices_management.h |  24 +-
 Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp           |  18 +-
 .../Modular_arithmetic/modular_filter.cpp     |   2 +-
 Nef_2/examples/Nef_2/nef_2_exploration.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/Filtered_extended_homogeneous.h      |   8 +-
 Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_checker.h         |   4 +-
 Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_const_decorator.h |   2 +-
 Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_io_parser.h       |   8 +-
 Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/Polynomial.h         |   4 +-
 Nef_2/test/Nef_2/EPoint-test.cpp              |   6 +-
 Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Nef_polyhedron_2-test.cpp    |   2 +-
 Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Polynomial-test.cpp          |   2 +-
 Nef_2/test/Nef_2/include/CGAL/test_macros.h   |   2 +-
 Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walker_demo.cpp  |   2 +-
 Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walking.nw       |   2 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Halfedge.h           |   2 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Pluecker_line_3.h    |   2 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfedge.h          |   2 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfloop.h          |   2 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_decorator.h      |   2 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_io_parser.h      |   4 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Vertex.h             |   2 +-
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_checker.h       |   4 +-
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_io_parser.h     |   4 +-
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_items.h         |   6 +-
 Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Nef_polyhedron_S2-test.cpp |   2 +-
 Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry-test.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Point_d.h        |   8 +-
 .../CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Vector_d.h       |   8 +-
 .../NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Weighted_point_d.h    |   6 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/CORE_BigRat.h       |   6 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h    |   4 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/GMP/Gmpfr_type.h    |   2 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Interval_nt.h       |   4 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Sqrt_extension/io.h |  20 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_rational.h     |   6 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_real.h         |   4 +-
 .../test/Number_types/CORE_BigInt.cpp         |  24 +-
 .../test/Number_types/CORE_BigRat.cpp         |  24 +-
 .../test/Number_types/Sqrt_extension.h        |  54 ++--
 .../test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_io.h |  12 +-
 Number_types/test/Number_types/ioformat.cpp   |   4 +-
 Number_types/test/Number_types/mpq_class.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Periodic_2_offset_2.h        |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.h |  34 +--
 .../include/interface_test.h                  |  10 +-
 .../Protect_edges_sizing_field.h              |  20 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Periodic_3_offset_3.h        |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h |  16 +-
 .../CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_alpha_shape_3.h |   2 +-
 .../_test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3.h    |  20 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h |   4 +-
 Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h |  10 +-
 .../clustering_example.cpp                    |   2 +-
 .../orient_scanlines_example.cpp              |   2 +-
 .../Point_set_processing_3/property_map.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../write_ply_points_example.cpp              |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h         |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h         |   6 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h         |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h        |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h        |   6 +-
 .../test_read_write_point_set.cpp             |   6 +-
 .../tutorial_example.cpp                      |   2 +-
 Polygon/examples/Polygon/Example.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../CGAL/General_polygon_with_holes_2.h       |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Polygon_2/Polygon_2_impl.h   |   2 +-
 Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_with_holes_2.h   |   2 +-
 Polygon/test/Polygon/AlgorithmTest.cpp        |   6 +-
 Polygon/test/Polygon/PolygonTest.cpp          |  12 +-
 Polygon/test/Polygon/SimplicityTest.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp      |   4 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp         |  14 +-
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h  |   2 +-
 .../Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/read_surf_trianglemesh.h  |   2 +-
 .../examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_copy.cpp   |  12 +-
 .../Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_normals.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_off.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_planes.cpp     |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_tetra.cpp      |   2 +-
 .../Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vector.cpp     |   2 +-
 .../polyhedron_prog_vertex_normal.cpp         |   2 +-
 Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/print_OFF.h        |   4 +-
 .../test/Polynomial/Polynomial_traits_d.cpp   |  20 +-
 .../Polynomial/coefficient_access.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../examples/Polynomial/construction.cpp      |   2 +-
 Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/degree.cpp     |   2 +-
 .../Polynomial/gcd_up_to_constant_factor.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../examples/Polynomial/subresultants.cpp     |   2 +-
 Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/substitute.cpp |   2 +-
 Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/swap_move.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Polynomial/Polynomial_type.h |  24 +-
 Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Interpolator.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_core.cpp |   2 +-
 .../test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_leda.cpp |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/test_modular_gcd.h           |   6 +-
 .../test/Polynomial/modular_gcd_utils.cpp     |   2 +-
 Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_gcd.cpp |   4 +-
 .../test/Polynomial/polynomial_utils.cpp      |   2 +-
 Polynomial/test/Polynomial/resultant.cpp      |   2 +-
 Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial.h  |  20 +-
 .../test_polynomial_Coercion_traits.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../test/Polynomial/test_subresultants.cpp    |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Polytope_distance_d.h        |   4 +-
 .../test_Polytope_distance_d.h                |   2 +-
 QP_solver/include/CGAL/QP_models.h            |   2 +-
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/algorithm.h        |   5 +-
 .../test_lexcompare_outputrange.cpp           |   2 +-
 .../Segment_Delaunay_graph_2_impl.h           |  80 +++---
 .../Segment_Delaunay_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h |  18 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Polychain_2.h                |   6 +-
 ...ent_Delaunay_graph_Linf_hierarchy_2_impl.h |  18 +-
 ...enchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp |   2 +-
 ...enchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp |   2 +-
 .../region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp         |   6 +-
 .../region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp        |   2 +-
 .../test_region_growing_basic.cpp             |   2 +-
 .../test_region_growing_on_cube.cpp           |   2 +-
 ...est_region_growing_on_degenerated_mesh.cpp |   2 +-
 .../test_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp    |   2 +-
 ...on_growing_on_point_set_2_with_sorting.cpp |   2 +-
 .../test_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp    |   2 +-
 ...on_growing_on_point_set_3_with_sorting.cpp |   2 +-
 .../test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp   |   2 +-
 ...n_growing_on_polygon_mesh_with_sorting.cpp |   2 +-
 .../benchmark/Spatial_searching/binary.cpp    |   8 +-
 .../benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3cgal.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../Spatial_searching/nn3nanoflan.cpp         |   4 +-
 .../test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp     |   2 +-
 .../Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_offset.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_simple.cpp   |   2 +-
 .../benchmark/Stream_support/read_doubles.cpp |   2 +-
 .../doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt           |  18 +-
 .../doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt |  20 +-
 .../examples/Stream_support/iv2off.cpp        |   4 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h        |   4 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h          |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/IO/OBJ/File_writer_wavefront.h       |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h    |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_writer_OFF.h     |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/OI/File_writer_inventor.h |   2 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h          |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h          |   2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_writer.h          |   8 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h          |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/IO/VRML/File_writer_VRML_2.h |   2 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h          |   4 +-
 Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h           | 255 ++++++++++--------
 .../test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp          |   2 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_ioformat.cpp     |   4 +-
 .../test/Stream_support/test_support.cpp      |  12 +-
 Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp  |   2 +-
 .../extensive_parameterization_test.cpp       |   2 +-
 .../Complex_2_in_triangulation_cell_base_3.h  |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/Point_with_psc_localisation.h        |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Point_with_surface_index.h   |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_2.h     |  18 +-
 .../test/TDS_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_tds_2.h |  22 +-
 .../CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h     |  30 +--
 .../tetrahedral_remeshing_io.h                |   8 +-
 Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation.h    |   8 +-
 .../CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure.h       |  20 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_full_cell.h |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_vertex.h    |   4 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Triangulation_full_cell.h    |   4 +-
 Triangulation/test/Triangulation/test_tds.cpp |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/Constrained_triangulation_2.h        |   2 +-
 .../_test_cls_constrained_triangulation_2.h   |  26 +-
 .../CGAL/_test_cls_regular_hierarchy_2.h      |   4 +-
 .../CGAL/_test_cls_regular_triangulation_2.h  |  10 +-
 .../include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_2.h  |  36 +--
 .../CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_short_2.h    |   8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Triangulation_3.h            |  14 +-
 .../include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_3.h  |   4 +-
 .../Union_find/include/CGAL/test_macros.h     |   2 +-
 311 files changed, 1084 insertions(+), 1052 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/fraction_traits.cpp b/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/fraction_traits.cpp
index 0cf448daab4..3d85eed1e86 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/fraction_traits.cpp
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/fraction_traits.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main(){
     CGAL::Gmpq fraction(4,5);
     FT::Decompose()(fraction,numerator,denominator);
 
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
     std::cout << "decompose fraction: "<< std::endl;
     std::cout << "fraction   : " << fraction << std::endl;
     std::cout << "numerator  : " << numerator<< std::endl;
diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/implicit_interoperable_dispatch.cpp b/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/implicit_interoperable_dispatch.cpp
index a781e8fc700..0393f435966 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/implicit_interoperable_dispatch.cpp
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/examples/Algebraic_foundations/implicit_interoperable_dispatch.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ binary_func(const A& a , const B& b){
 }
 
 int main(){
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
     // Function call for ImplicitInteroperable types
     std::cout<< binary_func(double(3), int(5)) << std::endl;
diff --git a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/Needs_parens_as_product.h b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/Needs_parens_as_product.h
index a55040176d1..1aa82b277e3 100644
--- a/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/Needs_parens_as_product.h
+++ b/Algebraic_foundations/include/CGAL/Needs_parens_as_product.h
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ public:
     Output_rep(const T& tt) : t(tt) {}
     std::ostream& operator () (std::ostream& out) const {
         if ( needs_parens_as_product(t)) {
-            return out << "(" << oformat(t) << ")";
+            return out << "(" << IO::oformat(t) << ")";
         } else {
-            return out << oformat(t);
+            return out << IO::oformat(t);
         }
     }
 };
diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_real_d_1.h b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_real_d_1.h
index 11900ce8bfa..7d2ed6298e2 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_real_d_1.h
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Algebraic_real_d_1.h
@@ -436,8 +436,8 @@ std::ostream&
 operator << (std::ostream& os,
     const CGAL::internal::Algebraic_real_d_1<Coefficient, Rational, HandlePolicy, RepClass >& x){
   os << "["   << x.polynomial()
-     << ",["  << oformat(x.low())
-     << " , " << oformat(x.high()) << " ]]";
+     << ",["  << IO::oformat(x.low())
+     << " , " << IO::oformat(x.high()) << " ]]";
   return os;
 }
 
@@ -458,9 +458,9 @@ operator >> (std::istream& is,
   is >> poly;
   swallow(is, ',');// read the ","
   swallow(is, '[');// read the ","
-  is >> iformat(low);
+  is >> IO::iformat(low);
   swallow(is, ',');// read the ","
-  is >> iformat(high);
+  is >> IO::iformat(high);
   swallow(is, ']');// read the "]"
   swallow(is, ']');// read the "]"
   x = ALGNUM(poly, low, high);
diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.h b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.h
index 34290afa7e2..339fe371068 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.h
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.h
@@ -2417,7 +2417,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<< (
   typedef typename Curve::Asymptote_y Asymptote_y;
 
 
-    switch (::CGAL::get_mode(out)) {
+    switch (::CGAL::IO::get_mode(out)) {
     case ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY: {
 
       out << "--------------- Analysis results ---------------" << std::endl;
@@ -2514,7 +2514,7 @@ std::istream& operator>> (
     std::istream& is,
     Curve_analysis_2< AlgebraicKernelWithAnalysis_2, Rep_ >& curve) {
 
-  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::is_ascii(is));
+  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is));
 
   typedef AlgebraicKernelWithAnalysis_2 Algebraic_kernel_with_analysis_2;
 
diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Event_line_builder.h b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Event_line_builder.h
index 75ca4b777f1..978fb2a5e88 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Event_line_builder.h
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Event_line_builder.h
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ protected:
                 }
 /*
 #if CGAL_ACK_DEBUG_FLAG
-                ::CGAL::set_ascii_mode(CGAL_ACK_DEBUG_PRINT);
+                ::CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(CGAL_ACK_DEBUG_PRINT);
                 CGAL_ACK_DEBUG_PRINT << "Stha: " << (*seq_it) << std::endl;
 #endif
 */
diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Xy_coordinate_2.h b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Xy_coordinate_2.h
index 5172dcf80e6..7167c9f8a12 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Xy_coordinate_2.h
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/Algebraic_kernel_d/Xy_coordinate_2.h
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ template < class AlgebraicCurveKernel_2, class Rep>
 std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os,
     const Xy_coordinate_2<AlgebraicCurveKernel_2, Rep>& pt)
 {
-  switch (::CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+  switch (::CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
   case ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY: {
     os << "[x-coord: " << CGAL::to_double(pt.x()) << "; curve: " <<
       pt.curve().polynomial_2() <<
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ std::istream& operator >> (
     std::istream& is,
     Xy_coordinate_2< AlgebraicCurveKernel_2, Rep_>& pt) {
 
-  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::is_ascii(is));
+  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is));
 
   // this instance's first template argument
   typedef AlgebraicCurveKernel_2 Algebraic_curve_kernel_2;
diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.cpp b/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.cpp
index 0f1667d105e..2f55d2cd933 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.cpp
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/Curve_analysis_2.cpp
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ template<typename Arithmetic_kernel> void test_routine() {
         CGAL_ACK_DEBUG_PRINT << "P[3(0,P[2(0,-2)(2,2)])(1,P[1(1,-1)])(3,P[1(1,-6)])]" << std::endl;
 #endif
         f=from_string<Poly_int2>("P[3(0,P[2(0,-2)(2,2)])(1,P[1(1,-1)])(3,P[1(1,-6)])]");
-        ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+        ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
         curve=construct_curve_2(f);
         assert(curve.number_of_status_lines_with_event()==1);
         assert(number_of_objects<Algebraic_kernel_d_2>(curve)==2);
diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h b/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h
index d9fb58b9663..dca16083212 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_curve_kernel_2.h
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ void test_algebraic_curve_kernel_2() {
 
     Poly_2 polys[ACK_2_n_polys];
 
-    ::CGAL::set_mode(std::cerr, ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_mode(std::cerr, ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
 
     //std::cerr << "constructing curves..\n";
     for(int i = 0; i < ACK_2_n_polys; i++) {
diff --git a/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_kernel_1.h b/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_kernel_1.h
index d087b945a6b..ac9ea88f5e5 100644
--- a/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_kernel_1.h
+++ b/Algebraic_kernel_d/test/Algebraic_kernel_d/include/CGAL/_test_algebraic_kernel_1.h
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ void test_algebraic_kernel_1(const AlgebraicKernel_d_1& ak_1){
     assert(compare_1(bound,Algebraic_real_1(2)) == SMALLER );
   }
 
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 
   // Approximations
   bool all_right = true;
@@ -408,13 +408,13 @@ void test_algebraic_kernel_1(const AlgebraicKernel_d_1& ak_1){
 
 #define CGAL_TEST_ALGEBRAIC_REAL_IO(_f)         \
     alg1=_f;                                    \
-    ss<<CGAL::oformat(alg1);                        \
+    ss<<CGAL::IO::oformat(alg1);                \
     CGAL_assertion(ss.good());                  \
-    ss>>CGAL::iformat(alg2);                        \
-    CGAL_assertion(!ss.fail());                  \
+    ss>>CGAL::IO::iformat(alg2);                    \
+    CGAL_assertion(!ss.fail());                 \
     ss.clear();                                 \
     assert(alg1==alg2)
-    // Note: after the reading ss>>CGAL::iformat(alg2) the state of ss can
+    // Note: after the reading ss>>CGAL::IO::iformat(alg2) the state of ss can
     // have the eofbit. The C++ norm says if one tries to write to a stream
     // with eofbit, then the failbit will be set. That is why one must
     // clear the iostate with ss.clear().
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ void test_algebraic_kernel_1(const AlgebraicKernel_d_1& ak_1){
 
     Algebraic_real_1 alg1,alg2;
     std::stringstream ss;
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(ss);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(ss);
 
     // test construction from int, Coefficient and Bound
     CGAL_TEST_ALGEBRAIC_REAL_IO(construct_algebraic_real_1(int(2)));
diff --git a/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_alpha_shape_3.h b/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_alpha_shape_3.h
index dc01d1e9392..d71e8aef398 100644
--- a/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_alpha_shape_3.h
+++ b/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_alpha_shape_3.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ template <class Point>
 bool
 file_input(std::ifstream& is, std::list<Point>& L, int nb=0)
 {
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(is);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(is);
   int n;
   is >> n;
   if (nb != 0 && nb <= n) n=nb;
diff --git a/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_weighted_alpha_shape_3.h b/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_weighted_alpha_shape_3.h
index c8a099743c5..51d677c3774 100644
--- a/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_weighted_alpha_shape_3.h
+++ b/Alpha_shapes_3/test/Alpha_shapes_3/include/CGAL/_test_weighted_alpha_shape_3.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ template <class Weighted_point>
 bool
 file_input(std::ifstream& is, std::list<Weighted_point>& L)
 {
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(is);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(is);
   int n;
   is >> n;
   std::cout << "Reading " << n << " points" << std::endl;
diff --git a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2_impl.h b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2_impl.h
index cad9b199647..e5988f9f77b 100644
--- a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2_impl.h
+++ b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_2_impl.h
@@ -1966,7 +1966,7 @@ Apollonius_graph_2<Gt,Agds,LTag>::file_output(std::ostream& os) const
 
   CGAL_assertion( n >= 1 );
 
-  if( is_ascii(os) ) {
+  if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) {
     os << n << ' ' << m << ' ' << dimension() << std::endl;
   } else {
     os << n << m << dimension();
@@ -1980,24 +1980,24 @@ Apollonius_graph_2<Gt,Agds,LTag>::file_output(std::ostream& os) const
   V[infinite_vertex()] = inum++;
 
   // finite vertices
-  if (is_ascii(os)) os << std::endl;
+  if (IO::is_ascii(os)) os << std::endl;
   for (Finite_vertices_iterator vit = finite_vertices_begin();
        vit != finite_vertices_end(); ++vit) {
     V[vit] = inum++;
     os << vit->site();
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
     os << vit->number_of_hidden_sites();
     typename Vertex::Hidden_sites_iterator hit;
     for (hit = vit->hidden_sites_begin(); hit != vit->hidden_sites_end();
          ++hit) {
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << *hit;
     }
     // write non-combinatorial info of the vertex
     //    os << *vit ;
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
   }
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
 
   // vertices of the faces
   inum = 0;
@@ -2007,25 +2007,25 @@ Apollonius_graph_2<Gt,Agds,LTag>::file_output(std::ostream& os) const
     F[fit] = inum++;
     for(int j = 0; j < dim ; ++j) {
       os << V[ fit->vertex(j) ];
-      if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
     }
     // write non-combinatorial info of the face
     //    os << *fit ;
-    if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
   }
-  if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+  if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
 
   // neighbor pointers of the  faces
   for( All_faces_iterator it = all_faces_begin();
        it != all_faces_end(); ++it) {
     for(int j = 0; j < dimension()+1; ++j){
       os << F[ it->neighbor(j) ];
-      if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
     }
-    if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
   }
 
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h
index 2b9e0acf72c..ba13844eb0e 100644
--- a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h
+++ b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/Apollonius_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os) const
   // write each level of the hierarchy
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ag_hierarchy_2__maxlevel; ++i) {
     hierarchy[i]->file_output(os);
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   }
 
   Vertex_map* V = new Vertex_map[ag_hierarchy_2__maxlevel];
@@ -520,22 +520,22 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os) const
   }
 
   // write up and down pointer info
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ag_hierarchy_2__maxlevel; ++i) {
     os << i;
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
     os << hierarchy[i]->number_of_vertices();
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     for (Finite_vertices_iterator vit = hierarchy[i]->finite_vertices_begin();
          vit != hierarchy[i]->finite_vertices_end(); ++vit) {
       os << V[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
       os << V_down[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
       os << V_up[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     }
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   }
 
   delete[] V;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/include/misc.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/include/misc.h
index 101637c9cba..d24cb75dfcd 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/include/misc.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/include/misc.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public:
         int i = 0;
         for(InputIterator it = begin;it != end; it++, i++) {
             std::stringstream curr_item;
-            ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(curr_item);
+            ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(curr_item);
             curr_item << i << "th: ";
             curr_item << (*it);
             curve_list->insertItem(curr_item.str());
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/misc.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/misc.cpp
index 2ba998c0c0f..ce1e65f4b03 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/misc.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/misc.cpp
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ void xAlci_main_window::oc_rasterize_click()
         oc_activate_layers();
     } else {
 //         CGAL::set_error_behaviour(CGAL::THROW_EXCEPTION);
-        ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+        ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
         Poly_int2 f;
 
         if(!input_poly(f, oc_input->text().ascii()))
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/xalci.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/xalci.cpp
index 3aa7f377f4b..9d0bd268bde 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/xalci.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/archive/demo/Arr_algebraic_segment_traits_2/xalci/xalci.cpp
@@ -194,16 +194,16 @@ void xAlci_main_window::oc_analyse_click()
     Poly_int2 ress = fxx*fy*fy - ((fx*fy*fxy)*Poly_int1(2,0)) + fyy*fx*fx,
         res1 = f*fx, res2 = f*fy;
 
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
     std::cout << "curv:\n " << ress << "\n\n";
     std::cout << "fx:\n " << fx << "\n\n";
     std::cout << "fy:\n " << fy << "\n\n";
     std::cout << "f*fx:\n " << res1 << "\n\n";
     std::cout << "f*fy:\n " << res2 << "\n\n";
 
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
     std::cout << "f:\n " << f << "\n\n";
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
     std::cout << "f:\n " << f << "\n\n";
 
     timer.reset();
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/algebraic_curves.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/algebraic_curves.cpp
index d6680e4e8c1..a7896581e3f 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/algebraic_curves.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/algebraic_curves.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ typedef Arr_traits_2::Polynomial_2 Polynomial_2;
 int main() {
 
     // For nice printouts
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
     Arr_traits_2 arr_traits;
 
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions.cpp
index 8b1e47def30..eaef4cd9829 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Arrangement_2<Traits_2>              Arrangement_2;
 
 int main ()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);             // for nice printouts.
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);             // for nice printouts.
 
   // create a polynomial representing x .-)
   Polynomial_1 x = CGAL::shift(Polynomial_1(1),1);
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions_rational_coefficients.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions_rational_coefficients.cpp
index 3b9f7e391c2..f45fb97c76f 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions_rational_coefficients.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/rational_functions_rational_coefficients.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Arrangement_2<Traits_2>              Arrangement_2;
 
 int main ()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);             // for nice printouts.
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);             // for nice printouts.
 
   // Traits class object
   Traits_2 traits;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/unbounded_rational_functions.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/unbounded_rational_functions.cpp
index 1f30067dd0d..c5cc697f99d 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/unbounded_rational_functions.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/examples/Arrangement_on_surface_2/unbounded_rational_functions.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Arrangement_2<Traits_2>              Arrangement_2;
 
 int main ()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);             // for nice printouts.
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);             // for nice printouts.
 
   // Traits class object
   AK1 ak1;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_enums.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_enums.h
index 9c52c3b5800..a3425cd2fc6 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_enums.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_enums.h
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ OutputStream& operator<<(
         OutputStream& os,
         const Arr_parameter_space& ps) {
 
-  switch (::CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+  switch (::CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
   case ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
     switch(ps) {
     case CGAL::ARR_LEFT_BOUNDARY:
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ InputStream& operator>>(
     InputStream& is,
     Arr_parameter_space& ps) {
 
-  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::is_ascii(is));
+  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is));
 
   int i;
   is >> i;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_rat_arc/Algebraic_point_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_rat_arc/Algebraic_point_2.h
index f3a101db437..460bbe432a7 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_rat_arc/Algebraic_point_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_rat_arc/Algebraic_point_2.h
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ public:
   std::ostream& print (std::ostream& os) const
   {
     std::pair<double,double> double_p;
-    switch(::CGAL::get_mode(os))
+    switch(::CGAL::IO::get_mode(os))
     {
      case ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
       double_p = this->to_double();
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Arc_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Arc_2.h
index dcdb6dbbc74..cfbbcc23784 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Arc_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Arc_2.h
@@ -3164,7 +3164,7 @@ public:
      */
     void write(std::ostream& os) const {
 
-        switch (::CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+        switch (::CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
         case ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
             os << "arc@" << this->id() << "[(sup@" << this->curve().id();
             if (this->is_vertical()) {
@@ -3214,7 +3214,7 @@ public:
      */
     void read(std::istream& is) {
 
-      CGAL_precondition(CGAL::is_ascii(is));
+      CGAL_precondition(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is));
 
       Rep rep;
 
@@ -3371,7 +3371,7 @@ std::istream& operator>> (
     std::istream& is,
     Arc_2< CurvedKernelViaAnalysis_2, Rep_ >& arc) {
 
-  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::is_ascii(is));
+  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is));
 
   //typedef CurvedKernelViaAnalysis_2 Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2;
   //typedef Rep_ Rep;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2_functors.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2_functors.h
index b8dd6eaf6f9..1447bbf1ff4 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2_functors.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2_functors.h
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ public:
         // avoid compiler warning
         (void)arc;
 
-        //CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+        //CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
         CERR("Construct_pt_on_arc: " << CGAL::to_double(x) << ", " << arcno <<
              ", " << c.id() <<  "\narc = " << arc << "\n");
 
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Point_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Point_2.h
index 09e245ec4ff..b06c547b182 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Point_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/Point_2.h
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ public:
      */
     void write(std::ostream& os) const {
 
-        switch(::CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+        switch(::CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
         case ::CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
             os << "point@" << this->id() << "(";
             os << "sup@" << this->curve().id() << "; ";
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ public:
    */
   void read(std::istream& is) {
 
-    CGAL_precondition(CGAL::is_ascii(is));
+    CGAL_precondition(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is));
 
     Rep rep;
 
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ std::istream& operator>> (
     std::istream& is,
     Point_2< CurvedKernelViaAnalysis_2, Rep_ >& pt) {
 
-  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::is_ascii(is));
+  CGAL_precondition(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is));
 
   //typedef CurvedKernelViaAnalysis_2 Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2;
   //typedef Rep_ Rep;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/gfx/Curve_renderer_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/gfx/Curve_renderer_2.h
index 745381dc630..163bbff54e9 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/gfx/Curve_renderer_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Curved_kernel_via_analysis_2/gfx/Curve_renderer_2.h
@@ -2586,8 +2586,8 @@ inline bool is_isolated_pixel(const Pixel_2& /* pix */) {
 // DEBUG ONLY
 #ifdef Gfx_USE_OUT
 void dump_neighbourhood(const Pixel_2& pix) {
-    CGAL::set_mode(std::cerr, CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
-    CGAL::set_mode(std::cout, CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(std::cerr, CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(std::cout, CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
 
     Stripe box[2]; // 0 - left-right stripe, 1 - bottom-top stripe
     //NT inv = NT(1) / NT(one << pix.level);
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_text_formatter.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_text_formatter.h
index d9337e2805f..a0096d36b76 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_text_formatter.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/IO/Arr_text_formatter.h
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ public:
   void write_arrangement_begin()
   {
     CGAL_assertion(m_out != nullptr);
-    m_old_out_mode = get_mode(*m_out);
-    set_ascii_mode(*m_out);
+    m_old_out_mode = IO::get_mode(*m_out);
+    IO::set_ascii_mode(*m_out);
     _write_comment("BEGIN ARRANGEMENT");
   }
 
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ public:
   void read_arrangement_begin()
   {
     CGAL_assertion(m_in != nullptr);
-    m_old_in_mode = get_mode(*m_in);
-    set_ascii_mode(*m_in);
+    m_old_in_mode = IO::get_mode(*m_in);
+    IO::set_ascii_mode(*m_in);
     _skip_comments();
   }
 
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_batched_point_location.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_batched_point_location.cpp
index 4f335409a64..2162954c316 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_batched_point_location.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_batched_point_location.cpp
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ bool test(const char* points_filename, const char* xcurves_filename,
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #if TEST_GEOM_TRAITS == ALGEBRAIC_GEOM_TRAITS
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 #endif
 
   size_t verbose_level = 0;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_construction.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_construction.cpp
index 5b1c849af03..ba4e4738b41 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_construction.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_construction.cpp
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ bool test(const char* filename, int verbose_level)
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #if TEST_GEOM_TRAITS == ALGEBRAIC_GEOM_TRAITS
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 #endif
 
   if (argc < 2) {
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_overlay.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_overlay.cpp
index f648439034a..34992ea018b 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_overlay.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_overlay.cpp
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ bool test(const char* filename, int verbose_level)
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #if TEST_GEOM_TRAITS == ALGEBRAIC_GEOM_TRAITS
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 #endif
 
   if (argc < 2) {
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location.cpp
index 9cc77ec9977..75eacfabdd0 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location.cpp
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ bool test3(const char* points_filename, const char* xcurves_filename,
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #if TEST_GEOM_TRAITS == ALGEBRAIC_GEOM_TRAITS
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 #endif
 
   if (argc < 4) {
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location_dynamic.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location_dynamic.cpp
index 4a1d461f690..d9c13cbbd44 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location_dynamic.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_point_location_dynamic.cpp
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ bool test1(const char* points_filename, const char* xcurves_filename,
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #if TEST_GEOM_TRAITS == ALGEBRAIC_GEOM_TRAITS
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 #endif
 
   if (argc < 5) {
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_traits.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_traits.cpp
index b883a6ba0f6..ec26c356b75 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_traits.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_traits.cpp
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 
 #if TEST_GEOM_TRAITS == ALGEBRAIC_GEOM_TRAITS
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 #endif
 
   Geom_traits traits;
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_vertical_decomposition.cpp b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_vertical_decomposition.cpp
index 748632219b7..9bd60487f5d 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_vertical_decomposition.cpp
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test/Arrangement_on_surface_2/test_vertical_decomposition.cpp
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ bool test(const char* points_filename, const char* xcurves_filename,
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #if TEST_GEOM_TRAITS == ALGEBRAIC_GEOM_TRAITS
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 #endif
 
   size_t verbose_level = 0;
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h
index 9bdeea347d3..e3baecc25e3 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/GOCAD.h
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                 )
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   return read_GOCAD(is, name_and_color, g, np);
 }
 
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                  )
 {
   std::ofstream os(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
 
   return write_GOCAD(os, fname.c_str(), g, np);
 }
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h
index a21c92a9a94..b97515bb7b6 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OBJ.h
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
               )
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   return read_OBJ(is, g, np);
 }
 
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
                )
 {
   std::ofstream os(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   return write_OBJ(os, g, np);
 }
 
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h
index d06a141baa0..881d3f86b0d 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/PLY.h
@@ -235,13 +235,13 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return internal::read_PLY_BGL(is, g, np);
   }
 }
@@ -541,13 +541,13 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return write_PLY(os, g, comments, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
 
     return write_PLY(os, g, comments, np);
   }
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h
index d9bf634012e..7bce5d9734b 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/STL.h
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ bool read_STL(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     if(read_STL(is, g, np))
     {
       return true;
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ bool read_STL(const std::string& fname,
     g.clear();
   }
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
 
   typedef typename CGAL::GetVertexPointMap<Graph, CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS>::type      VPM;
   VPM vpm = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::vertex_point),
@@ -363,13 +363,13 @@ bool write_STL(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return write_STL(os, g, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
 
     return write_STL(os, g, np);
   }
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
index 069a4245b57..fa3446ad28f 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/VTK.h
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ bool write_VTP(const std::string& fname, const Graph& g, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS
   std::ofstream os;
   if(binary){
     os.open(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   }
   else
     os.open(fname);
diff --git a/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp b/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp
index ee2a4f8c644..0f2ccc5cc1f 100644
--- a/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp
+++ b/BGL/test/BGL/test_bgl_read_write.cpp
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ void test_bgl_PLY(const std::string filename,
     if(binary)
     {
       os.open("tmp.ply", std::ios::binary);
-      CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+      CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ void test_bgl_PLY(const std::string filename,
     if(binary)
     {
       is_rpm.open("tmp.ply", std::ios::binary);
-      CGAL::set_mode(is_rpm, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+      CGAL::IO::set_mode(is_rpm, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ void test_bgl_STL(const std::string filename)
   Custom_VPM<Mesh> cvpm(cpoints);
 
   std::ifstream is(filename, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   ok = CGAL::IO::read_STL(is, fg, CGAL::parameters::vertex_point_map(cvpm));
   assert(ok);
   assert(filename != "data/pig.stl" || (num_vertices(fg) == 8642 && num_faces(fg) == 16848));
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
     std::ofstream os;
     if(binary){
       os.open("tmp.vtp", std::ios::binary);
-      CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+      CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     }
     else
       os.open("tmp.vtp");
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ void test_bgl_VTP(const char* filename,
     if(binary)
     {
       os.open("tmp.vtp", std::ios::binary);
-      CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+      CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     }
     else
     {
diff --git a/Boolean_set_operations_2/include/CGAL/General_polygon_2.h b/Boolean_set_operations_2/include/CGAL/General_polygon_2.h
index fd6badf0c40..7d1cbdea7a8 100644
--- a/Boolean_set_operations_2/include/CGAL/General_polygon_2.h
+++ b/Boolean_set_operations_2/include/CGAL/General_polygon_2.h
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ std::ostream
 {
   typename General_polygon_2<Traits>::Curve_const_iterator i;
 
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       os << p.size() << ' ';
       for (i = p.curves_begin(); i != p.curves_end(); ++i) {
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_circle_2/min_circle_homogeneous_2.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_circle_2/min_circle_homogeneous_2.cpp
index aac519412db..238887de2e4 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_circle_2/min_circle_homogeneous_2.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_circle_2/min_circle_homogeneous_2.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ main( int, char**)
   Min_circle  mc1( P, P+n, false);    // very slow
   Min_circle  mc2( P, P+n, true);     // fast
 
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
   std::cout << mc2;
 
   return 0;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_ellipse_2/min_ellipse_2.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_ellipse_2/min_ellipse_2.cpp
index f4571ad6a8c..a5f5935e5b4 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_ellipse_2/min_ellipse_2.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_ellipse_2/min_ellipse_2.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ main( int, char**)
     assert(me2.number_of_support_points()==2);
 
     // prettyprinting
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
     std::cout << me2;
 
     // in general, the ellipse is not explicitly representable
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_sphere_d/min_sphere_homogeneous_3.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_sphere_d/min_sphere_homogeneous_3.cpp
index 191109c0566..a0ec7ad1e17 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_sphere_d/min_sphere_homogeneous_3.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Min_sphere_d/min_sphere_homogeneous_3.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ main ()
 
   Min_sphere  ms (P, P+n);             // smallest enclosing sphere
 
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode (std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode (std::cout);
   std::cout << ms;                     // output the sphere
 
   return 0;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Rectangular_p_center_2/rectangular_p_center_2.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Rectangular_p_center_2/rectangular_p_center_2.cpp
index 920df52e0e3..e4602fe923f 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/examples/Rectangular_p_center_2/rectangular_p_center_2.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/examples/Rectangular_p_center_2/rectangular_p_center_2.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main()
   int n = 10;
   int p = 2;
   OIterator cout_ip(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   Cont points;
   std::copy_n(Generator(1), n, std::back_inserter(points));
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_annulus_d.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_annulus_d.h
index 0be72c1b427..4f8e1d3a784 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_annulus_d.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_annulus_d.h
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
   typedef  typename Traits_::ET          ET;
   typedef  ostream_iterator<ET>          Et_it;
 
-  switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+  switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
   case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
     os << "CGAL::Min_annulus_d( |P| = "
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
 
   default:
     CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                     "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                     "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
     break; }
 
   return( os);
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ operator >> ( std::istream& is, CGAL::Min_annulus_d<Traits_>& min_annulus)
 {
   using namespace std;
 
-  switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+  switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
   case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
     cerr << endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterC2.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterC2.h
index a75c21f1624..3f28aef6732 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterC2.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterC2.h
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ std::ostream&
 operator << ( std::ostream& os,
               const CGAL::_Min_circle_2_adapterC2__Circle<PT_,DA_>& c)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         os << "CGAL::Min_circle_2_adapterC2::Circle( "
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                         "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                         "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( os);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ std::istream&
 operator >> ( std::istream& is,
               CGAL::_Min_circle_2_adapterC2__Circle<PT_,DA_>& c)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         std::cerr << std::endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterH2.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterH2.h
index 166a5948eb5..74afdd668d6 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterH2.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_adapterH2.h
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ std::ostream&
 operator << ( std::ostream& os,
               const CGAL::_Min_circle_2_adapterH2__Circle<PT_,DA_>& c)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         os << "CGAL::Min_circle_2_adapterH2::Circle( "
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                        "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                        "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( os);
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ std::istream&
 operator >> ( std::istream& is,
               CGAL::_Min_circle_2_adapterH2__Circle<PT_,DA_>& c)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         std::cerr << std::endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_impl.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_impl.h
index dc79b1f8812..f0a8cc7f072 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_impl.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Min_circle_2_impl.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
     typedef  typename Min_circle_2<Traits_>::Point  Point;
     typedef  ostream_iterator<Point>       Os_it;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         os << endl;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                         "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                         "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( os);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ operator >> ( std::istream& is, CGAL::Min_circle_2<Traits_>& min_circle)
 {
     using namespace std;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         cerr << endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Optimisation_circle_2_impl.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Optimisation_circle_2_impl.h
index 7257afbb604..55057c6ac37 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Optimisation_circle_2_impl.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_circle_2/Optimisation_circle_2_impl.h
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ template < class K_ >
 std::ostream&
 operator << ( std::ostream& os, const CGAL::Optimisation_circle_2<K_>& c)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         os << "CGAL::Optimisation_circle_2( "
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os, const CGAL::Optimisation_circle_2<K_>& c)
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                         "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                         "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( os);
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ operator >> ( std::istream& is, CGAL::Optimisation_circle_2<K_>& c)
     typedef  typename CGAL::Optimisation_circle_2<K_>::Point     Point;
     typedef  typename CGAL::Optimisation_circle_2<K_>::Distance  Distance;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         std::cerr << std::endl;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ operator >> ( std::istream& is, CGAL::Optimisation_circle_2<K_>& c)
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                         "CGAL::get_mode( is) invalid!");
+                                         "CGAL::IO::get_mode( is) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( is);
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterC2.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterC2.h
index 6e70f09f978..b50c7e45fed 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterC2.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterC2.h
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
     const char*  sep  = empty;
     const char*  tail = empty;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         head = pretty_head;
         sep  = pretty_sep;
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
         break;
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                        "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                        "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     os << head << e.n_boundary_points;
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ std::istream&
 operator >> ( std::istream& is,
               CGAL::_Min_ellipse_2_adapterC2__Ellipse<PT_,DA_>& e)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         std::cerr << std::endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterH2.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterH2.h
index 9af39820a21..23454106cfc 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterH2.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_adapterH2.h
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
     const char*  sep  = empty;
     const char*  tail = empty;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         head = pretty_head;
         sep  = pretty_sep;
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
         break;
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                        "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                        "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     os << head << e.n_boundary_points;
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ std::istream&
 operator >> ( std::istream& is,
               CGAL::_Min_ellipse_2_adapterH2__Ellipse<PT_,DA_>& e)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         std::cerr << std::endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_impl.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_impl.h
index 527a1240659..e28a847f1c5 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_impl.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Min_ellipse_2_impl.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
     typedef typename Min_ellipse_2<Traits_>::Point  Point;
     typedef  ostream_iterator<Point>        Os_it;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         os << endl;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                         "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                         "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( os);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ operator >> ( std::istream& is, CGAL::Min_ellipse_2<Traits_>& min_ellipse)
 {
     using namespace std;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         cerr << endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Optimisation_ellipse_2_impl.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Optimisation_ellipse_2_impl.h
index a2e3f211396..47b42ef90d8 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Optimisation_ellipse_2_impl.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_ellipse_2/Optimisation_ellipse_2_impl.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os, const CGAL::Optimisation_ellipse_2<K_>& e)
     const char*  sep  = empty;
     const char*  tail = empty;
 
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         head = pretty_head;
         sep  = pretty_sep;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os, const CGAL::Optimisation_ellipse_2<K_>& e)
         break;
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                         "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                         "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     os << head << e.n_boundary_points;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ template < class K_ >
 std::istream&
 operator >> ( std::istream& is, CGAL::Optimisation_ellipse_2<K_>& e)
 {
-    switch ( CGAL::get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         std::cerr << std::endl;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ operator >> ( std::istream& is, CGAL::Optimisation_ellipse_2<K_>& e)
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                         "CGAL::get_mode( is) invalid!");
+                                         "CGAL::IO::get_mode( is) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( is);
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_d/Min_sphere_d_impl.h b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_d/Min_sphere_d_impl.h
index 1c2422c9c1f..684d1fb7e0b 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_d/Min_sphere_d_impl.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/include/CGAL/Min_sphere_d/Min_sphere_d_impl.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os, const Min_sphere_d<Traits>& min_sphere)
 {
     typedef typename Min_sphere_d<Traits>::Point  Point;
 
-    switch ( get_mode( os)) {
+    switch ( IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
       case IO::PRETTY:
         os << std::endl;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os, const Min_sphere_d<Traits>& min_sphere)
 
       default:
         CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg
-            ( false, "get_mode( os) invalid!");
+            ( false, "IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
         break; }
 
     return( os);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ template < class Traits >
 std::istream&
 operator >> ( std::istream& is, Min_sphere_d<Traits>& min_sphere)
 {
-    switch ( get_mode( is)) {
+    switch ( IO::get_mode( is)) {
 
       case IO::PRETTY:
         std::cerr << std::endl;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/min_sphere_test.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/min_sphere_test.cpp
index e53793cf9f4..82b71269443 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/min_sphere_test.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/min_sphere_test.cpp
@@ -228,11 +228,11 @@ int main ()
 
 
     std::ostringstream ost;           // output string
-    set_ascii_mode (ost);
+    IO::set_ascii_mode (ost);
     ost << msC << msH << std::endl;      // write spheres
 
     std::istringstream ist (ost.str().c_str());  // input string
-    set_ascii_mode (ist);
+    IO::set_ascii_mode (ist);
     ist >> msC >> msH;              // read spheres
 
     assert(centerC == msC.center());
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_C.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_C.cpp
index 8e0a95aaad8..c009a3524a7 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_C.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_C.cpp
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void compute(ForwardIterator f, ForwardIterator l)
 
 int main()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(cout);
 
   // build a random convex 20-gon p
   {
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_H.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_H.cpp
index 5acc7f9d93a..f92a59f752f 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_H.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/minimum_enclosing_quadrilateral_2_test_H.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Random_points_in_square_2<Point_2>  Point_generator;
 
 int main()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(cout);
 
   // build a random convex 20-gon p
   Polygon_2 p;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random1_test.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random1_test.cpp
index c39235bcf30..94ee1718336 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random1_test.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random1_test.cpp
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #ifndef CGAL_PCENTER_NO_OUTPUT
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(cerr);
 #endif // CGAL_PCENTER_NO_OUTPUT
 
   int number_of_points;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random2_test.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random2_test.cpp
index ff205e038ae..cd9378c9c79 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random2_test.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/rectangular_p_center_2_random2_test.cpp
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
 #ifndef CGAL_PCENTER_NO_OUTPUT
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(cerr);
 #endif // CGAL_PCENTER_NO_OUTPUT
 
   int number_of_points;
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_annulus_d.h b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_annulus_d.h
index 0e32b0be687..a1b3c9e88e0 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_annulus_d.h
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_annulus_d.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ test_Min_annulus_d( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
     CGAL::Verbose_ostream verr ( verbose >= 0);
     CGAL::Verbose_ostream verr0( verbose == 0);
     CGAL::Verbose_ostream verrX( verbose >  0);
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode( verr.out());
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( verr.out());
 
     bool  is_valid_verbose = ( verbose > 0);
 
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_circle.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_circle.cpp
index 4412a7a546f..01ce8cc429a 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_circle.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_circle.cpp
@@ -219,26 +219,26 @@ cover_Min_circle_2( bool verbose, const Traits&, const RT&)
     {
         verr << endl << "  writing `test_Min_circle_2.ascii'...";
         ofstream os( "test_Min_circle_2.ascii");
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( os);
         os << mc;
     }
     {
         verr << endl << "  writing `test_Min_circle_2.pretty'...";
         ofstream os( "test_Min_circle_2.pretty");
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode( os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( os);
         os << mc;
     }
     {
         verr << endl << "  writing `test_Min_circle_2.binary'...";
         ofstream os( "test_Min_circle_2.binary");
-        CGAL::set_binary_mode( os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode( os);
         os << mc;
     }
     {
         verr << endl << "  reading `test_Min_circle_2.ascii'...";
         Min_circle mc_in;
         ifstream is( "test_Min_circle_2.ascii");
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( is);
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( is);
         is >> mc_in;
         bool    is_valid = mc_in.is_valid( verbose);
         assert( is_valid);
diff --git a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_ellipse_2.cpp b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_ellipse_2.cpp
index edfc855f158..535aa4674b1 100644
--- a/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_ellipse_2.cpp
+++ b/Bounding_volumes/test/Bounding_volumes/test_Min_ellipse_2.cpp
@@ -412,26 +412,26 @@ cover_Min_ellipse_2( bool verbose, const Traits&, const RT&)
     {
         verr << endl << "  writing `test_Min_ellipse_2.ascii'...";
         ofstream os( "test_Min_ellipse_2.ascii");
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( os);
         os << me;
     }
     {
         verr << endl << "  writing `test_Min_ellipse_2.pretty'...";
         ofstream os( "test_Min_ellipse_2.pretty");
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode( os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( os);
         os << me;
     }
     {
         verr << endl << "  writing `test_Min_ellipse_2.binary'...";
         ofstream os( "test_Min_ellipse_2.binary");
-        CGAL::set_binary_mode( os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode( os);
         os << me;
     }
     {
         verr << endl << "  reading `test_Min_ellipse_2.ascii'...";
         Min_ellipse me_in;
         ifstream is( "test_Min_ellipse_2.ascii");
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( is);
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( is);
         is >> me_in;
         bool    is_valid = me_in.is_valid( verbose);
         assert( is_valid);
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_2.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_2.h
index db5e9f1b98e..3e584ea9830 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_2.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_2.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ template < class R_ >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Weighted_pointC2<R_> &p)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
   case IO::ASCII :
     return os << p.point() <<  " " << p.weight();
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Weighted_pointC2<R_> &wp)
   typename Weighted_pointC2<R_>::Point_2 p;
   is >> p;
   if(!is) return is;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> w;
   else
     read(is, w);
diff --git a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_3.h b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_3.h
index 295686a3ac8..c1309fde4d8 100644
--- a/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_3.h
+++ b/Cartesian_kernel/include/CGAL/Cartesian/Weighted_point_3.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ template < class R_ >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Weighted_pointC3<R_> &p)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
   case IO::ASCII :
     return os << p.point() <<  " " << p.weight();
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Weighted_pointC3<R_> &wp)
   typename Weighted_pointC3<R_>::Point_3 p;
   is >> p;
   if(!is) return is;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> w;
   else
     read(is, w);
diff --git a/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader.h b/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader.h
index e72a21197dc..bf00857272b 100644
--- a/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader.h
+++ b/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader.h
@@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ private:
 
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 10);
-  is >> iformat(cx);
+  is >> IO::iformat(cx);
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 20);
-  is >> iformat(cy);
+  is >> IO::iformat(cy);
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 40);
-  is >> iformat(r);
+  is >> IO::iformat(r);
   FT sqr_ft(r*r);
   circ = typename K::Construct_circle_2()(Point_2(cx,cy), sqr_ft);
 }
@@ -144,13 +144,13 @@ private:
 
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 10);
-  is >> iformat(cx);
+  is >> IO::iformat(cx);
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 20);
-  is >> iformat(cy);
+  is >> IO::iformat(cy);
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 40);
-  is >> iformat(r);
+  is >> IO::iformat(r);
 
   center = typename K::Construct_point_2()(cx,cy);
   rft = FT(r); // intentionally not squared
@@ -181,10 +181,10 @@ read_polygon(std::istream& is, Polygon& poly)
       CGAL_assertion(n == 0);
       is >> n;
       CGAL_assertion(n == 10);
-      is >> iformat(x);
+      is >> IO::iformat(x);
       is >> n;
       CGAL_assertion(n == 20);
-      is >> iformat(y);
+      is >> IO::iformat(y);
       is >> n;
       len = 0;
       if(n == 42){
diff --git a/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader_doubles.h b/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader_doubles.h
index df8895e6b33..4da1adc4c96 100644
--- a/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader_doubles.h
+++ b/Circular_kernel_2/include/CGAL/IO/Dxf_reader_doubles.h
@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@ private:
 
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 10);
-  is >> iformat(cx);
+  is >> IO::iformat(cx);
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 20);
-  is >> iformat(cy);
+  is >> IO::iformat(cy);
   is >> n;
   CGAL_assertion(n == 40);
-  is >> iformat(r);
+  is >> IO::iformat(r);
   FT sqr_ft(r*r);
   circ = CGAL::make_array(cx,cy,sqr_ft);
 }
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ read_polygon(std::istream& is, Polygon& poly)
       CGAL_assertion(n == 0);
       is >> n;
       CGAL_assertion(n == 10);
-      is >> iformat(x);
+      is >> IO::iformat(x);
       is >> n;
       CGAL_assertion(n == 20);
-      is >> iformat(y);
+      is >> IO::iformat(y);
       is >> n;
       len = 0;
       if(n == 42){
diff --git a/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp b/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp
index c839400850b..fe90c423415 100644
--- a/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp
+++ b/Classification/examples/Classification/gis_tutorial_example.cpp
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   Mesh dsm_mesh;
   CGAL::copy_face_graph (dsm, dsm_mesh);
   std::ofstream dsm_ofile ("dsm.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode (dsm_ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (dsm_ofile);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dsm_ofile, dsm_mesh);
   dsm_ofile.close();
 
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
                            })));
 
   std::ofstream tin_colored_ofile ("colored_tin.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode (tin_colored_ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (tin_colored_ofile);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY (tin_colored_ofile, tin_colored_mesh);
   tin_colored_ofile.close();
 
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   // Save original DTM
   std::ofstream dtm_ofile ("dtm.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (dtm_ofile);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_ofile.close();
 
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   // Save filtered DTM
   std::ofstream dtm_holes_ofile ("dtm_with_holes.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_holes_ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (dtm_holes_ofile);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_holes_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_holes_ofile.close();
 
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
   // Save DTM with holes filled
   std::ofstream dtm_filled_ofile ("dtm_filled.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_filled_ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (dtm_filled_ofile);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_filled_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_filled_ofile.close();
 
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::isotropic_remeshing (faces(dtm_mesh), spacing, dtm_mesh);
 
   std::ofstream dtm_remeshed_ofile ("dtm_remeshed.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode (dtm_remeshed_ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (dtm_remeshed_ofile);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY (dtm_remeshed_ofile, dtm_mesh);
   dtm_remeshed_ofile.close();
 
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Save the classified point set
     std::ofstream classified_ofile ("classified.ply");
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode (classified_ofile);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (classified_ofile);
     classified_ofile << points;
     classified_ofile.close();
   }
diff --git a/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_from_cin_to_cout.cpp b/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_from_cin_to_cout.cpp
index cb3d04d28da..957e316d045 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_from_cin_to_cout.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_from_cin_to_cout.cpp
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ typedef K::Point_2 Point_2;
 
 int main()
 {
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cin);
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cin);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
   std::istream_iterator< Point_2 >  in_start( std::cin );
   std::istream_iterator< Point_2 >  in_end;
   std::ostream_iterator< Point_2 >  out( std::cout, "\n" );
diff --git a/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_graham_anderson.cpp b/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_graham_anderson.cpp
index 019ede1ed24..68fb6ca8109 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_graham_anderson.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_graham_anderson.cpp
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ ch_graham_anderson( InputIterator  first, InputIterator  beyond,
 
 int main()
 {
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cin);
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cin);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
   std::istream_iterator< Point_2 >  in_start( std::cin );
   std::istream_iterator< Point_2 >  in_end;
   std::ostream_iterator< Point_2 >  out( std::cout, "\n" );
diff --git a/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_timing.cpp b/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_timing.cpp
index 591fd7213c5..c75adf6ac67 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_timing.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_2/examples/Convex_hull_2/ch_timing.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ int main( int argc, char* argv[] )
   }
 
   std::ifstream F( (argc >= 2) ? argv[1] : "files/CD500");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode( F );
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( F );
   std::istream_iterator< Point_2>  in_start( F );
   std::istream_iterator< Point_2>  in_end;
 
diff --git a/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/chull_d-test.cpp b/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/chull_d-test.cpp
index 2ea6a0a2b4c..c0e79f7a2f8 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/chull_d-test.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/chull_d-test.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ typedef double RT;
 int main()
 {
   CGAL_KD_SETDTHREAD(11);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   CGAL_TEST_START;
   {
     typedef CGAL::Homogeneous_d<RT> Kernel;
diff --git a/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/delaunay_d-test.cpp b/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/delaunay_d-test.cpp
index 5815e5affc5..1dc96b23f93 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/delaunay_d-test.cpp
+++ b/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/delaunay_d-test.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ typedef double FT;
 
 int main()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   CGAL_KD_SETDTHREAD(193);
   CGAL_TEST_START;
   {
diff --git a/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h b/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
index 7ba8334b2f1..369323eab84 100644
--- a/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
+++ b/Convex_hull_d/test/Convex_hull_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ else {}
 
 #define CGAL_IO_TEST(datao,datai,iomode) {                                \
     std::stringstream S;                                                  \
-    CGAL::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
     S << datao;                                                           \
     if ( iomode != CGAL::IO::BINARY)                                      \
         S << '\n';                                                        \
diff --git a/Generator/test/Generator/rcs_test.cpp b/Generator/test/Generator/rcs_test.cpp
index b541bbe742d..89ea1bc8a64 100644
--- a/Generator/test/Generator/rcs_test.cpp
+++ b/Generator/test/Generator/rcs_test.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ using std::back_inserter;
 using CGAL::Simple_cartesian;
 using CGAL::Creator_uniform_2;
 using CGAL::Random_points_in_square_2;
-using CGAL::set_pretty_mode;
+using CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode;
 using CGAL::random_convex_set_2;
 
 
diff --git a/Geomview/include/CGAL/IO/Geomview_stream_impl.h b/Geomview/include/CGAL/IO/Geomview_stream_impl.h
index 08a558043a7..216371cd715 100644
--- a/Geomview/include/CGAL/IO/Geomview_stream_impl.h
+++ b/Geomview/include/CGAL/IO/Geomview_stream_impl.h
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ Geomview_stream::pickplane(const Bbox_3 &bbox)
 
     // close the text bracket
             << "}) (pickable pickplane no)";
-    set_ascii_mode(bin_bak);
+    IO::set_ascii_mode(bin_bak);
 }
 
 CGAL_INLINE_FUNCTION
diff --git a/Hash_map/test/Hash_map/include/CGAL/test_macros.h b/Hash_map/test/Hash_map/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
index 7ba8334b2f1..369323eab84 100644
--- a/Hash_map/test/Hash_map/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
+++ b/Hash_map/test/Hash_map/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ else {}
 
 #define CGAL_IO_TEST(datao,datai,iomode) {                                \
     std::stringstream S;                                                  \
-    CGAL::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
     S << datao;                                                           \
     if ( iomode != CGAL::IO::BINARY)                                      \
         S << '\n';                                                        \
diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_2.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_2.h
index 9cc5691df9c..1b422904b90 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_2.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_2.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ template < class R_ >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Weighted_pointH2<R_> &p)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
   case IO::ASCII :
     return os << p.point() <<  " " << p.weight();
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Weighted_pointH2<R_> &wp)
   typename Weighted_pointH2<R_>::Point_2 p;
   is >> p;
   if(!is) return is;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> w;
   else
     read(is, w);
diff --git a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_3.h b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_3.h
index 6d9c5bf6e4b..6c32feaf000 100644
--- a/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_3.h
+++ b/Homogeneous_kernel/include/CGAL/Homogeneous/Weighted_point_3.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ template < class R_ >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Weighted_pointH3<R_> &p)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
   case IO::ASCII :
     return os << p.point() <<  " " << p.weight();
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Weighted_pointH3<R_> &wp)
   typename Weighted_pointH3<R_>::Point_3 p;
   is >> p;
   if(!is) return is;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> w;
   else
     read(is, w);
diff --git a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/bbox_other_do_intersect_test.cpp b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/bbox_other_do_intersect_test.cpp
index cbb17fc2f35..29debe09068 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/bbox_other_do_intersect_test.cpp
+++ b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/bbox_other_do_intersect_test.cpp
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ bool test_case(const FT& px, const FT& py, const FT& pz,
     {
       if(!exactness_issue || exact_k) {
         b = false;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
         std::cerr.precision(17);
         std::cerr << "Wrong result for do_intersect("
                   << Bbox_3(bxmin, bymin, bzmin,
diff --git a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp
index 65ec3326031..b8953c92b8b 100644
--- a/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp
+++ b/Intersections_3/test/Intersections_3/test_intersections_3.cpp
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ struct Test {
       if(b != b_tree) {
         std::stringstream err_msg;
         err_msg.precision(17);
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(err_msg);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(err_msg);
         err_msg << "do_intersect(\n"
                 << "             " << unit_bbox << "\n,\n"
                 << "             " << tr
diff --git a/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Mesh_estimation.cpp b/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Mesh_estimation.cpp
index 0945986b171..2f39fdad0f2 100644
--- a/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Mesh_estimation.cpp
+++ b/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Mesh_estimation.cpp
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ std::cerr << "res4openGL_fname" << res4openGL_fname  << std::endl;
     verbose_fname  = w_if_name + ".verb.txt";
     out_verbose.open(verbose_fname.c_str(), std::ios::out);
     assert(out_verbose.good());
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(out_verbose);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(out_verbose);
   }
   unsigned int nb_vertices_considered = 0;//count vertices for verbose
 
diff --git a/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Single_estimation.cpp b/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Single_estimation.cpp
index 2b8d10999ec..cd4a53291fd 100644
--- a/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Single_estimation.cpp
+++ b/Jet_fitting_3/examples/Jet_fitting_3/Single_estimation.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   monge_form = monge_fit(in_points.begin(), in_points.end(), d_fitting, d_monge);
 
   //OUTPUT on std::cout
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   std::cout << "vertex : " << in_points[0] << std::endl
             << "number of points used : " << in_points.size() << std::endl
             << monge_form;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MyPointC2_iostream.h b/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MyPointC2_iostream.h
index 9e0365ebd15..76473c6264c 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MyPointC2_iostream.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MyPointC2_iostream.h
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const MyPointC2 &p)
 {
-    switch(CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.x() << ' ' << p.y() << ' ' << p.color();
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, MyPointC2 &p)
 {
     double x, y;
     int c;
-    switch(CGAL::get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(CGAL::IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       is >> x >> y >> c;
         break;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MySegmentC2.h b/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MySegmentC2.h
index bca24c85bc9..903cb5a5b89 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MySegmentC2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/examples/Kernel_23/MySegmentC2.h
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const MySegmentC2<R> &s)
 {
-    switch(CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
         return os << s.source() << ' ' << s.target();
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_2.h
index cb84444425a..e3e118f9240 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_2.h
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ inline
 std::ostream&
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Bbox_2 &b)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         os << b.xmin() << ' ' << b.ymin() << ' '
            << b.xmax() << ' ' << b.ymax();
@@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Bbox_2 &b)
     double xmax = 0;
     double ymax = 0;
 
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(xmin) >> iformat(ymin) >> iformat(xmax) >> iformat(ymax);
+        is >> IO::iformat(xmin) >> IO::iformat(ymin) >> IO::iformat(xmax) >> IO::iformat(ymax);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, xmin);
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_3.h
index 2f5b6e49425..a013e041291 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Bbox_3.h
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ inline
 std::ostream&
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Bbox_3& b)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << b.xmin() << ' ' << b.ymin() << ' ' << b.zmin()
@@ -241,11 +241,11 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Bbox_3& b)
     double ymax = 0;
     double zmax = 0;
 
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
-      is >> iformat(xmin) >> iformat(ymin) >> iformat(zmin)
-         >> iformat(xmax) >> iformat(ymax) >> iformat(zmax);
+      is >> IO::iformat(xmin) >> IO::iformat(ymin) >> IO::iformat(zmin)
+         >> IO::iformat(xmax) >> IO::iformat(ymax) >> IO::iformat(zmax);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, xmin);
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Circle_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Circle_2.h
index a1cc8092654..a94c4f2f598 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Circle_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Circle_2.h
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Circle_2<R>& c)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         os << c.center() << ' ' << c.squared_radius() << ' '
            << static_cast<int>(c.orientation());
@@ -264,9 +264,9 @@ extract(std::istream& is, Circle_2<R>& c)
     typename R::Point_2 center;
     typename R::FT squared_radius(0);
     int o=0;
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> center >> iformat(squared_radius) >> o;
+        is >> center >> IO::iformat(squared_radius) >> o;
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         is >> center;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_2.h
index 37f1196d794..9d512db64de 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_2.h
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Direction_2<R>& d, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
     typename R::Vector_2 v = d.to_vector();
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << v.x() << ' ' << v.y();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Direction_2<R>& d, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << d.dx() << ' ' << d.dy();
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Direction_2<R>& d, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x(0), y(0);
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y);
+        is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
@@ -247,10 +247,10 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Direction_2<R>& d, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT x, y;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y);
+        is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_3.h
index 77be97c63be..aedb284da3f 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Direction_3.h
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Direction_3<R>& d, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::Vector_3 v = d.to_vector();
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       return os << v.x() << ' ' << v.y()  << ' ' << v.z();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Direction_3<R>& d, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << d.dx() << ' ' << d.dy() << ' ' << d.dz();
@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Direction_3<R>& d, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x(0), y(0), z(0);
-  switch(get_mode(is)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-      is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y) >> iformat(z);
+      is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y) >> IO::iformat(z);
       break;
     case IO::BINARY :
       read(is, x);
@@ -205,10 +205,10 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Direction_3<R>& d, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT x, y, z;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y) >> iformat(z);
+        is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y) >> IO::iformat(z);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_cuboid_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_cuboid_3.h
index 9c241a184ec..6a004ca5ce1 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_cuboid_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_cuboid_3.h
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Iso_cuboid_3<R>& r)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
   case IO::ASCII :
     return os << (r.min)() << ' ' << (r.max)();
   case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_rectangle_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_rectangle_2.h
index 10041882ce5..5929236e1a1 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_rectangle_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Iso_rectangle_2.h
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Iso_rectangle_2<R> &r)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
   case IO::ASCII :
     return os << (r.min)() << ' ' << (r.max)();
   case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_2.h
index 79b4dcbc9f8..605193d46c7 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_2.h
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Line_2<R>& l)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << l.a() << ' ' << l.b() << ' ' << l.c();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -267,9 +267,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Line_2<R>& l)
 {
   typename R::RT a(0), b(0), c(0);
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(a) >> iformat(b) >> iformat(c);
+        is >> IO::iformat(a) >> IO::iformat(b) >> IO::iformat(c);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, a);
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_3.h
index ef303c87d34..c17c39eb8d4 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Line_3.h
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Line_3<R> &l)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << l.point(0) << ' ' << l.point(1);
     case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Plane_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Plane_3.h
index 659cde8d50b..058c96b919e 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Plane_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Plane_3.h
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Plane_3<R> &p)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.a() << ' ' << p.b() <<  ' ' << p.c() << ' ' << p.d();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ std::istream &
 operator>>(std::istream &is, Plane_3<R> &p)
 {
   typename R::RT a(0), b(0), c(0), d(0);
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(a) >> iformat(b) >> iformat(c) >> iformat(d);
+        is >> IO::iformat(a) >> IO::iformat(b) >> IO::iformat(c) >> IO::iformat(d);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, a);
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_2.h
index 1d4403354b7..297817303ee 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_2.h
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Point_2<R>& p,const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.x() << ' ' << p.y();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Point_2<R>& p,const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.hx() << ' ' << p.hy() << ' ' << p.hw();
@@ -235,9 +235,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Point_2<R>& p, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x(0), y(0);
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y);
+        is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Point_2<R>& p, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT hx, hy, hw;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         is >> hx >> hy >> hw;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_3.h
index a8487afeb38..77858d83689 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Point_3.h
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Point_3<R>& p,const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.x() << ' ' << p.y() << ' ' << p.z();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Point_3<R>& p,const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.hx() << ' ' << p.hy() << ' ' << p.hz() << ' ' << p.hw();
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Point_3<R>& p, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x(0), y(0), z(0);
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y) >> iformat(z);
+        is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y) >> IO::iformat(z);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Point_3<R>& p, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT hx, hy, hz, hw;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         is >> hx >> hy >> hz >> hw;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_2.h
index 732ea145918..161b11fc01e 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_2.h
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Ray_2<R>& r, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << r.source() << ' ' << r.second_point();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Ray_2<R>& r, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << r.source() << ' ' << r.second_point();
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_3.h
index 6854f30a46f..fe0c2e056e5 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Ray_3.h
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Ray_3<R>& r, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << r.start() << ' ' << r.direction();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Ray_3<R>& r, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
       case IO::ASCII :
           return os << r.start() << ' ' << r.direction();
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_2.h
index 8143beeb5c0..72773d62789 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_2.h
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Segment_2<R> &s)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << s.source() << ' ' << s.target();
     case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_3.h
index fa0e4e7569d..1274e3d7868 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Segment_3.h
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Segment_3<R> &s)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << s.source() << ' ' << s.target();
     case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Sphere_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Sphere_3.h
index 246801a068e..59f3d142cd1 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Sphere_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Sphere_3.h
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Sphere_3<R>& c,const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         os << c.center() << ' ' << c.squared_radius() << ' '
            << static_cast<int>(c.orientation());
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Sphere_3<R>& c, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         os << c.center() << ' ' << c.squared_radius() << ' '
            << static_cast<int>(c.orientation());
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ extract(std::istream& is, Sphere_3<R>& c, const Cartesian_tag&)
     typename R::Point_3 center;
     typename R::FT squared_radius(0);
     int o=0;
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         is >> center >> squared_radius >> o;
         break;
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ extract(std::istream& is, Sphere_3<R>& c, const Homogeneous_tag&)
     typename R::Point_3 center;
     typename R::FT squared_radius;
     int o=0;
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         is >> center >> squared_radius >> o;
         break;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Tetrahedron_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Tetrahedron_3.h
index 634e73434da..edbe34c85ce 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Tetrahedron_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Tetrahedron_3.h
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Tetrahedron_3<R> &t)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << t[0] << ' ' << t[1] << ' ' << t[2] << ' ' << t[3];
     case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_2.h
index 5cc5aa97cad..2b7d6b5a0aa 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_2.h
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Triangle_2<R> &t)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << t[0] << ' ' << t[1] << ' ' << t[2];
     case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_3.h
index 7999ca64f82..a1e2348e165 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Triangle_3.h
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ template < class R >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Triangle_3<R> &t)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << t[0] << ' ' << t[1] << ' ' << t[2];
     case IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_2.h
index 8c08dfd29d5..bc8e6a72a03 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_2.h
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Vector_2<R>& v, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << v.x() << ' ' << v.y();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Vector_2<R>& v, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << v.hx() << ' ' << v.hy() << ' ' << v.hw();
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Vector_2<R>& v, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x(0), y(0);
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-        is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y);
+        is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Vector_2<R>& v, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT hx, hy, hw;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         is >> hx >> hy >> hw;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_3.h
index 681e3ec7ceb..75e071c0a7c 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Vector_3.h
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Vector_3<R>& v, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       return os << v.x() << ' ' << v.y()  << ' ' << v.z();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Vector_3<R>& v, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << v.hx() << ' ' << v.hy() << ' ' << v.hz() << ' ' << v.hw();
@@ -316,9 +316,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Vector_3<R>& v, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x(0), y(0), z(0);
-  switch(get_mode(is)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-      is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y) >> iformat(z);
+      is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y) >> IO::iformat(z);
       break;
     case IO::BINARY :
       read(is, x);
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Vector_3<R>& v, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT hx, hy, hz, hw;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         is >> hx >> hy >> hz >> hw;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_2.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_2.h
index 68742e47973..006fbe8cbc0 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_2.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_2.h
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Weighted_point_2<R>& p,const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.point() << ' ' << p.weight();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Weighted_point_2<R>& p,const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
       return os << p.point() << ' ' << p.weight();
@@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Weighted_point_2<R>& p, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x, y, weight;
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-      is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y) >> iformat(weight);
+      is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y) >> IO::iformat(weight);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ extract(std::istream& is, Weighted_point_2<R>& p, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT hx, hy, hw;
   typename R::FT weight;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
       is >> hx >> hy >> hw >> weight;
diff --git a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_3.h b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_3.h
index 37aa35f5f4b..25e2eeaa62e 100644
--- a/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_3.h
+++ b/Kernel_23/include/CGAL/Weighted_point_3.h
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Weighted_point_3<R>& p,const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
-    switch(get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.point() << ' ' << p.weight();
     case IO::BINARY :
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ template <class R >
 std::ostream&
 insert(std::ostream& os, const Weighted_point_3<R>& p,const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
-  switch(get_mode(os))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
         return os << p.hx() << ' ' << p.hy() << ' ' << p.hz() << ' ' << p.hw() << ' ' << p.weight();
@@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ std::istream&
 extract(std::istream& is, Weighted_point_3<R>& p, const Cartesian_tag&)
 {
   typename R::FT x, y, z, weight;
-    switch(get_mode(is)) {
+    switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
-      is >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y) >> iformat(z) >> iformat(weight);
+      is >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y) >> IO::iformat(z) >> IO::iformat(weight);
         break;
     case IO::BINARY :
         read(is, x);
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ extract(std::istream& is, Weighted_point_3<R>& p, const Homogeneous_tag&)
 {
   typename R::RT hx, hy, hz, hw;
   typename R::FT weight;
-  switch(get_mode(is))
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is))
   {
     case IO::ASCII :
       is >> hx >> hy >> hz >> hw >> weight;
diff --git a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Matrix__.h b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Matrix__.h
index 5ecbfcc10b7..779137a2ccc 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Matrix__.h
+++ b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Matrix__.h
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ std::ostream&  operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Matrix_<NT_,AL_>& M)
 
     int d = M.row_dimension();
     int k = M.column_dimension();
-    switch (get_mode(os)) {
+    switch (IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY:
         CGAL::write( os, d);
         CGAL::write( os, k);
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ std::istream&  operator>>(std::istream& is, Matrix_<NT_,AL_>& M)
              x_d2,0 ... x_d2,d1-1 */
 
   int cdim, rdim, i;
-  switch(get_mode(is)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
       CGAL::read(is,rdim);
       CGAL::read(is,cdim);
diff --git a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Pair_d.h b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Pair_d.h
index a5cbbd2482f..6f9c435e07a 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Pair_d.h
+++ b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Pair_d.h
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Direction_d direction() const
 
 void read(std::istream& is)
 {
-  switch( get_mode(is) ) {
+  switch( IO::get_mode(is) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       is >> _p[0] >> _p[1]; break;
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ void read(std::istream& is)
 
 void print(std::ostream& os, const char* _name) const
 {
-  switch( get_mode(os) ) {
+  switch( IO::get_mode(os) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       os << _p[0] << " " <<  _p[1]; break;
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Tuple_d.h b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Tuple_d.h
index 30539b5512d..9468a19db47 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Tuple_d.h
+++ b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Tuple_d.h
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ Comparison_result operator()(
 template <typename NT, typename LA>
 void Tuple_d<NT,LA>::print(std::ostream& os, const char* l) const
 { int i;
-  switch( get_mode(os) ) {
+  switch( IO::get_mode(os) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       os << size() << " ";
       for (i = 0; i < size(); ++i)
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ void Tuple_d<NT,LA>::print(std::ostream& os, const char* l) const
 template <typename NT, typename LA>
 void Tuple_d<NT,LA>::read(std::istream& is)
 { int i = 0, d;
-  switch( get_mode(is) ) {
+  switch( IO::get_mode(is) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       is >> d; v = Vector(d);
       while (i < d && is >> v[i] ) ++i;
diff --git a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Vector__.h b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Vector__.h
index 94a49f3f264..efeb82ad8e1 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Vector__.h
+++ b/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/Kernel_d/Vector__.h
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Vector_<NT_,AL_>& v)
 /*{\Xbinopfunc  writes |\Mvar| componentwise to the output stream $O$.}*/
 { /* syntax: d x_0 x_1 ... x_d-1 */
     int d = v.dimension();
-    switch (get_mode(os)) {
+    switch (IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY:
         CGAL::write( os, d);
         for ( int i = 0; i < d; ++i)
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Vector_<NT_,AL_>& v)
 /*{\Xbinopfunc  reads |\Mvar| componentwise from the input stream $I$.}*/
 { /* syntax: d x_0 x_1 ... x_d-1 */
   int d;
-  switch (get_mode(is)) {
+  switch (IO::get_mode(is)) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
       is >> d;
diff --git a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/Linear_algebra-test.cpp b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/Linear_algebra-test.cpp
index 543de175b53..cc12532746e 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/Linear_algebra-test.cpp
+++ b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/Linear_algebra-test.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ typedef double FT;
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
   CGAL_KD_SETDTHREAD(151);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   CGAL_TEST_START;
   {
     typedef RT NT;
diff --git a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
index 53dbe3cc356..94eee89202d 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
+++ b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ else
 
 #define CGAL_IO_TEST(datao,datai,iomode) {                                \
     std::stringstream S;                                                  \
-    CGAL::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
     S << datao;                                                           \
     if ( iomode != CGAL::IO::BINARY)                                      \
         S << '\n';                                                        \
diff --git a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/interface-test.cpp b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/interface-test.cpp
index 17f962823c8..1429ac6ac76 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/interface-test.cpp
+++ b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/interface-test.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ typedef double FT_;
 
 int main()
 { CGAL_KD_SETDTHREAD(2);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   CGAL_TEST_START;
 { // Homogeneous Kernel
   typedef CGAL::Homogeneous_d<RT_> Kernel;
diff --git a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/intersection-test.cpp b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/intersection-test.cpp
index 2735aa0fc72..3f22d193653 100644
--- a/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/intersection-test.cpp
+++ b/Kernel_d/test/Kernel_d/intersection-test.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Quotient<RT> FT;
 #endif
 
 int main()
-{ CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+{ CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   CGAL_TEST_START;
 {
   typedef CGAL::Homogeneous_d<RT> Kernel;
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/gmap_linear_cell_complex_3.cpp b/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/gmap_linear_cell_complex_3.cpp
index 7e4d6771338..fbb3f60d826 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/gmap_linear_cell_complex_3.cpp
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/gmap_linear_cell_complex_3.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ int main()
 
   // Display all the vertices of the lcc by iterating on the
   // Vertex_attribute container.
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
   std::cout<<"Vertices: ";
   for (LCC_3::Vertex_attribute_const_range::iterator
          v=lcc.vertex_attributes().begin(),
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/linear_cell_complex_3.cpp b/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/linear_cell_complex_3.cpp
index 9704f6fed30..929390f6b0a 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/linear_cell_complex_3.cpp
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/examples/Linear_cell_complex/linear_cell_complex_3.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ int main()
 
   // Display all the vertices of the lcc by iterating on the
   // Vertex_attribute container.
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cout);
   std::cout<<"Vertices: ";
   for (LCC_3::Vertex_attribute_const_range::iterator
          v=lcc.vertex_attributes().begin(),
diff --git a/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h b/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h
index 211c76a78ae..9ec501d454b 100644
--- a/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h
+++ b/Linear_cell_complex/include/CGAL/Linear_cell_complex_constructors.h
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
       }
 
       FT x, y;
-      ais >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y);
+      ais >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y);
       vertices.push_back(Point{x, y});
       --numVertices;
     }
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ namespace CGAL {
     }
 
     File_header_OFF header(false);
-    header.set_binary(is_binary(out));
-    header.set_no_comments(!is_pretty(out));
+    header.set_binary(IO::is_binary(out));
+    header.set_no_comments(!IO::is_pretty(out));
     File_writer_OFF writer( header);
     writer.header().set_polyhedral_surface(true);
     writer.header().set_halfedges(alcc.number_of_darts());
diff --git a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/slivers_exuder.cpp b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/slivers_exuder.cpp
index 1d02cef1932..a3d13d27e0c 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/archive/applications/slivers_exuder.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/archive/applications/slivers_exuder.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   timer.stop();
   std::cout << "  Pumping done. CPU time: " << timer.time() << std::endl;
 
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(ofs);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(ofs);
   std::cout << "  Writing " << argv[2] << std::endl;
   CGAL::Mesh_3::output_mesh(ofs, c2t3);
   ofs.close();
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Compact_mesh_cell_base_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Compact_mesh_cell_base_3.h
index 13fd9f70083..765c2a373c9 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Compact_mesh_cell_base_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Compact_mesh_cell_base_3.h
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ public:
   friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &is, Compact_mesh_cell_3 &c)
   {
     Subdomain_index index;
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
       is >> index;
     else
       read(is, index);
@@ -678,8 +678,8 @@ public:
       for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
         {
           Surface_patch_index i2;
-          if(is_ascii(is))
-            is >> iformat(i2);
+          if(IO::is_ascii(is))
+            is >> IO::iformat(i2);
           else
             {
               read(is, i2);
@@ -693,14 +693,14 @@ public:
   friend
   std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Compact_mesh_cell_3 &c)
   {
-    if(is_ascii(os))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
       os << c.subdomain_index();
     else
       write(os, c.subdomain_index());
     for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
       {
-        if(is_ascii(os))
-          os << ' ' << oformat(c.surface_patch_index(i));
+        if(IO::is_ascii(os))
+          os << ' ' << IO::oformat(c.surface_patch_index(i));
         else
           write(os, c.surface_patch_index(i));
       }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h
index 2bf7931ff35..a2a87ee45ca 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/IO/File_binary_mesh_3.h
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ save_binary_file(std::ostream& os,
   if(binary) os << "binary ";
   os << "CGAL c3t3 " << CGAL::Get_io_signature<C3T3>()() << "\n";
   if(binary) {
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode(os);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(os);
   } else {
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(os);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(os);
     os.precision(std::numeric_limits<FT>::digits10+2);
   }
   return !!(os << c3t3);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ bool load_binary_file(std::istream& is, C3T3& c3t3)
       return false;
     }
   }
-  if(binary) CGAL::set_binary_mode(is);
+  if(binary) CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(is);
   is >> c3t3;
   return !!is;
   // call operator!() twice, because operator bool() is C++11
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h
index 427472d4b2d..5a798e665e0 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ struct Dump_c3t3 {
     std::string signature = CGAL::Get_io_signature<C3t3>()();
     CGAL_assertion(signature != std::string());
     bin_file << "binary CGAL c3t3 " << signature << "\n";
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode(bin_file);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(bin_file);
     bin_file << c3t3;
   }
 }; // end struct template Dump_c3t3<C3t3, bool>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_surface_cell_base_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_surface_cell_base_3.h
index 90a0e1ec909..3e5437c8244 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_surface_cell_base_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesh_surface_cell_base_3.h
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Mesh_surface_cell_base_3<GT, MT, Cb> &c)
   is >> static_cast<Cb&>(c);
   for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
   {
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
       is >> index;
     else
     {
@@ -303,8 +303,8 @@ operator<<(std::ostream &os,
   os << static_cast<const Cb&>(c);
   for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
   {
-    if(is_ascii(os))
-      os << ' ' << oformat(c.surface_patch_index(i));
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
+      os << ' ' << IO::oformat(c.surface_patch_index(i));
     else
       write(os, c.surface_patch_index(i));
   }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
index a5cb40496a5..e0328dab5d2 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void debug_dump_c3t3(const std::string filename, const C3t3& c3t3)
   std::ofstream out(filename.c_str(),
                     std::ios_base::out|std::ios_base::binary);
   out << "binary CGAL c3t3 " << CGAL::Get_io_signature<C3t3>()() << "\n";
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(out);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(out);
   out << c3t3;
 }
 
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ insert_corners()
     Index p_index = domain_.index_from_corner_index(cit->first);
 
 #if CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG & 1
-      std::cerr << "** treat corner #" << CGAL::oformat(p_index) << std::endl;
+      std::cerr << "** treat corner #" << CGAL::IO::oformat(p_index) << std::endl;
 #endif
 
     // Get weight (the ball radius is given by the 'query_size' function)
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ insert_point(const Bare_point& p, const Weight& w, int dim, const Index& index,
     std::cerr << " ERROR dim=" << dim << " index=";
   }
 
-  std::cerr << CGAL::oformat(index) << std::endl;
+  std::cerr << CGAL::IO::oformat(index) << std::endl;
   if(v == Vertex_handle())
     std::cerr << "  HIDDEN!\n";
   std::cerr << "The weight was " << w << std::endl;
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ smart_insert_point(const Bare_point& p, Weight w, int dim, const Index& index,
   std::cerr << "smart_insert_point( (" << p
             << "), w=" << w
             << ", dim=" << dim
-            << ", index=" << CGAL::oformat(index) << ")\n";
+            << ", index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(index) << ")\n";
 #endif
   const Tr& tr = c3t3_.triangulation();
 
@@ -1498,7 +1498,7 @@ change_ball_size(const Vertex_handle& v, const FT squared_size, const bool speci
 #if CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG & 1
   std::cerr << "change_ball_size(v=" << disp_vert(v)
             << " dim=" << c3t3_.in_dimension(v)
-            << " index=" << CGAL::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
+            << " index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
             << " ,\n"
             << "                 (squared) size=" << w
             << ", special_ball=" << std::boolalpha << special_ball << std::endl;
@@ -1636,7 +1636,7 @@ check_and_fix_vertex_along_edge(const Vertex_handle& v, ErasedVeOutIt out)
   std::cerr << "check_and_fix_vertex_along_edge("
             << disp_vert(v)
             << " dim=" << get_dimension(v)
-            << " index=" << CGAL::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
+            << " index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
             << " special=" << std::boolalpha << is_special(v)
             << ")\n";
 #endif
@@ -1906,7 +1906,7 @@ repopulate(InputIterator begin, InputIterator last,
   std::cerr << "repopulate(begin=" << disp_vert(*begin) << "\n"
             << "           last=" << disp_vert(*last)  << "\n"
             << "           distance(begin, last)=" << std::distance(begin, last) << ",\n"
-            << "           index=" << CGAL::oformat(index) << ",\n"
+            << "           index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(index) << ",\n"
             << "           orientation=" << orientation << ")\n";
 #endif
   CGAL_assertion( std::distance(begin,last) >= 0 );
@@ -1946,7 +1946,7 @@ repopulate(InputIterator begin, InputIterator last,
     default:
       std::cerr << " ERROR dim=" << get_dimension(*current)  << " index=";
     }
-    std::cerr  << CGAL::oformat(c3t3_.index(*current)) << std::endl;
+    std::cerr  << CGAL::IO::oformat(c3t3_.index(*current)) << std::endl;
 #endif // CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG
     *out++ = *current;
     c3t3_.triangulation().remove(*current);
@@ -1971,7 +1971,7 @@ analyze_and_repopulate(InputIterator begin, InputIterator last,
   std::cerr << "analyze_and_repopulate(begin=" << disp_vert(*begin) << "\n"
             << "                       last=" << disp_vert(*last) << "\n"
             << "                       distance(begin, last)=" << std::distance(begin, last) << ",\n"
-            << "                       index=" << CGAL::oformat(index) << ",\n"
+            << "                       index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(index) << ",\n"
             << "                       orientation=" << orientation << ")\n";
 #endif
   CGAL_assertion( std::distance(begin,last) >= 0 );
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree.h
index 300d63900d3..0dcff62901b 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/experimental/Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree.h
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ struct Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree
 #ifdef CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_HIGH_VERBOSITY
     if(dim <= 1) {
       std::cerr << "Sizing("  << p << ", dim=" << dim
-                << ", index=#" << CGAL::oformat(id) << "): ";
+                << ", index=#" << CGAL::IO::oformat(id) << "): ";
     }
 #endif // CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_HIGH_VERBOSITY
     double result = d_;
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ struct Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree
                                "Ids are { ")
               % group(setprecision(17),result)
               % group(setprecision(17),p)
-              % CGAL::oformat(get(facet_patch_id_map,
+              % CGAL::IO::oformat(get(facet_patch_id_map,
                                   projection_traits.closest_point_and_primitive().second))
               % group(setprecision(17),
                       projection_traits.closest_point_and_primitive().first);
             for(Patch_index i : ids) {
-              s << CGAL::oformat(i) << " ";
+              s << CGAL::IO::oformat(i) << " ";
             }
             s << "}\n";
             std::cerr << s.str();
@@ -327,10 +327,10 @@ struct Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree
                              "Closest face id: %4%\n"
                              "Ids are { ")
             % result % p % curve_id
-            % CGAL::oformat(get(facet_patch_id_map,
+            % CGAL::IO::oformat(get(facet_patch_id_map,
                                 projection_traits.closest_point_and_primitive().second));
           for(Patch_index i : ids) {
-            s << CGAL::oformat(i) << " ";
+            s << CGAL::IO::oformat(i) << " ";
           }
           s << "}\n";
           std::cerr << s.str();
@@ -346,10 +346,10 @@ struct Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree
                              "Closest face id: %4%\n"
                              "Ids are { ")
             % result % p % curve_id
-            % CGAL::oformat(get(facet_patch_id_map,
+            % CGAL::IO::oformat(get(facet_patch_id_map,
                                 projection_traits.closest_point_and_primitive().second));
           for(Patch_index i : ids) {
-            s << CGAL::oformat(i) << " ";
+            s << CGAL::IO::oformat(i) << " ";
           }
           s << "}\n";
           CGAL_assertion_msg(result <=0, s.str().c_str());
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ struct Sizing_field_with_aabb_tree
             % result % p % curve_id
             % projection_traits.closest_point_and_primitive().second->patch_id();
           for(Patch_index i : ids) {
-            s << CGAL::oformat(i) << " ";
+            s << CGAL::IO::oformat(i) << " ";
           }
           s << "}\n";
           std::cerr << "ERROR at " << __FILE__ << " line " << __LINE__ << " :\n"
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_cell_base_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_cell_base_3.h
index 2babd0cc5db..b944bdad4ac 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_cell_base_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_cell_base_3.h
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is,
            Mesh_cell_base_3<GT, MT, Cb> &c)
 {
   typename Mesh_cell_base_3<GT, MT, Cb>::Subdomain_index index;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> index;
   else
     read(is, index);
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ std::ostream&
 operator<<(std::ostream &os,
            const Mesh_cell_base_3<GT, MT, Cb> &c)
 {
-  if(is_ascii(os))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os))
      os << c.subdomain_index();
   else
     write(os, c.subdomain_index());
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
index ecb1f9464c5..ddda978ed2c 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ public:
   {
     is >> static_cast<Cmvb3_base&>(v);
     int dimension;
-    if(is_ascii(is)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is)) {
       is >> dimension;
 
     } else {
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ public:
   friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Mesh_vertex_3& v)
   {
     os << static_cast<const Cmvb3_base&>(v);
-    if(is_ascii(os)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os)) {
       os << " " << v.in_dimension()
          << " ";
     } else {
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Handle_IO_for_pair_of_int.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Handle_IO_for_pair_of_int.h
index 7def0a39e9b..b8b9c0c6182 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Handle_IO_for_pair_of_int.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/Handle_IO_for_pair_of_int.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public:
   Output_rep( const T& tt) : t(tt) {}
   //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
   std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
-    if(is_ascii(out)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(out)) {
       out << t.first << " " << t.second;
     } else {
       CGAL::write(out, t.first);
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public:
   Output_rep(const Variant& v) : v(v) {}
   std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
     if(v.which() == 1) {
-      out << oformat(boost::get<std::pair<int, int> >(v));
+      out << IO::oformat(boost::get<std::pair<int, int> >(v));
     } else {
       out << boost::get<int>(v);
     }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ public:
   Input_rep( T& tt) : t(tt) {}
   //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
   std::istream& operator()( std::istream& in) const {
-    if(is_ascii(in)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(in)) {
       in >> t.first >> t.second;
     } else {
       CGAL::read(in, t.first);
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/indices_management.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/indices_management.h
index fdb84a6c82b..a4b05a9cc61 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/indices_management.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/internal/Mesh_3/indices_management.h
@@ -163,13 +163,13 @@ struct Read_mesh_domain_index {
     switch(dimension) {
     case 0:
       typename MT::Corner_index ci;
-      if(is_ascii(is)) is >> ci;
+      if(IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> ci;
       else CGAL::read(is, ci);
       return  ci;
       break;
     case 1:
       typename MT::Curve_index si;
-      if(is_ascii(is)) is >> si;
+      if(IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> si;
       else CGAL::read(is, si);
       return  si;
       break;
@@ -195,13 +195,13 @@ struct Write_mesh_domain_index {
     switch(dimension) {
     case 0: {
       const Ci& ci = get_index<Ci>(index);
-      if(is_ascii(os)) os << oformat(ci);
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << IO::oformat(ci);
       else CGAL::write(os, ci);
     }
       break;
     case 1: {
       const Si& si = get_index<Si>(index);
-      if(is_ascii(os)) os << oformat(si);
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << IO::oformat(si);
       else CGAL::write(os, si);
     }
       break;
@@ -223,14 +223,14 @@ struct Read_mesh_domain_index<Mesh_domain, false> {
     switch(dimension) {
     case 2: {
       typename MT::Surface_patch_index spi;
-      if(is_ascii(is)) is >> iformat(spi);
+      if(IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> IO::iformat(spi);
       else CGAL::read(is, spi);
       return  spi;
     }
       break;
     default: {// 3
       typename MT::Subdomain_index di;
-      if(is_ascii(is)) is >> iformat(di);
+      if(IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> IO::iformat(di);
       else CGAL::read(is, di);
       return  di;
     }
@@ -254,13 +254,13 @@ struct Write_mesh_domain_index<Mesh_domain, false> {
     switch(dimension) {
     case 2: {
       const Spi& spi = get_index<Spi>(index);
-      if(is_ascii(os)) os << oformat(spi);
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << IO::oformat(spi);
       else CGAL::write(os, spi);
     }
       break;
     default: {// 3
       const Di& di = get_index<Di>(index);
-      if(is_ascii(os)) os << oformat(di);
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << IO::oformat(di);
       else CGAL::write(os, di);
     }
       break;
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ struct Write_mesh_domain_index<Mesh_domain, false> {
 template <typename, typename Index>
 struct Read_write_index {
   void operator()(std::ostream& os, int, Index index) const {
-    if(is_ascii(os)) os << oformat(index);
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << IO::oformat(index);
     else CGAL::write(os, index);
   }
   Index operator()(std::istream& is, int) const {
     Index index;
-    if(is_ascii(is)) is >> iformat(index);
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> IO::iformat(index);
     else CGAL::read(is, index);
     return index;
   }
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ struct Variant_write_visitor {
   std::ostream& os;
   template <typename T>
   void operator()(T v) const {
-    if(is_ascii(os)) os << CGAL::oformat(v);
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << CGAL::IO::oformat(v);
     else CGAL::write(os, v);
   }
 };
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ struct Variant_read_visitor {
   template <typename T>
   void operator()(T) const {
     T v;
-    if(is_ascii(is)) is >> CGAL::iformat(v);
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> CGAL::IO::iformat(v);
     else CGAL::read(is, v);
     variant = v;
   }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp
index 233120d7ef7..5e75b344e14 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp
+++ b/Mesh_3/test/Mesh_3/test_c3t3_io.cpp
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public:
   Output_rep( const T& tt) : t(tt) {}
   //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
   std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
-    if(is_ascii(out)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(out)) {
       out << (int)t;
     } else {
       CGAL::write(out, (int)t);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ public:
   //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
   std::istream& operator()( std::istream& in) const {
     int i;
-    if(is_ascii(in)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(in)) {
       in >> i;
     } else {
       CGAL::read(in, i);
@@ -119,11 +119,11 @@ public:
 namespace std {
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out,
                          MD_heterogeneous_types::Subdomain_index index) {
-  return out << CGAL::oformat(index);
+  return out << CGAL::IO::oformat(index);
 }
 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in,
                          MD_heterogeneous_types::Subdomain_index& index) {
-  return in >> CGAL::iformat(index);
+  return in >> CGAL::IO::iformat(index);
 }
 } // end namespace std
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public:
   Output_rep( const T& tt) : t(tt) {}
   //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
   std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
-    if(is_ascii(out)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(out)) {
       out << t.first << " " << t.second;
     } else {
       CGAL::write(out, t.first);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ public:
   Input_rep( T& tt) : t(tt) {}
   //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
   std::istream& operator()( std::istream& in) const {
-    if(is_ascii(in)) {
+    if(IO::is_ascii(in)) {
       in >> t.first >> t.second;
     } else {
       CGAL::read(in, t.first);
@@ -187,11 +187,11 @@ public:
 namespace std {
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out,
                          MD_heterogeneous_types::Surface_patch_index index) {
-  return out << CGAL::oformat(index);
+  return out << CGAL::IO::oformat(index);
 }
 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in,
                          MD_heterogeneous_types::Surface_patch_index& index) {
-  return in >> CGAL::iformat(index);
+  return in >> CGAL::IO::iformat(index);
 }
 } // end namespace std
 
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ struct Test_c3t3_io {
     std::cout << "IO format: " << CGAL::Get_io_signature<C3t3>()() << std::endl;
     std::stringstream stream(mode);
     if(binary) {
-      CGAL::set_binary_mode(stream);
+      CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(stream);
     }
     stream << c3t3;
     if(!binary) {
diff --git a/Modular_arithmetic/examples/Modular_arithmetic/modular_filter.cpp b/Modular_arithmetic/examples/Modular_arithmetic/modular_filter.cpp
index 52920116692..4d6f223fc32 100644
--- a/Modular_arithmetic/examples/Modular_arithmetic/modular_filter.cpp
+++ b/Modular_arithmetic/examples/Modular_arithmetic/modular_filter.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Polynomial modular_filtered_gcd(const Polynomial& p1, const Polynomial& p2){
 }
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   typedef CGAL::Gmpz NT;
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial<NT> Poly;
diff --git a/Nef_2/examples/Nef_2/nef_2_exploration.cpp b/Nef_2/examples/Nef_2/nef_2_exploration.cpp
index 011b2887dbd..3895ce9ba78 100644
--- a/Nef_2/examples/Nef_2/nef_2_exploration.cpp
+++ b/Nef_2/examples/Nef_2/nef_2_exploration.cpp
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ void explore(std::string s, const Nef_polyhedron&  poly)
 
 int main() {
 
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   Nef_polyhedron N0(Nef_polyhedron::COMPLETE);
   explore("complete", N0);
 
diff --git a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Filtered_extended_homogeneous.h b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Filtered_extended_homogeneous.h
index 31f67e9e45d..f1d2ae85290 100644
--- a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Filtered_extended_homogeneous.h
+++ b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Filtered_extended_homogeneous.h
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ inline double to_double(const SPolynomial<RT>& p)
 template <class RT>
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const SPolynomial<RT>& p)
 {
-  switch( get_mode(os) ) {
+  switch( IO::get_mode(os) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       os << p.m() << " " << p.n(); break;
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const SPolynomial<RT>& p)
 template <class RT>
 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, SPolynomial<RT>& p)
 { RT m,n;
-  switch( get_mode(is) ){
+  switch( IO::get_mode(is) ){
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       is >> m >> n; p = SPolynomial<RT>(m,n); break;
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ CheckPoint checkrep() const
 
 template <class RT>
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Extended_point<RT>& p)
-{ switch( get_mode(os) ) {
+{ switch( IO::get_mode(os) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       os << p.hx() << " " << p.hy() << " " << p.hw(); break;
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Extended_point<RT>& p)
 template <class RT>
 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Extended_point<RT>& p)
 { SPolynomial<RT> x,y; RT w;
-  switch( get_mode(is) ){
+  switch( IO::get_mode(is) ){
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       is >> x >> y >> w; break;
     case CGAL::IO::BINARY :
diff --git a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_checker.h b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_checker.h
index ab2c590a361..a971ee5b946 100644
--- a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_checker.h
+++ b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_checker.h
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ check_order_preserving_embedding(Vertex_const_handle v) const
 {
   if ( is_isolated(v) ) return;
   std::ostringstream error_status;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
   Halfedge_const_handle ef = first_out_edge(v) ,e=ef,en,enn;
   error_status << "check_order_preserving_embedding\n";
   error_status << "vertex " << PV(v) << std::endl;
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ check_is_triangulation() const
   CGAL::Unique_hash_map< Halfedge_const_iterator, bool> on_boundary(false);
   Halfedge_around_face_const_circulator hit(eb), hend(hit);
   std::ostringstream error_status;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
   error_status << "check_is_triangulation\n";
   error_status << "on boundary:\n";
   CGAL_For_all(hit,hend) {
diff --git a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_const_decorator.h b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_const_decorator.h
index ab08adba6cc..8ccfb77c1b6 100644
--- a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_const_decorator.h
+++ b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_const_decorator.h
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ void check_integrity_and_topological_planarity(bool faces=true) const;
 
 template <class VH>
 std::string PV(VH v)
-{ std::ostringstream os; CGAL::set_pretty_mode(os);
+{ std::ostringstream os; CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
   if (v != VH()) os << v->point();
   else           os << "nil";
   return os.str();
diff --git a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_io_parser.h b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_io_parser.h
index 39b99b37d7c..2ad7ebf2739 100644
--- a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_io_parser.h
+++ b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/PM_io_parser.h
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ to output |H| to |os|.}*/
   vn(Base::number_of_vertices()),
   en(Base::number_of_halfedges()),
   fn(Base::number_of_faces())
-{ verbose = (get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
-             get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+{ verbose = (IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
+             IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
 }
 
 
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ PM_io_parser(std::ostream& os, const PMDEC& D)
   vn(Base::number_of_vertices()),
   en(Base::number_of_halfedges()),
   fn(Base::number_of_faces())
-{ verbose = (get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
-             get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+{ verbose = (IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
+             IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/Polynomial.h b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/Polynomial.h
index d2a146f6392..30c5963b4ad 100644
--- a/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/Polynomial.h
+++ b/Nef_2/include/CGAL/Nef_2/Polynomial.h
@@ -1737,7 +1737,7 @@ template <class NT>
 std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Polynomial<NT>& p)
 {
   int i;
-  switch( get_mode(os) )
+  switch( IO::get_mode(os) )
   {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       os << p.degree() << ' ';
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, Polynomial<NT>& p) {
     char ch;
     NT   c;
     bool pretty = false;
-    switch( get_mode(is) ) {
+    switch( IO::get_mode(is) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
     case CGAL::IO::PRETTY :
         is >> ch;
diff --git a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/EPoint-test.cpp b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/EPoint-test.cpp
index 2e2302a1f2f..4b83f8dce08 100644
--- a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/EPoint-test.cpp
+++ b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/EPoint-test.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ int main()
   typedef EDec::Standard_RT RT;
 
   EDec D;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   Point ps1(0,0), ps2(1,1), ps3(1,0), ps4(0,1), ps5(1,1,2);
   EDec::Point_type t1,t2,t3;
   EP eps1 = D.construct_point(ps1);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ int main()
   typedef EDec::Standard_RT RT;
 
   EDec D;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   Point ps1(0,0), ps2(1,1), ps3(1,0), ps4(0,1), ps5(1,1,2);
   EDec::Point_type t1,t2,t3;
   EP eps1 = D.construct_point(ps1);
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ int main()
   typedef EDec::Standard_RT RT;
 
   EDec D;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   Point ps1(0,0), ps2(1,1), ps3(1,0), ps4(0,1), ps5(1,1,2);
   EDec::Point_type t1,t2,t3;
   EP eps1 = D.construct_point(ps1);
diff --git a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Nef_polyhedron_2-test.cpp b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Nef_polyhedron_2-test.cpp
index 77819fd3f5b..e925809395e 100644
--- a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Nef_polyhedron_2-test.cpp
+++ b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Nef_polyhedron_2-test.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int main()
 #endif
 
   CGAL_NEF_SETDTHREAD(911); // 911
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   std::cerr << "using " << CGAL::pointlocationversion << std::endl;
   std::cerr << "using " << CGAL::sweepversion << std::endl;
   CGAL_TEST_START;
diff --git a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Polynomial-test.cpp b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Polynomial-test.cpp
index 45370b1402e..38fa46c51ae 100644
--- a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Polynomial-test.cpp
+++ b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/Polynomial-test.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ using namespace CGAL;
 
 int main()
 {
-  //CGAL_NEF_SETDTHREAD(3); CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  //CGAL_NEF_SETDTHREAD(3); CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   CGAL_TEST_START;
 
   { PRT(Integer,Integer);
diff --git a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/include/CGAL/test_macros.h b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
index 9193a65a90a..d1bb6ab1c33 100644
--- a/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
+++ b/Nef_2/test/Nef_2/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ std::cerr<<"ERROR: ("<<__LINE__ <<") test "<<#b<<" failed."<<std::endl; }
 
 #define CGAL_IO_TEST(datao,datai,iomode) {                                \
     std::stringstream S;                                                  \
-    CGAL::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
     S << datao;                                                           \
     if ( iomode != CGAL::IO::BINARY)                                      \
         S << '\n';                                                        \
diff --git a/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walker_demo.cpp b/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walker_demo.cpp
index 64e2e8b1d0b..386c9805f29 100644
--- a/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walker_demo.cpp
+++ b/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walker_demo.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ typedef SNC_structure::Volume_handle        Volume_handle;
 typedef SNC_structure::Object_handle        Object_handle;
 
 int main() {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
   SETDTHREAD(151*157);
 
   Point_3 source, target;
diff --git a/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walking.nw b/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walking.nw
index 666a32fb97c..e87a93a2bbd 100644
--- a/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walking.nw
+++ b/Nef_3/archive/SNC_walker/SNC_walking.nw
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ typedef SNC_structure::Volume_handle        Volume_handle;
 typedef SNC_structure::Object_handle        Object_handle;
 
 int main() {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
   SETDTHREAD(151*157);
 
   Point_3 source, target;
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Halfedge.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Halfedge.h
index 21506e7db3b..b0c21962585 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Halfedge.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Halfedge.h
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Halfedge_base
  public:
       std::string debug() const
         { std::stringstream os;
-          set_pretty_mode(os);
+          CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
           os<<"sv [ "<<point_
     #ifdef CGAL_I_DO_WANT_TO_USE_GENINFO
       <<info_
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Pluecker_line_3.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Pluecker_line_3.h
index 2b48b76bbee..ab1f4bf4a14 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Pluecker_line_3.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Pluecker_line_3.h
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ on their Pluecker coefficient tuples.}*/
 template <typename Tag, typename R>
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Pluecker_line_3<Tag,R>& l)
 {
-  switch( get_mode(os) ) {
+  switch( IO::get_mode(os) ) {
     case CGAL::IO::ASCII :
       for (unsigned i=0; i<6; ++i) os << l[i] << " ";
       return os;
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfedge.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfedge.h
index ddf5b382b1d..31694604135 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfedge.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfedge.h
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class SHalfedge_base  {
 
     std::string debug() const
       { std::stringstream os;
-        set_pretty_mode(os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
         os <<"e[ "<<source_->debug()<<", "
            <<twin_->source_->debug()
     #ifdef CGAL_I_DO_WANT_TO_USE_GENINFO
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfloop.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfloop.h
index e6cc98bf944..59c449c150f 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfloop.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfloop.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class SHalfloop_base {
  public:
     std::string debug() const
       { std::stringstream os;
-        set_pretty_mode(os);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
         os<<"sl [ "<<circle_<<" ] ";
         return os.str();
       }
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_decorator.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_decorator.h
index ba0a8c09bd1..181479d575d 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_decorator.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_decorator.h
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class SNC_decorator : public SNC_const_decorator<Map> {
   }
 
   std::string debug(SHalfedge_handle e) const
-  { std::stringstream os; set_pretty_mode(os);
+  { std::stringstream os; CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
     os << "sedge-use " << e->source()->source()->point()
        << e->twin()->source()->twin()->source()->point() <<'\0';
     return os.str();
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_io_parser.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_io_parser.h
index 7968f56902b..c0ddcc5ff22 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_io_parser.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_io_parser.h
@@ -1112,8 +1112,8 @@ SNC_io_parser<EW>::SNC_io_parser(std::ostream& os, SNC_structure& W,
   sln(W.number_of_shalfloops()),
   sfn(W.number_of_sfaces())
 {
-  verbose = (get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
-             get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  verbose = (IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
+             IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   sorted = sort;
   reduce = reduce_;
   reduce = reduce && this->is_extended_kernel() && this->is_bounded();
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Vertex.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Vertex.h
index 5731fbda1a7..e0b697f94ea 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Vertex.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/Vertex.h
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class Vertex_base {
  public:
       std::string debug() const
         { std::stringstream os;
-          set_pretty_mode(os);
+          CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
           os<<"{ addr, point, mark, snc, svb, sve, seb, see, sfb, sfe, sl,"
             <<" info }"<<std::endl;
           os<<"{ "<<this<<", "<<point_at_center_<<", "<<mark_<<", "<<&*sncp_<<", "
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_checker.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_checker.h
index c5311e9a445..dd659105e70 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_checker.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_checker.h
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ void SM_checker<PMCDEC,GEOM>::
 check_order_preserving_embedding(Vertex_const_handle v) const
 {
   std::ostrstream error_status;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
   Halfedge_const_handle ef = first_out_edge(v) ,e=ef,en,enn;
   error_status << "check_order_preserving_embedding\n";
   error_status << "vertex " << PV(v) << endl;
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ check_is_triangulation() const
   CGAL::Hash_map< Halfedge_const_iterator, bool> on_boundary(false);
   Halfedge_around_face_const_circulator hit(eb), hend(hit);
   std::ostrstream error_status;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( error_status );
   error_status << "check_is_triangulation\n";
   error_status << "on boundary:\n";
   CGAL_For_all(hit,hend) {
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_io_parser.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_io_parser.h
index d58126bac9c..7c09b4eaf0c 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_io_parser.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_io_parser.h
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ SM_io_parser(std::ostream& iout, const Base& D)
   en(this->number_of_shalfedges()),
   ln(this->number_of_shalfloops()),
   fn(this->number_of_sfaces())
-{ verbose = (get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
-             get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+{ verbose = (IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::ASCII &&
+             IO::get_mode(out) != CGAL::IO::BINARY);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_items.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_items.h
index f779f23273f..d1141a21311 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_items.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/SM_items.h
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public:
 
     public:
     std::string debug() const
-    { std::ostringstream os; set_pretty_mode(os);
+    { std::ostringstream os; CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
       os<<"V"<<point_
       #ifdef CGAL_I_DO_WANT_TO_USE_GENINFO
         <<' '<<info_
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ public:
     const GenPtr& info() const { return info_; }
 
     std::string debug() const
-    { std::ostringstream os; set_pretty_mode(os);
+    { std::ostringstream os; CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
       os <<"e["<<source_->debug()<<", "
          <<twin_->source_->debug()<<
       #ifdef CGAL_I_DO_WANT_TO_USE_GENINFO
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ public:
     const GenPtr& info() const { return info_; }
 
     std::string debug() const
-    { std::ostringstream os; set_pretty_mode(os);
+    { std::ostringstream os; CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
       os<<"l"<<circle_
       #ifdef CGAL_I_DO_WANT_TO_USE_GENINFO
         <<' '<<info_
diff --git a/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Nef_polyhedron_S2-test.cpp b/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Nef_polyhedron_S2-test.cpp
index 55c2823abf6..e429bab74f2 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Nef_polyhedron_S2-test.cpp
+++ b/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Nef_polyhedron_S2-test.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ typedef Nef_polyhedron::Object_handle Object_handle;
 
 int main(int, char**)
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cerr );
   CGAL_NEF_SETDTHREAD(911);
   std::cerr << CGAL::sweepversion << std::endl;
 
diff --git a/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry-test.cpp b/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry-test.cpp
index ea48998ac63..bda03d3f6b4 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry-test.cpp
+++ b/Nef_S2/test/Nef_S2/Sphere_geometry-test.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ typedef CGAL::Plane_3<Kernel>          Plane;
 int main()
 {
   CGAL_TEST_START;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode ( std::cout );
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode ( std::cout );
   SPoint p(0,0,1), q(1,1,0), r(1,-1,0), s(1,1,1);
   SSegment s1(p,q), s2(p,r,false), s3(SPoint(0,-1,0),SPoint(-1,0,0));
   SCircle c0, c1(p,q), c2(1,1,1), c3(Plane(1,1,1,0));
diff --git a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Point_d.h b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Point_d.h
index f21a7f6b4ba..63dd30f2369 100644
--- a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Point_d.h
+++ b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Point_d.h
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ public:
   {
     auto b = p.cartesian_begin();
     auto e = p.cartesian_end();
-    if(is_ascii(os))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
     {
       os << p.dimension();
       for(; b != e; ++b){
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ public:
   friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &is, Point_d & p)
   {
     int dim;
-    if( is_ascii(is) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
       is >> dim;
     else
     {
@@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ public:
 
     if(!is) return is;
     std::vector<FT_> coords(dim);
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     {
       for(int i=0;i<dim;++i)
-        is >> iformat(coords[i]);
+        is >> IO::iformat(coords[i]);
     }
     else
     {
diff --git a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Vector_d.h b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Vector_d.h
index de13385758d..3c45a5eecb0 100644
--- a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Vector_d.h
+++ b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Vector_d.h
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ public:
   {
     auto b = v.cartesian_begin();
     auto e = v.cartesian_end();
-    if(is_ascii(os))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
     {
       os << v.dimension();
       for(; b != e; ++b){
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ public:
   friend std::istream & operator>>(std::istream &is, Vector_d & v)
   {
     int dim;
-    if( is_ascii(is) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
       is >> dim;
     else
     {
@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ public:
     if(!is) return is;
 
     std::vector<FT_> coords(dim);
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     {
       for(int i=0;i<dim;++i)
-        is >> iformat(coords[i]);
+        is >> IO::iformat(coords[i]);
     }
     else
     {
diff --git a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Weighted_point_d.h b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Weighted_point_d.h
index ba88c4e0db7..c3020b65f7c 100644
--- a/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Weighted_point_d.h
+++ b/NewKernel_d/include/CGAL/NewKernel_d/Wrapper/Weighted_point_d.h
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public:
 template <class R_>
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Weighted_point_d<R_>& p)
 {
-  if(is_ascii(os))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os))
   {
     return os << p.point() << ' ' << p.weight();
   }
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Weighted_point_d<R_>& p)
   typedef typename Get_type<R_, Point_tag>::type        Point_;
   typedef typename Get_functor<R_, Construct_ttag<Weighted_point_tag> >::type        CWP;
   Point_ q; FT_ w;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
   {
-    if(is >> q >> iformat(w)) p=CWP()(q,w);
+    if(is >> q >> IO::iformat(w)) p=CWP()(q,w);
   }
   else
   {
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/CORE_BigRat.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/CORE_BigRat.h
index 871f209e42e..0f51dac5663 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/CORE_BigRat.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/CORE_BigRat.h
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ public:
     Output_rep( const ::CORE::BigRat& tt) : t(tt) {}
     //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
     std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
-        switch (get_mode(out)) {
+        switch (IO::get_mode(out)) {
         case IO::PRETTY:{
             if(CGAL_CORE_DENOMINATOR(t) == ::CORE::BigRat(1))
                 return out <<CGAL_CORE_NUMERATOR(t);
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ public:
     std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
         Needs_parens_as_product< ::CORE::BigRat > needs_parens_as_product;
         if (needs_parens_as_product(t))
-            return out <<"("<< oformat(t) <<")";
+            return out <<"("<< IO::oformat(t) <<")";
         else
-            return out << oformat(t);
+            return out << IO::oformat(t);
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
index 68fe0409671..7f6dfcf04c1 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
@@ -490,14 +490,14 @@ void Counted_number<NT>::report(std::ostream &os)
 template <class NT>
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &os, Counted_number<NT> const &n)
 {
-    return os << ::CGAL::oformat( n.rep() )<< std::endl;
+    return os << ::CGAL::IO::oformat( n.rep() )<< std::endl;
 }
 
 template <class NT>
 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &is, Counted_number<NT> &n)
 {
     NT num;
-    is >> ::CGAL::iformat(num);
+    is >> ::CGAL::IO::iformat(num);
     if (is) n = Counted_number<NT>(num);
     return is;
 }
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/GMP/Gmpfr_type.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/GMP/Gmpfr_type.h
index 4d2931fb8d2..33d7108b159 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/GMP/Gmpfr_type.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/GMP/Gmpfr_type.h
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,const Gmpfr &a){
         if(a.is_inf())
                 return os<<(a<0?"-inf":"+inf");
         // The rest of the function was written by George Tzoumas.
-        if (!is_pretty(os)) {
+        if (!IO::is_pretty(os)) {
                 std::pair<Gmpz,long> ie=a.to_integer_exp();
                 os << ie.first << 'e' << ie.second;
                 return os;
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Interval_nt.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Interval_nt.h
index 690f1cc4c74..b981657d0fb 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Interval_nt.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Interval_nt.h
@@ -438,9 +438,9 @@ private:
       if(c == '['){ // read original output from operator <<
         double inf,sup;
         CGAL_SWALLOW(is, '[');// read the "["
-        is >> iformat(inf);
+        is >> IO::iformat(inf);
         CGAL_SWALLOW(is, ';');// read the ";"
-        is >> iformat(sup);
+        is >> IO::iformat(sup);
         CGAL_SWALLOW(is, ']');// read the "]"
         I = Interval_nt(inf,sup);
       }else{ //read double (backward compatibility)
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Sqrt_extension/io.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Sqrt_extension/io.h
index 6a7b593691f..37ac7f7b0f9 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Sqrt_extension/io.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Sqrt_extension/io.h
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ input_ascii(std::istream& is , Sqrt_extension<NT,ROOT,ACDE_TAG,FP_TAG>& result){
     swallow(is, 'X');
     swallow(is, 'T');
     swallow(is, '[');
-    is >> iformat(a0);
+    is >> IO::iformat(a0);
     do is.get(c); while (isspace(c));
     if (c != ',') CGAL_error_msg( "input error: , expected" );
 
-    is >> iformat(a1);
+    is >> IO::iformat(a1);
     do is.get(c); while (isspace(c));
     if (c != ',') CGAL_error_msg( "input error: , expected" );
 
-    is >> iformat(root);
+    is >> IO::iformat(root);
     do is.get(c); while (isspace(c));
     if (c != ']') CGAL_error_msg( "input error: ] expected" );
 
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ input_ascii(std::istream& is , Sqrt_extension<NT,ROOT,ACDE_TAG,FP_TAG>& result){
 template<class NT, class ROOT, class ACDE_TAG, class FP_TAG>
 void
 output_maple(std::ostream& os, const Sqrt_extension<NT,ROOT,ACDE_TAG,FP_TAG>& x){
-    CGAL::IO::Mode o_mode=::CGAL::get_mode(os);
-    ::CGAL::set_mode(os,CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
+    CGAL::IO::Mode o_mode=::CGAL::IO::get_mode(os);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_mode(os,CGAL::IO::PRETTY);
 
     if ( x.a0() != NT(0)){
         if ( x.a1() != NT(0)){
             os << x.a0()
-               << "+" << CGAL::oformat(x.a1(),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag())
+               << "+" << CGAL::IO::oformat(x.a1(),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag())
                << "*sqrt(" << x.root() << ")";
         }else{
             os << x.a0();
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ output_maple(std::ostream& os, const Sqrt_extension<NT,ROOT,ACDE_TAG,FP_TAG>& x)
     }
     else{
         if (x.a1() != NT(0)){
-            os << CGAL::oformat(x.a1(),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag())
+            os << CGAL::IO::oformat(x.a1(),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag())
                << "*sqrt(" << x.root() << ")";
         }else{
             os << 0;
         }
     }
-    ::CGAL::set_mode(os,o_mode);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_mode(os,o_mode);
     return;
 }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ public:
 template <class NT,class ROOT, class ACDE_TAG,class FP_TAG>
 std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os,
         const Sqrt_extension<NT,ROOT,ACDE_TAG,FP_TAG>& ext){
-    switch(CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+    switch(CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
         output_maple(os,ext); break;
     default:
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os,
  */
 template <class NT,class ROOT, class ACDE_TAG, class FP_TAG>
 std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, Sqrt_extension<NT,ROOT,ACDE_TAG,FP_TAG>& ext) {
-    CGAL_precondition(!CGAL::is_pretty(is));
+    CGAL_precondition(!CGAL::IO::is_pretty(is));
     input_ascii(is,ext);
     return is;
 }
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_rational.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_rational.h
index e520781c132..6b0da89b525 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_rational.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_rational.h
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ public:
     Output_rep( const leda_rational& tt) : t(tt) {}
     //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
     std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
-        switch (get_mode(out)) {
+        switch (IO::get_mode(out)) {
         case IO::PRETTY:{
             if(t.denominator() == leda_integer(1))
                 return out <<t.numerator();
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ public:
     std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
         Needs_parens_as_product< leda_rational > needs_parens_as_product;
         if (needs_parens_as_product(t))
-            return out <<"("<< oformat(t) <<")";
+            return out <<"("<< IO::oformat(t) <<")";
         else
-            return out << oformat(t);
+            return out << IO::oformat(t);
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_real.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_real.h
index b05fa068e30..2dd4c458762 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_real.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/leda_real.h
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ public:
     Output_rep( const ::leda::real& tt) : t(tt) {}
     //! perform the output, calls \c operator\<\< by default.
     std::ostream& operator()( std::ostream& out) const {
-        if (t<0) out << "(" << ::CGAL::oformat(t)<<")";
-        else out << ::CGAL::oformat(t);
+        if (t<0) out << "(" << ::CGAL::IO::oformat(t)<<")";
+        else out << ::CGAL::IO::oformat(t);
         return out;
     }
 };
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigInt.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigInt.cpp
index 98b9dc4e3b1..8cfe816f043 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigInt.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigInt.cpp
@@ -14,35 +14,35 @@ void test_io(){
     // MODE ASCII
     {
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(1));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(1));
         assert( ss.str() == "1");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(0));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(0));
         assert( ss.str() == "0");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(-1));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(-1));
         assert( ss.str() == "-1");
     }
     //MODE PRETTY
     {
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(1), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(1), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "1");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(0),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(0),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "0");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(-1), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(-1), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "(-1)");
     }
 }
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigRat.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigRat.cpp
index e6ea9bdfd1b..60124ec0277 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigRat.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/CORE_BigRat.cpp
@@ -17,36 +17,36 @@ void test_io(){
     // MODE ASCII
     {
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(1));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(1));
         //std::cout << ss.str()<<std::endl;
         assert( ss.str() == "1/1");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(0));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(0));
         assert( ss.str() == "0/1");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(-1));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(-1));
         assert( ss.str() == "-1/1");
     }
     //MODE PRETTY
     {
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(2), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(2), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "2");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(1)/NT(2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(1)/NT(2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "(1/2)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << CGAL::oformat(NT(-2), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(NT(-2), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "(-2)");
     }
 }
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/Sqrt_extension.h b/Number_types/test/Number_types/Sqrt_extension.h
index 5491ab24d56..a1b3da61423 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/Sqrt_extension.h
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/Sqrt_extension.h
@@ -189,95 +189,95 @@ void sqrt_ext_pretty_output_test(){
     // TEST without Parens_as_product_tag
     {
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(-1,0,2);
         assert( ss.str()=="-1");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(0,0,2);
         assert( ss.str() == "0");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(1,0,2);
         assert( ss.str() == "1");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(1,2,2);
         assert( ss.str() == "1+2*sqrt(2)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(1,-2,2);
         assert( ss.str() == "1+(-2)*sqrt(2)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(-1,2,2);
         assert( ss.str() == "-1+2*sqrt(2)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(-1,-2,2);
         assert( ss.str() == "-1+(-2)*sqrt(2)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(0,2,2);
         assert( ss.str()=="2*sqrt(2)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
         ss << EXT1(0,-2,2);
         assert( ss.str()=="(-2)*sqrt(2)");
     }
 // TEST with Parens_as_product_tag
     {
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(-1,0,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(-1,0,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str()=="(-1)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(0,0,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(0,0,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "0");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(1,0,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(1,0,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "1");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(1,2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(1,2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "(1+2*sqrt(2))");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(1,-2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(1,-2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "(1+(-2)*sqrt(2))");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(-1,2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(-1,2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "(-1+2*sqrt(2))");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(-1,-2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(-1,-2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str() == "(-1+(-2)*sqrt(2))");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(0,2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(0,2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str()=="2*sqrt(2)");
     }{
         std::stringstream ss;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss);
-        ss << oformat(EXT1(0,-2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss);
+        ss << CGAL::IO::oformat(EXT1(0,-2,2),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( ss.str()=="(-2)*sqrt(2)");
     }
 }
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_io.h b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_io.h
index 8fd4e4024e0..12bbcf8a3b0 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_io.h
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/include/CGAL/_test_io.h
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ void test_io(_CT x){
 
         NT a(x);
         std::stringstream ss;
-        ss<<CGAL::oformat(a);
-        ss>>CGAL::iformat(a);
+        ss<<CGAL::IO::oformat(a);
+        ss>>CGAL::IO::iformat(a);
         assert(a==NT(x));
 }
 
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ void test_io(){
 
         NT a;
         std::stringstream ss;
-        ss<<CGAL::oformat(a);
-        ss>>CGAL::iformat(a);
+        ss<<CGAL::IO::oformat(a);
+        ss>>CGAL::IO::iformat(a);
         assert(a==NT());
 }
 
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ void test_interval_io(_CT x){
 
         NT a(x),b(x);
         std::stringstream ss;
-        ss<<CGAL::oformat(a);
-        ss>>CGAL::iformat(a);
+        ss<<CGAL::IO::oformat(a);
+        ss>>CGAL::IO::iformat(a);
         assert(a.inf()==b.inf());
         assert(a.sup()==b.sup());
 }
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/ioformat.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/ioformat.cpp
index a483d2f5971..e2d0bf7cda9 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/ioformat.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/ioformat.cpp
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ void test_it(const char* N, int value)
   NT tmp2(0), tmp1 = static_cast<NT>(value);
 
   std::ostringstream os;
-  os << ::CGAL::oformat(tmp1);
+  os << ::CGAL::IO::oformat(tmp1);
   std::cout << os.str() << std::endl;
   std::istringstream is(os.str());
-  is >> ::CGAL::iformat(tmp2);
+  is >> ::CGAL::IO::iformat(tmp2);
   assert( tmp1 == tmp2 );
 }
 
diff --git a/Number_types/test/Number_types/mpq_class.cpp b/Number_types/test/Number_types/mpq_class.cpp
index 03d4aaa3d4b..ca215c874c6 100644
--- a/Number_types/test/Number_types/mpq_class.cpp
+++ b/Number_types/test/Number_types/mpq_class.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ int main() {
     {
       mpq_class q;
       std::istringstream in("12.34");
-      in >> CGAL::iformat(q);
+      in >> CGAL::IO::iformat(q);
       assert(in);
       assert(q.get_num() == 617);
       assert(q.get_den() == 50);
diff --git a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_offset_2.h b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_offset_2.h
index c97034bb790..574fd1d31ec 100644
--- a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_offset_2.h
+++ b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_offset_2.h
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ inline typename K::Point_2 operator+(const typename K::Point_2 &p, const Periodi
 inline std::ostream
 &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Periodic_2_offset_2 &off)
 {
-  if (is_ascii(os))
+  if (IO::is_ascii(os))
     os << off.x() << " " << off.y();
   else
     {
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ inline std::istream
 &operator>>(std::istream &is, Periodic_2_offset_2 &off)
 {
   int x = 0, y = 0;
-  if (is_ascii(is))
+  if (IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> x >> y;
   else
     {
diff --git a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.h b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.h
index ef8a5d063f9..542fcb98d3d 100644
--- a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_2_triangulation_2.h
@@ -4145,7 +4145,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
   size_type n = number_of_vertices();
 
 
-  if (is_ascii(os))
+  if (IO::is_ascii(os))
     os << domain() << std::endl
        << cover[0] << " " << cover[1] << std::endl
        << n*cover[0]*cover[1] << std::endl;
@@ -4172,7 +4172,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
         {
           V[it] = i++;
           os << it->point();
-          if (is_ascii(os))
+          if (IO::is_ascii(os))
             os << std::endl;
         }
     }
@@ -4185,7 +4185,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
           vit = _virtual_vertices.find(it);
           if (vit != _virtual_vertices.end()) continue;
           V[it] = i++;
-          if (is_ascii(os))
+          if (IO::is_ascii(os))
             os << it->point() << std::endl
                << Offset(0, 0) << std::endl;
           else
@@ -4199,7 +4199,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
               vvit = _virtual_vertices.find(vv[j]);
               CGAL_triangulation_assertion(vvit != _virtual_vertices.end());
               V[vv[j]] = i++;
-              if (is_ascii(os))
+              if (IO::is_ascii(os))
                 os << vv[j]->point() << std::endl
                    << vvit->second.second << std::endl;
               else os << vv[j]->point() << vvit->second.second;
@@ -4213,7 +4213,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
   // asks the tds for the combinatorial information
   // vertices of the faces
   size_type m = _tds.number_of_faces();
-  if (is_ascii(os)) os << std::endl << m << std::endl;
+  if (IO::is_ascii(os)) os << std::endl << m << std::endl;
   else write(os, m);
   std::cout << "save, #Faces: " << m << std::endl;
 
@@ -4223,13 +4223,13 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
       F[ib] = inum++;
       for(int j = 0; j < 3 ; ++j)
         {
-          if(is_ascii(os)) os << V[ib->vertex(j)] << " ";
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << V[ib->vertex(j)] << " ";
           else write(os, V[ib->vertex(j)]);
         }
       os << *ib ;
-      if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
     }
-  if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
 
   std::cout << "save, face check: " << inum << " == " << m << std::endl;
   CGAL_assertion(m == (size_type)inum);
@@ -4241,10 +4241,10 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
       for(int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
         {
           CGAL_assertion(F.is_defined(it->neighbor(j)));
-          if(is_ascii(os))  os << F[it->neighbor(j)] << " ";
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os))  os << F[it->neighbor(j)] << " ";
           else write(os, F[it->neighbor(j)]);
         }
-      if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
     }
 
   // write offsets
@@ -4255,7 +4255,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
       Face_handle ch(it);
       for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
         {
-          if(is_ascii(os))
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os))
             {
               os << ch->offset(j);
               if ( j == 3 )
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::save(std::ostream& os) const
       for(Face_iterator it = faces_begin(); it != faces_end(); ++it)
         {
           os << *it; // other information
-          if(is_ascii(os))
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os))
             os << std::endl;
         }
     }
@@ -4307,7 +4307,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::load(std::istream& is)
   int cx = 0, cy = 0;
   size_type n = 0;
 
-  if (is_ascii(is))
+  if (IO::is_ascii(is))
   {
     is >> domain;
     is >> cx >> cy >> n;
@@ -4372,7 +4372,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::load(std::istream& is)
   // Creation of the faces
   std::size_t index;
   size_type m;
-  if (is_ascii(is)) is >> m;
+  if (IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> m;
   else read(is, m);
   std::vector<Face_handle> F(m);
   std::cout << "load, #Faces: " << m << std::endl;
@@ -4382,7 +4382,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::load(std::istream& is)
         F[i] = _tds.create_face() ;
         for(int j = 0; j < 3 ; ++j)
           {
-            if (is_ascii(is)) is >> index;
+            if (IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> index;
             else read(is, index);
             CGAL_assertion(index < V.size());
             F[i]->set_vertex(j, V[index]);
@@ -4401,7 +4401,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::load(std::istream& is)
       {
         for(int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
           {
-            if (is_ascii(is)) is >> index;
+            if (IO::is_ascii(is)) is >> index;
             else read(is, index);
             if (index >= F.size()) {
               std::cout << __FILE__ << ", " << __FUNCTION__ << ", l:" << __LINE__ << "  f="
@@ -4419,7 +4419,7 @@ Periodic_2_triangulation_2<Gt, Tds>::load(std::istream& is)
   int off[3] = {0, 0, 0};
   for (std::size_t j = 0 ; j < m; j++)
     {
-      if (is_ascii(is))
+      if (IO::is_ascii(is))
         is >> off[0] >> off[1] >> off[2];
       else
         {
diff --git a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/test/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/interface_test.h b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/test/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/interface_test.h
index 4975d0456b6..30cae39bae1 100644
--- a/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/test/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/interface_test.h
+++ b/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/test/Periodic_2_triangulation_2/include/interface_test.h
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ void test_io(T &pt1, bool ex)
   T pt1r;
   ss1 >> pt1r;
 
-  assert(CGAL::is_ascii(ss1));
+  assert(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(ss1));
   if (!ex)
   {
     assert(pt1 == pt1r);
@@ -508,11 +508,11 @@ void test_io(T &pt1, bool ex)
   if (!ex)
   {
     std::stringstream ss1b;
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode(ss1b);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(ss1b);
     ss1b << pt1;
 
     ss1b >> pt1r;
-    assert(CGAL::is_binary(ss1b));
+    assert(CGAL::IO::is_binary(ss1b));
 
     assert(pt1 == pt1r);
   }
@@ -521,10 +521,10 @@ void test_io(T &pt1, bool ex)
 
   pt1r.clear();
   std::stringstream ss1p;
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss1p);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss1p);
   ss1p << pt1;
 
-  assert(CGAL::is_pretty(ss1p));
+  assert(CGAL::IO::is_pretty(ss1p));
 }
 
 template <class T>
diff --git a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
index 978af85fb67..842abf61081 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_mesh_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ get_positions_with_vertex_at_extremity(const Bare_point& known_point,
 {
 #if CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG & 2
   std::cerr << "get_positions_with_vertex_at_extremity()" << std::endl
-            << "known_point: " << known_point << " on curve " << CGAL::oformat(curve_index)
+            << "known_point: " << known_point << " on curve " << CGAL::IO::oformat(curve_index)
             << " orientation: " << orientation
             << " inverted order ? " << std::boolalpha << inverted_return_order << std::endl;
 #endif
@@ -1391,7 +1391,7 @@ insert_corners()
     Index p_index = domain_.index_from_corner_index(corner_index);
 
 #if CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG & 1
-    std::cerr << "** treat corner #" << CGAL::oformat(p_index) << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "** treat corner #" << CGAL::IO::oformat(p_index) << std::endl;
 #endif
 
     // Get weight (the ball radius is given by the 'query_size' function)
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ insert_point(const Bare_point& p, const Weight& w, int dim, const Index& index,
 #if CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG & 1
   std::cerr << "insert_point()" << std::endl;
   std::cerr << "pos: " << p << " weight: " << w
-            << " dim: " << dim << " index: " << CGAL::oformat(index) << std::endl;
+            << " dim: " << dim << " index: " << CGAL::IO::oformat(index) << std::endl;
 #endif
 
   using CGAL::Mesh_3::internal::weight_modifier;
@@ -1540,7 +1540,7 @@ insert_point(const Bare_point& p, const Weight& w, int dim, const Index& index,
     std::cerr << " ERROR dim=" << dim << " index=";
   }
 
-  std::cerr << CGAL::oformat(index) << std::endl;
+  std::cerr << CGAL::IO::oformat(index) << std::endl;
   if(v == Vertex_handle())
     std::cerr << "  HIDDEN!\n";
   std::cerr << "The weight was " << w << std::endl;
@@ -1569,7 +1569,7 @@ smart_insert_point(const Bare_point& p, Weight w, int dim, const Index& index,
   std::cerr << "smart_insert_point((" << p
             << "), w=" << w
             << ", dim=" << dim
-            << ", index=" << CGAL::oformat(index) << ")\n";
+            << ", index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(index) << ")\n";
 #endif
   const Tr& tr = c3t3_.triangulation();
 
@@ -2452,7 +2452,7 @@ change_ball_size(Vertex_handle& v, const FT squared_size, const bool special_bal
 #if CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG & 1
   std::cerr << "change_ball_size(v=" << disp_vert(v)
             << " dim=" << c3t3_.in_dimension(v)
-            << " index=" << CGAL::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
+            << " index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
             << " ,\n"
             << "                 (squared) size=" << w
             << ", special_ball=" << std::boolalpha << special_ball << std::endl;
@@ -2622,7 +2622,7 @@ check_and_fix_vertex_along_edge(const Vertex_handle& v, ErasedVeOutIt out)
   std::cerr << "check_and_fix_vertex_along_edge("
             << disp_vert(v)
             << " dim=" << get_dimension(v)
-            << " index=" << CGAL::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
+            << " index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(c3t3_.index(v))
             << " special=" << std::boolalpha << is_special(v)
             << ")\n";
 #endif
@@ -2930,7 +2930,7 @@ repopulate(InputIterator begin, InputIterator last,
   std::cerr << "repopulate(begin=" << disp_vert(*begin) << "\n"
             << "           last=" << disp_vert(*last)  << "\n"
             << "           distance(begin, last)=" << std::distance(begin, last) << ",\n"
-            << "           curve_index=" << CGAL::oformat(curve_index) << ",\n"
+            << "           curve_index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(curve_index) << ",\n"
             << "           orientation=" << orientation << ")\n";
 #endif
   CGAL_assertion(std::distance(begin,last) >= 0);
@@ -2972,7 +2972,7 @@ repopulate(InputIterator begin, InputIterator last,
     default:
       std::cerr << " ERROR dim=" << get_dimension(*current)  << " curve_index=";
     }
-    std::cerr  << CGAL::oformat(c3t3_.index(*current)) << std::endl;
+    std::cerr  << CGAL::IO::oformat(c3t3_.index(*current)) << std::endl;
 #endif // CGAL_MESH_3_PROTECTION_DEBUG
     *out++ = *current;
     remove_from_correspondence_map(*current, curve_index);
@@ -2997,7 +2997,7 @@ analyze_and_repopulate(InputIterator begin, InputIterator last,
   std::cerr << "analyze_and_repopulate(begin=" << disp_vert(*begin) << "\n"
             << "                       last=" << disp_vert(*last) << "\n"
             << "                       distance(begin, last)=" << std::distance(begin, last) << ",\n"
-            << "                       curve_index=" << CGAL::oformat(curve_index) << ",\n"
+            << "                       curve_index=" << CGAL::IO::oformat(curve_index) << ",\n"
             << "                       orientation=" << orientation << ")\n";
 #endif
   CGAL_assertion(std::distance(begin,last) >= 0);
diff --git a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_offset_3.h b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_offset_3.h
index ed1560c74c3..ca7124d8688 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_offset_3.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_offset_3.h
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ inline Point_3<K> operator+(const Point_3<K> &p, const Periodic_3_offset_3 &off)
 
 inline std::ostream
 &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Periodic_3_offset_3 &off) {
-  if (is_ascii(os))
+  if (IO::is_ascii(os))
     os << off.x() << " " << off.y() << " " << off.z();
   else {
     write(os,off.x());
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ inline std::ostream
 inline std::istream
 &operator>>(std::istream &is, Periodic_3_offset_3 &off) {
   int x=0,y=0,z=0;
-  if (is_ascii(is))
+  if (IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> x >> y >> z;
   else {
     read(is,x);
diff --git a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
index 380e9b70f86..631603f092e 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
@@ -4023,7 +4023,7 @@ operator>> (std::istream& is, Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
   int cx=0, cy=0, cz=0;
   size_type n=0;
 
-  if(is_ascii(is)) {
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is)) {
     is >> domain;
     is >> cx >> cy >> cz;
     is >> n;
@@ -4079,7 +4079,7 @@ operator>> (std::istream& is, Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
   // read offsets
   int off[4] = {0,0,0,0};
   for(std::size_t j=0; j < m; j++) {
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
       is >> off[0] >> off[1] >> off[2] >> off[3];
     else {
       read(is,off[0]);
@@ -4130,7 +4130,7 @@ operator<< (std::ostream& os,const Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
   Covering_sheets cover = tr.number_of_sheets();
   size_type n = tr.number_of_vertices();
 
-  if(is_ascii(os))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os))
     os << domain << std::endl
        << cover[0] << " " << cover[1] << " " << cover[2] << std::endl
        << n*cover[0]*cover[1]*cover[2] << std::endl;
@@ -4152,7 +4152,7 @@ operator<< (std::ostream& os,const Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
     for(Vertex_iterator it=tr.vertices_begin(); it!=tr.vertices_end(); ++it) {
       V[it] = i++;
       os << it->point();
-      if(is_ascii(os))
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os))
         os << std::endl;
     }
   } else {
@@ -4164,7 +4164,7 @@ operator<< (std::ostream& os,const Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
         continue;
 
       V[it]=i++;
-      if(is_ascii(os))
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os))
         os << it->point() << std::endl
            << Offset(0,0,0) << std::endl;
       else os << it->point() << Offset(0,0,0);
@@ -4176,7 +4176,7 @@ operator<< (std::ostream& os,const Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
         vvit = tr.virtual_vertices.find(vv[j]);
         CGAL_triangulation_assertion(vvit != tr.virtual_vertices.end());
         V[vv[j]] = i++;
-        if(is_ascii(os))
+        if(IO::is_ascii(os))
           os << vv[j]->point() << std::endl
              << vvit->second.second << std::endl;
         else os << vv[j]->point() << vvit->second.second;
@@ -4196,7 +4196,7 @@ operator<< (std::ostream& os,const Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
     //Cell_handle ch = std::find(tr.cells_begin(), tr.cells_end(), i);
     Cell_handle ch(it);
     for(int j=0; j<4; j++) {
-      if(is_ascii(os)) {
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) {
         os << ch->offset(j);
         if( j==3 )
           os << std::endl;
@@ -4214,7 +4214,7 @@ operator<< (std::ostream& os,const Periodic_3_triangulation_3<GT,TDS>& tr)
   if(tr.number_of_vertices() != 0) {
       for(Cell_iterator it=tr.cells_begin(); it != tr.cells_end(); ++it) {
     os << *it; // other information
-    if(is_ascii(os))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
       os << std::endl;
     }
   }
diff --git a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_alpha_shape_3.h b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_alpha_shape_3.h
index 06b33577161..d018131f7c7 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_alpha_shape_3.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_alpha_shape_3.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ template <class Point>
 bool
 file_input(std::ifstream& is, std::list<Point>& L, int nb=0)
 {
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(is);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(is);
   int n;
   is >> n;
   if(nb != 0 && nb <= n) n=nb;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3.h b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
index 7534db8b4bc..ddac2399a7c 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/test/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
@@ -647,8 +647,8 @@ _test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3(const PeriodicTriangulation &,
     ss1 >> PT1r;
     ss3 >> PT3r;
 
-    assert(CGAL::is_ascii(ss1));
-    assert(CGAL::is_ascii(ss3));
+    assert(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(ss1));
+    assert(CGAL::IO::is_ascii(ss3));
     if (!ex) assert(PT1 == PT1r);
     if (!ex) assert(PT3 == PT3r);
 
@@ -659,15 +659,15 @@ _test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3(const PeriodicTriangulation &,
     if (!ex) {
       std::stringstream ss1b;
       std::stringstream ss3b;
-      CGAL::set_binary_mode(ss1b);
-      CGAL::set_binary_mode(ss3b);
+      CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(ss1b);
+      CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(ss3b);
       ss1b << PT1;
       ss3b << PT3;
 
       ss1b >> PT1r;
       ss3b >> PT3r;
-      assert(CGAL::is_binary(ss1b));
-      assert(CGAL::is_binary(ss3b));
+      assert(CGAL::IO::is_binary(ss1b));
+      assert(CGAL::IO::is_binary(ss3b));
 
       assert(PT1 == PT1r);
       assert(PT3 == PT3r);
@@ -679,12 +679,12 @@ _test_cls_periodic_3_triangulation_3(const PeriodicTriangulation &,
     PT3r.clear();
     std::stringstream ss1p;
     std::stringstream ss3p;
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss1p);
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(ss3p);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss1p);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(ss3p);
     ss1p << PT1;
     ss3p << PT3;
 
-    assert(CGAL::is_pretty(ss1p));
-    assert(CGAL::is_pretty(ss3p));
+    assert(CGAL::IO::is_pretty(ss1p));
+    assert(CGAL::IO::is_pretty(ss3p));
   }
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
index 4f32c2e6376..b68091e5fbb 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/LAS.h
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ template <typename Point, typename Vector>
 bool read_LAS(const std::string& fname, CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   return read_LAS(is, point_set);
 }
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& fname,
                CGAL::Point_set_3<Point, Vector>& point_set)
 {
   std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   return write_LAS(os, point_set);
 }
 
diff --git a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
index b773b87e0e7..fafccda8376 100644
--- a/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Point_set_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_3/IO/PLY.h
@@ -349,13 +349,13 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return read_PLY(is, point_set, comments);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return read_PLY(is, point_set, comments);
   }
 }
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ bool write_PLY(std::ostream& os,
   set_stream_precision_from_NP(os, np);
 
   os << "ply" << std::endl
-     << ((CGAL::get_mode(os) == CGAL::IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
+     << ((CGAL::IO::get_mode(os) == CGAL::IO::BINARY) ? "format binary_little_endian 1.0" : "format ascii 1.0") << std::endl
      << "comment Generated by the CGAL library" << std::endl;
 
   if(comments != std::string())
@@ -750,13 +750,13 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, BINARY);
     return write_PLY(os, point_set, comments, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, ASCII);
     return write_PLY(os, point_set, comments, np);
   }
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/clustering_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/clustering_example.cpp
index eddf432eddf..6e058e1b1fe 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/clustering_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/clustering_example.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   }
 
   std::ofstream ofile("out.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(ofile);
   ofile << points;
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
index f537390a6be..642da49d893 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/orient_scanlines_example.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ using Scanline_id_map = CGAL::Nth_of_tuple_property_map<3, Point_with_info>;
 void dump (const char* filename, const std::vector<Point_with_info>& points)
 {
   std::ofstream ofile (filename, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(ofile);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(ofile);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY
     (ofile, points,
      CGAL::parameters::point_map (Point_map()).
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/property_map.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/property_map.cpp
index 56a131c35e3..2b940185cc3 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/property_map.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/property_map.cpp
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ void orient_normals(Iterator beg, Iterator end, OrientationPMap orient_pmap, Nor
 
 int main()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   // Here we run it on plain points. No need for a property map
   {
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp
index a0397cb22ba..ab9451d1e9d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/examples/Point_set_processing_3/write_ply_points_example.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct Output_rep< ::Color, F > {
   { }
   std::ostream& operator() (std::ostream& out) const
   {
-    if (is_ascii(out))
+    if (IO::is_ascii(out))
       out << int(c[0]) << " " << int(c[1]) << " " << int(c[2]) << " " << int(c[3]);
     else
       out.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&c), sizeof(c));
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
                                                i));
 
   std::ofstream f("out.ply", std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(f); // The PLY file will be written in the binary format
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(f); // The PLY file will be written in the binary format
 
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties(f, points,
                                       CGAL::make_ply_point_writer (Point_map()),
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
index 16147ef98a2..5e9e127d0f8 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_las_points.h
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ bool read_LAS(const std::string& filename,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
   std::ifstream is(filename, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   return read_LAS<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, np);
 }
 
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ template <typename OutputIterator,typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
 bool read_LAS(const std::string& fname, OutputIterator output, const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   return read_LAS<typename value_type_traits<OutputIterator>::type>(is, output, np);
 }
 
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
index dacf2b41693..8fee80ba6bf 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_off_points.h
@@ -168,16 +168,16 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
       // Reads position + normal...
       double x,y,z;
       double nx,ny,nz;
-      if (iss >> iformat(x) >> iformat(y) >> iformat(z))
+      if (iss >> IO::iformat(x) >> IO::iformat(y) >> IO::iformat(z))
       {
         //the extra `()` seem to fix a very strange bug. Without them, the put() won't compile.
         Point point((FT(x)), (FT(y)), (FT(z)));
         Vector normal = CGAL::NULL_VECTOR;
         // ... + normal...
-        if (iss >> iformat(nx))
+        if (iss >> IO::iformat(nx))
         {
           // In case we could read one number, we expect that there are two more
-          if(iss  >> iformat(ny) >> iformat(nz)){
+          if(iss  >> IO::iformat(ny) >> IO::iformat(nz)){
             normal = Vector(FT(nx),FT(ny),FT(nz));
           } else {
             std::cerr << "Error line " << lineNumber << " of file" << std::endl;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
index 76d88a2129c..53fad444a93 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/read_ply_points.h
@@ -340,13 +340,13 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return read_PLY<OutputIteratorValueType>(is, output, np);
   }
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
index 2640843a169..14679ca570a 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_las_points.h
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& filename,
                )
 {
   std::ofstream os(filename, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   return write_LAS(os, points, np);
 }
 
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ bool write_LAS(const std::string& filename, const PointRange& points,
                typename boost::enable_if<internal::is_Range<PointRange> >::type* = nullptr)
 {
   std::ofstream os(filename, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   return write_LAS(os, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
index 881585449e1..33c1b8da3b5 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_ply_points.h
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ namespace IO {
    user wants to write a complex object as several %PLY
    properties. In that case, a specialization of `Output_rep` must
    be provided for `PropertyMap::value_type` that handles both ASCII
-   and binary output (see `CGAL::get_mode()`).
+   and binary output (see `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`).
 
    \attention When writing to a binary file, the flag `std::ios::binary` flag must be set during the creation of the `ofstream`.
 
@@ -298,13 +298,13 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& filename,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(filename, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return write_PLY(os, points, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(filename);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return write_PLY(os, points, np);
   }
 }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp
index 102a45aac3a..0dd90f9623d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/test/Point_set_processing_3/test_read_write_point_set.cpp
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ void test_LAS(const std::string& s)
   assert(ok);
   ps.clear();
   std::ifstream in(s, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(in, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(in, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(in, ps);
   assert(ok);
   const char* ext = "las";
@@ -180,13 +180,13 @@ void test_LAS(const std::string& s)
   ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(fname.c_str(), ps);
   assert(ok);
   std::ofstream out(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(out, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(out, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   ok = CGAL::IO::write_LAS(out, ps);
   assert(ok);
   CGAL::Point_set_3<Point_3, Vector_3> ps2;
 
   std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   ok = CGAL::IO::read_LAS(is, ps2);
   assert(ok);
   assert(ps_are_equal(ps, ps2));
diff --git a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp
index 53fa20806e5..183e8beddfa 100644
--- a/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp
+++ b/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/examples/Poisson_surface_reconstruction_3/tutorial_example.cpp
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[])
     //! [Output poisson]
 
     std::ofstream f ("out.ply", std::ios_base::binary);
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode (f);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (f);
     CGAL::IO::write_PLY(f, output_mesh);
     f.close ();
 
diff --git a/Polygon/examples/Polygon/Example.cpp b/Polygon/examples/Polygon/Example.cpp
index 82b384cd296..2801aa03d42 100644
--- a/Polygon/examples/Polygon/Example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon/examples/Polygon/Example.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int main()
   p.push_back(Point(2,2));
   p.push_back(Point(0,4));
 
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   std::cout << "created the polygon p:" << std::endl;
   std::cout << p << std::endl;
   std::cout << std::endl;
diff --git a/Polygon/include/CGAL/General_polygon_with_holes_2.h b/Polygon/include/CGAL/General_polygon_with_holes_2.h
index 9d086d4c485..ade90e4f77d 100644
--- a/Polygon/include/CGAL/General_polygon_with_holes_2.h
+++ b/Polygon/include/CGAL/General_polygon_with_holes_2.h
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ std::ostream
 {
   typename General_polygon_with_holes_2<Polygon_>::Hole_const_iterator hit;
 
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       os << p.outer_boundary() << ' ' << p.number_of_holes()<< ' ';
       for (hit = p.holes_begin(); hit != p.holes_end(); ++hit) {
diff --git a/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_2/Polygon_2_impl.h b/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_2/Polygon_2_impl.h
index c519e2e12e1..ce0714af873 100644
--- a/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_2/Polygon_2_impl.h
+++ b/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_2/Polygon_2_impl.h
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Polygon_2<Traits_P,Container_P>& p)
 {
   typename Polygon_2<Traits_P,Container_P>::Vertex_const_iterator i;
 
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       os << p.size() << ' ';
       for (i = p.vertices_begin(); i != p.vertices_end(); ++i) {
diff --git a/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_with_holes_2.h b/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_with_holes_2.h
index 561c64eefa6..d2796b9e8d8 100644
--- a/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_with_holes_2.h
+++ b/Polygon/include/CGAL/Polygon_with_holes_2.h
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &os,
 {
   typename Polygon_with_holes_2<Kernel_,Container_>::Hole_const_iterator i;
 
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       os << p.outer_boundary() << ' ' << p.number_of_holes()<<' ';
       for (i = p.holes_begin(); i != p.holes_end(); ++i) {
diff --git a/Polygon/test/Polygon/AlgorithmTest.cpp b/Polygon/test/Polygon/AlgorithmTest.cpp
index 481506f1b4b..0d52b61b998 100644
--- a/Polygon/test/Polygon/AlgorithmTest.cpp
+++ b/Polygon/test/Polygon/AlgorithmTest.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ void test_collinear_point_filtering(const R&, const char* FileName)
     std::cerr << "Could not open file " << FileName << "!" << endl;
     std::exit(1);
   }
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(from);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(from);
 
   std::vector<Point> polygon;
   std::copy(std::istream_iterator<Point>(from), std::istream_iterator<Point>(),
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ void test_polygon(const R&, const Point&, const char* FileName)
     std::cerr << "could not open file " << FileName << "!" << endl;
     std::exit(1);
   }
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(from);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(from);
 
   Point point;
   std::vector<Point> polygon;
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ void test_polygon(const R&, const Point&, const char* FileName)
 
 int main()
 {
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(cout);
 
   cout << endl;
   cout << "--------------------------------------------------------" << endl;
diff --git a/Polygon/test/Polygon/PolygonTest.cpp b/Polygon/test/Polygon/PolygonTest.cpp
index 77fd6058eed..8b1cebe50ab 100644
--- a/Polygon/test/Polygon/PolygonTest.cpp
+++ b/Polygon/test/Polygon/PolygonTest.cpp
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void test_iterators(ListPolygon& p, const ListPolygon& q)
   typedef ListPolygon::Edge_const_circulator EC;
   typedef ListPolygon::Edge_const_iterator EI;
 
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(cout);
 
   {
     VC v = p.vertices_circulator();
@@ -165,28 +165,28 @@ void test_stream_operators(ListPolygon& p)
 {
   {
     std::ofstream to("polytest.ascii");
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(to);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(to);
     to << p;
     to.close();
 
     ListPolygon p_copy;
     std::ifstream from("polytest.ascii");
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(from);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(from);
     from >> p_copy;
 
     assert(p == p_copy);
   }
   {
     std::ofstream to("polytest.pretty");
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(to);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(to);
     to << p;
   }
   {
     std::ofstream to("polytest.binary");
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode(to);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(to);
     to << p;
   }
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(cout);
 }
 
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------//
diff --git a/Polygon/test/Polygon/SimplicityTest.cpp b/Polygon/test/Polygon/SimplicityTest.cpp
index 527450802b7..269392a1615 100644
--- a/Polygon/test/Polygon/SimplicityTest.cpp
+++ b/Polygon/test/Polygon/SimplicityTest.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ bool TestSimplicity(const char* FileName)
   int n;                  // number of points
   std::vector<Point> polygon;
 
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(from);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(from);
   from >> answer >> n;
   cout << "  polygon has " << n << " points" << endl;
   for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp
index 2e00f859e70..4a3c8ca9126 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2_test.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void test_triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2(
   PolygonMesh pmesh;
   std::string path = "data/" + file_name + ".off";
   std::ifstream in(path.c_str(), std::ios_base::in);
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
   CGAL::IO::read_OFF(in, pmesh);
   in.close();
   if (verbose) {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ void test_triangulate_hole_with_cdt_2(
     if (argc > 1) path = std::string(argv[1]);
     path += "4464_" + file_name + ".off";
     std::ofstream out(path.c_str(), std::ios_base::out);
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(out);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(out);
     CGAL::IO::write_OFF(out, pmesh);
     out.close();
     std::cout << "* finished writing the file" << std::endl;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp
index 92a452b3184..fe4120c5919 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/PLY_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
 
   std::ofstream out(fileinfo.filePath().toUtf8().data(), std::ios::binary);
   if (choice == tr("Binary"))
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode(out);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(out);
   else
     out.precision (std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10 + 2);
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp
index e144d24db4d..20fa2f36ca1 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/IO/STL_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -147,10 +147,10 @@ save(QFileInfo fileinfo,QList<CGAL::Three::Scene_item*>& items)
 
   std::ofstream out(fileinfo.filePath().toUtf8(), std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
   if ( choice == tr("Binary") )
-    CGAL::set_mode(out, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(out, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
   else
   {
-    CGAL::set_mode(out, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(out, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     out.precision (std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10 + 2);
   }
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp
index 4955f52c498..e2e77c8faff 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Plugins/Mesh_3/C3t3_io_plugin.cpp
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ operator>>( std::istream& is, Fake_CDT_3_vertex_base<Vb>& v)
 {
   is >> static_cast<typename Fake_CDT_3_vertex_base<Vb>::Base&>(v);
   char s;
-  if( CGAL::is_ascii(is) ) {
+  if( CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is) ) {
     is >> s;
     if( s == 'S' ) {
       v.steiner = true;
@@ -359,13 +359,13 @@ std::istream&
 operator>>( std::istream& is, Fake_CDT_3_cell_base<Cb>& c) {
   char s;
   for( int li = 0; li < 4; ++li ) {
-    if( CGAL::is_ascii(is) )
+    if( CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is) )
       is >> c.constrained_facet[li];
     else
       CGAL::read( is, c.constrained_facet[li] );
   }
 
-  if( CGAL::is_ascii(is) ) {
+  if( CGAL::IO::is_ascii(is) ) {
     is >> s;
     CGAL_assertion(s == '-');
   }
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ try_load_a_cdt_3(std::istream& is, C3t3& c3t3)
       return false;
     }
   }
-  if(binary) CGAL::set_binary_mode(is);
+  if(binary) CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(is);
   if(c3t3.triangulation().file_input<
        Fake_CDT_3,
        Update_vertex_from_CDT_3<Fake_CDT_3, C3t3::Triangulation>,
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ bool
 Polyhedron_demo_c3t3_binary_io_plugin::
 try_load_other_binary_format(std::istream& is, C3t3& c3t3)
 {
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(is);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(is);
   std::string s;
   if(!(is >> s)) return false;
   bool binary = false;
@@ -552,8 +552,8 @@ try_load_other_binary_format(std::istream& is, C3t3& c3t3)
       return false;
     }
   }
-  if(binary) CGAL::set_binary_mode(is);
-  else CGAL::set_ascii_mode(is);
+  if(binary) CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(is);
+  else CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(is);
   std::istream& f_is = c3t3.triangulation().file_input<
                          Fake_c3t3::Triangulation,
                          Update_vertex<Fake_c3t3::Triangulation, C3t3::Triangulation>,
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h
index fa32e1119cf..c34951335b6 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_c3t3_item.h
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public:
   bool save_ascii(std::ostream& os) const
   {
       os << "ascii CGAL c3t3 " << CGAL::Get_io_signature<C3t3>()() << "\n";
-      CGAL::set_ascii_mode(os);
+      CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(os);
       return !!(os << c3t3());
   }
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp
index 3af64ff323c..63707001765 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Scene_points_with_normal_item.cpp
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ bool Scene_points_with_normal_item::write_ply_point_set(std::ostream& stream, bo
     return false;
 
   if (binary)
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode (stream);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode (stream);
 
   return CGAL::IO::write_PLY(stream, *(d->m_points), d->m_comments);
 }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/read_surf_trianglemesh.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/read_surf_trianglemesh.h
index adbec646b3c..fc2ac29aeb3 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/read_surf_trianglemesh.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/read_surf_trianglemesh.h
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ void treat_surf_vertices(std::istream& input,
     double x(0),y(0),z(0);
     iss.clear();
     iss.str(line);
-    iss >> CGAL::iformat(x) >> CGAL::iformat(y) >> CGAL::iformat(z);
+    iss >> CGAL::IO::iformat(x) >> CGAL::IO::iformat(y) >> CGAL::IO::iformat(z);
     points.push_back(Point_3(x,y,z));
   }
 }
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_copy.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_copy.cpp
index eedf5d0c3e4..a110a0da229 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_copy.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_copy.cpp
@@ -97,14 +97,14 @@ int main( int argc, char **argv) {
     }
 
     if ( binary) {
-        vout << "CGAL::set_binary_mode( ofstream(" << name << "))" << endl;
-        CGAL::set_binary_mode( *p_out);
+        vout << "CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode( ofstream(" << name << "))" << endl;
+        CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode( *p_out);
     } else if ( noc) {
-        vout << "CGAL::set_ascii_mode( ofstream(" << name << "))" << endl;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( *p_out);
+        vout << "CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( ofstream(" << name << "))" << endl;
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( *p_out);
     } else {
-        vout << "CGAL::set_pretty_mode( ofstream(" << name << "))" << endl;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode( *p_out);
+        vout << "CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( ofstream(" << name << "))" << endl;
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( *p_out);
     }
 
     vout << "ofstream(" << name << ") << CGAL::Polyhedron_3 ..." << endl;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_normals.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_normals.cpp
index 15f044a9e97..2cfebd9696d 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_normals.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_normals.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main() {
     P.make_tetrahedron( p, q, r, s);
     std::transform( P.facets_begin(), P.facets_end(), P.planes_begin(),
                     Normal_vector());
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
     std::copy( P.planes_begin(), P.planes_end(),
                std::ostream_iterator<Vector_3>( std::cout, "\n"));
     return 0;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_off.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_off.cpp
index cecca0428e8..d1fdd179c41 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_off.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_off.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int main() {
     P.make_tetrahedron( p, q, r, s);
 
     // Write polyhedron in Object File Format (OFF).
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode( std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( std::cout);
     std::cout << "OFF" << std::endl << P.size_of_vertices() << ' '
               << P.size_of_facets() << " 0" << std::endl;
     std::copy( P.points_begin(), P.points_end(),
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_planes.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_planes.cpp
index 08c009acc85..02cc825cda3 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_planes.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_planes.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ int main() {
     P.make_tetrahedron( p, q, r, s);
     std::transform( P.facets_begin(), P.facets_end(), P.planes_begin(),
                     Plane_equation());
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
     std::copy( P.planes_begin(), P.planes_end(),
                std::ostream_iterator<Plane_3>( std::cout, "\n"));
     return 0;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_tetra.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_tetra.cpp
index d610ded2099..15a72a60b03 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_tetra.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_tetra.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ int main() {
 
     Polyhedron P;
     P.make_tetrahedron( p, q, r, s);
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode( std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( std::cout);
     for ( Vertex_iterator v = P.vertices_begin(); v != P.vertices_end(); ++v)
         std::cout << v->point() << std::endl;
     return 0;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vector.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vector.cpp
index c36b1aecaf0..9c4190a8e1e 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vector.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vector.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ int main() {
 
     Polyhedron P;    // alternative constructor: Polyhedron P(4,12,4);
     P.make_tetrahedron( p, q, r, s);
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode( std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( std::cout);
     std::copy( P.points_begin(), P.points_end(),
                std::ostream_iterator<Point_3>( std::cout, "\n"));
     return 0;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_normal.cpp b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_normal.cpp
index f39c08ed009..58d41655c40 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_normal.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_prog_vertex_normal.cpp
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ int main() {
     P.make_tetrahedron( p, q, r, s);
     std::for_each( P.facets_begin(),   P.facets_end(),   Facet_normal());
     std::for_each( P.vertices_begin(), P.vertices_end(), Vertex_normal());
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( std::cout);
     for ( Vertex_iterator i = P.vertices_begin(); i != P.vertices_end(); ++i)
         std::cout << i->normal() << std::endl;
     return 0;
diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/print_OFF.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/print_OFF.h
index 9e3e9a6e291..845539e0f8d 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/print_OFF.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/print_OFF.h
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ bool print_polyhedron_OFF(std::ostream& out,
                           bool verbose = false)
 {
   File_header_OFF header(verbose);
-  header.set_binary(is_binary(out));
-  header.set_no_comments(!is_pretty(out));
+  header.set_binary(IO::is_binary(out));
+  header.set_no_comments(!IO::is_pretty(out));
 
   return print_polyhedron_with_header_OFF(out, P, header);
 }
diff --git a/Polynomial/archive/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_traits_d.cpp b/Polynomial/archive/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_traits_d.cpp
index 0a866b15a59..832f98579ee 100644
--- a/Polynomial/archive/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_traits_d.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/archive/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_traits_d.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 
 template < typename AK>
 void test_AK_1(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 
   typedef typename AK::Integer Integer;
   typedef typename AK::Rational Rational;
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ void test_AK_1(){
 
 template < typename AK>
 void test_AK_2(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 
   typedef typename AK::Integer Integer;
   typedef typename AK::Rational Rational;
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ void test_AK_2(){
 
 template < typename AK>
 void test_AK_4(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 
   typedef typename AK::Integer Integer;
   typedef typename AK::Rational Rational;
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ void test_AK_4(){
 
 template < typename AK>
 void test_AK_5(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 
   typedef typename AK::Integer Integer;
   typedef typename AK::Rational Rational;
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ void test_AK_5(){
 
 template < typename AK>
 void test_AK_6(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cerr);
 
   typedef typename AK::Integer Integer;
   typedef typename AK::Rational Rational;
diff --git a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/coefficient_access.cpp b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/coefficient_access.cpp
index 0ca295a45f9..97f3dae76df 100644
--- a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/coefficient_access.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/coefficient_access.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Polynomial_type_generator.h>
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_type_generator<int,2>::Type Poly_2;
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<Poly_2>            PT_2;
 
diff --git a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/construction.cpp b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/construction.cpp
index 020d23ad8b4..9c21fc55bf4 100644
--- a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/construction.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/construction.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Polynomial_type_generator.h>
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_type_generator<int,2>::Type Poly_2;
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<Poly_2>            PT_2;
diff --git a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/degree.cpp b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/degree.cpp
index c86516fe44c..c4fadac65c2 100644
--- a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/degree.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/degree.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Polynomial_type_generator.h>
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_type_generator<int,2>::Type Poly_2;
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<Poly_2>            PT_2;
 
diff --git a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/gcd_up_to_constant_factor.cpp b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/gcd_up_to_constant_factor.cpp
index 1314ed41f5c..674b5aeb615 100644
--- a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/gcd_up_to_constant_factor.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/gcd_up_to_constant_factor.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Polynomial_type_generator.h>
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_type_generator<int,1>::Type Poly_1;
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<Poly_1>            PT_1;
 
diff --git a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/subresultants.cpp b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/subresultants.cpp
index 69dfda7c15c..339a5baa154 100644
--- a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/subresultants.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/subresultants.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Exact_integer.h>
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   typedef CGAL::Exact_integer Int;
 
diff --git a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/substitute.cpp b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/substitute.cpp
index 4b5ca70cf34..6f0c47217d3 100644
--- a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/substitute.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/substitute.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Polynomial_type_generator.h>
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_type_generator<int,2>::Type Poly_2;
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<Poly_2>            PT_2;
 
diff --git a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/swap_move.cpp b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/swap_move.cpp
index bcfb9210ae9..e6479c717ab 100644
--- a/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/swap_move.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/examples/Polynomial/swap_move.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Polynomial_type_generator.h>
 
 int main(){
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_type_generator<int,3>::Type Poly_3;
   typedef CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<Poly_3>            PT_3;
 
diff --git a/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Polynomial/Polynomial_type.h b/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Polynomial/Polynomial_type.h
index 9f4316aa3eb..fc08c137347 100644
--- a/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Polynomial/Polynomial_type.h
+++ b/Polynomial/include/CGAL/Polynomial/Polynomial_type.h
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ public:
      * of <I>x<SUP>i</SUP></I>. Missing coefficients are set to zero.
      * Whitespace is ignored.
      * The format of the coefficients must be understandable for
-     * <TT> is >> iformat(ai) </TT>.
+     * <TT> is >> IO::iformat(ai) </TT>.
      *
      * Example: A \c CGAL::Polynomial<int> with a value of
      * 4<I>x</I><SUP>2</SUP> - 1 has to be written as
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ Polynomial<NT> division(const Polynomial<NT>& p1,
  */
 template <class NT>
 std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Polynomial<NT>& p) {
-  switch(CGAL::get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(CGAL::IO::get_mode(os)) {
   case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
     p.output_maple(os); break;
   default:
@@ -1242,7 +1242,7 @@ std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Polynomial<NT>& p) {
  */
 template <class NT>
 std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, Polynomial<NT>& p) {
-  CGAL_precondition(!CGAL::is_pretty(is));
+  CGAL_precondition(!CGAL::IO::is_pretty(is));
   p = Polynomial<NT>::input_ascii(is);
   return is;
 }
@@ -1253,12 +1253,12 @@ void print_maple_monomial(std::ostream& os, const NT& coeff,
                           const std::string& var, int expn)
 {
   if (expn == 0 || coeff != NT(1)) {
-    os << CGAL::oformat(coeff, Parens_as_product_tag());
+    os << CGAL::IO::oformat(coeff, Parens_as_product_tag());
     if (expn >= 1) os << "*";
   }
   if (expn >= 1) {
     os << var;
-    if (expn > 1) os << "^" << CGAL::oformat(expn);
+    if (expn > 1) os << "^" << CGAL::IO::oformat(expn);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1291,12 +1291,12 @@ void Polynomial<NT>::output_maple(std::ostream& os) const {
 template <class NT>
 void Polynomial<NT>::output_ascii(std::ostream &os) const {
   const Polynomial<NT> &p = *this;
-  if (p.is_zero()) { os << "P[0 (0," << oformat(NT(0)) << ")]"; return; }
+  if (p.is_zero()) { os << "P[0 (0," << IO::oformat(NT(0)) << ")]"; return; }
 
-  os << "P[" << oformat(p.degree());
+  os << "P[" << IO::oformat(p.degree());
   for (int i = 0; i <= p.degree(); i++) {
-    if (p[i] != NT(0)) os << "(" << CGAL::oformat(i) << ","
-                          << CGAL::oformat(p[i]) << ")";
+    if (p[i] != NT(0)) os << "(" << CGAL::IO::oformat(i) << ","
+                          << CGAL::IO::oformat(p[i]) << ")";
   }
   os << "]";
 }
@@ -1371,7 +1371,7 @@ Polynomial<NT> Polynomial<NT>::input_ascii(std::istream &is) {
 
   internal::swallow(is, 'P');
   internal::swallow(is, '[');
-  is >> CGAL::iformat(degr);
+  is >> CGAL::IO::iformat(degr);
   if (degr < 0) {
     CGAL_error_msg( "input error: negative degree of polynomial specified");
   }
@@ -1381,12 +1381,12 @@ Polynomial<NT> Polynomial<NT>::input_ascii(std::istream &is) {
   do is.get(c); while (isspace(c));
   do {
     if (c != '(') CGAL_error_msg( "input error: ( expected");
-    is >> CGAL::iformat(i);
+    is >> CGAL::IO::iformat(i);
     if (!(i >= 0 && i <= degr && p[i] == NT(0))) {
       CGAL_error_msg( "input error: invalid exponent in polynomial");
     };
     internal::swallow(is, ',');
-    is >> CGAL::iformat(p.coeff(i));
+    is >> CGAL::IO::iformat(p.coeff(i));
     internal::swallow(is, ')');
     do is.get(c); while (isspace(c));
   } while (c != ']');
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Interpolator.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Interpolator.cpp
index 54d18be0db3..8f4c3a4351e 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Interpolator.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Interpolator.cpp
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void test_interpolator(){
 
 int main(){
 
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
     typedef CGAL::Arithmetic_kernel AK;
     typedef AK::Integer Integer;
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_core.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_core.cpp
index ff19c6474d6..50c93fc7b19 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_core.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_core.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ int main() {
     // Set wrong rounding mode to test modular arithmetic
     CGAL::Protect_FPU_rounding<true> pfr(CGAL_FE_UPWARD);
 
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
 #ifdef CGAL_USE_CORE
     {
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_leda.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_leda.cpp
index 2437bc1a36f..379f5ab37f6 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_leda.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/Polynomial_using_leda.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ int main() {
     // Set wrong rounding mode to test modular arithmetic
     CGAL::Protect_FPU_rounding<true> pfr(CGAL_FE_UPWARD);
 
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
 #ifdef CGAL_USE_LEDA
     {
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/include/CGAL/test_modular_gcd.h b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/include/CGAL/test_modular_gcd.h
index 108f89cd655..9e013d7e18c 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/include/CGAL/test_modular_gcd.h
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/include/CGAL/test_modular_gcd.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ void gcd_utcf_test(const NT& f, const NT& g, const NT& d) {
 template<class AT>
 void test_modular_gcd(Unique_factorization_domain_tag) {
 
-    ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
     typedef typename AT::Integer Integer;
     typedef Integer NT;
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void test_modular_gcd(Integral_domain_tag) {
     test_special_polynomials<AT>(Integral_domain_tag());
 
 
-    ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
     typedef typename AT::Integer Integer;
     typedef CGAL::Sqrt_extension<Integer  ,Integer> int_EXT_1;
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ template<class AT>
 void test_special_polynomials(Integral_domain_tag) {
 
 
-    ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
     typedef typename AT::Integer Integer;
     typedef CGAL::Sqrt_extension<Integer  ,Integer> int_EXT_1;
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/modular_gcd_utils.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/modular_gcd_utils.cpp
index a10dcabb7d8..c89923614ef 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/modular_gcd_utils.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/modular_gcd_utils.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ void test_modular_gcd_utils() {
   CGAL_USE_TYPE(Field_with_sqrt);
 
   CGAL::Random my_random(4711);
-  ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   typedef typename AT::Integer Integer;
   typedef Integer NT;
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_gcd.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_gcd.cpp
index 9f8b9c6d76b..aca5a767228 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_gcd.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_gcd.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ template<class POLY>
 void gcd_test(const POLY& f, const POLY& g, const POLY& d) {
     POLY tmp = CGAL::gcd(f, g);
 #ifdef WITH_OUTPUT
-    ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
     std::cout << "\ngcd: ";
     std::cout << "\nf(x) = " << f;
     std::cout << "\ng(x) = " << g;
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ void trivariate_polynomial_test() {
 
 template <class AT>
 void polynomial_gcd_test() {
-    ::CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+    ::CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
     std::cout<<" univariate "<<std::endl;
     univariate_polynomial_test<AT>();
     std::cout<<" bivariate "<<std::endl;
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_utils.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_utils.cpp
index d9a526c19d1..af7c858b9a3 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_utils.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/polynomial_utils.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 template <typename AK>
 void test_polynomial_utils(){
-  //CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  //CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   typedef typename AK::Integer Integer;
   typedef typename AK::Rational Rational;
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/resultant.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/resultant.cpp
index 61491583631..cf704773ae0 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/resultant.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/resultant.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ int main(){
   // Set wrong rounding mode to test modular arithmetic
   CGAL::Protect_FPU_rounding<true> pfr(CGAL_FE_UPWARD);
 
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   typedef CGAL::Arithmetic_kernel AK;
   typedef AK::Integer Integer;
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial.h b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial.h
index f962a34e20e..646057c636b 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial.h
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial.h
@@ -297,32 +297,32 @@ void io() {
         assert( p == q );
     }{
         std::ostringstream os;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(os);
-        os << oformat(POLY(NT(3)));
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
+        os << CGAL::IO::oformat(POLY(NT(3)));
         //std::cout <<os.str()<<std::endl;
         assert( os.str() == "3" );
     }{
         std::ostringstream os;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(os);
-        os << oformat(POLY(NT(-3)));
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
+        os << CGAL::IO::oformat(POLY(NT(-3)));
         assert( os.str() == "(-3)" );
     }{
         std::ostringstream os;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(os);
-        os << oformat(POLY(NT(-3)),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
+        os << CGAL::IO::oformat(POLY(NT(-3)),CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
         assert( os.str() == "(-3)" );
     }{
         std::ostringstream os;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(os);
-        os << oformat(POLY(NT(-3),NT(4)));
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
+        os << CGAL::IO::oformat(POLY(NT(-3),NT(4)));
         if( CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<POLY>::d == 1)
             assert( os.str() == "4*x + (-3)" );
         else
             assert( os.str() == "4*y + (-3)" );
     }{
         std::ostringstream os;
-        CGAL::set_pretty_mode(os);
-        os << oformat(POLY(NT(-3),NT(4)), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
+        CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(os);
+        os << CGAL::IO::oformat(POLY(NT(-3),NT(4)), CGAL::Parens_as_product_tag());
 
         if( CGAL::Polynomial_traits_d<POLY>::d == 1)
             assert( os.str() == "(4*x + (-3))" );
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial_Coercion_traits.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial_Coercion_traits.cpp
index 86a39477003..8ba6939b0d0 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial_Coercion_traits.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_polynomial_Coercion_traits.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ template<class A, class B> void test_coercion_from_to(A, B){
 
 template <typename AK>
 void test_coercion_traits(){
-  //CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  //CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   typedef typename AK::Integer  Integer;
   typedef typename AK::Rational Rational;
diff --git a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_subresultants.cpp b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_subresultants.cpp
index cc8b392d049..a9dd531777f 100644
--- a/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_subresultants.cpp
+++ b/Polynomial/test/Polynomial/test_subresultants.cpp
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ void test_routine() {
       assert(sres[2]==coP[2]*f + coQ[2]*g);
       assert(sres[1]==coP[1]*f + coQ[1]*g);
       assert(sres[0]==coP[0]*f + coQ[0]*g);
-      CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+      CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
       assert(sres[2]==sres_check[2]);
       assert(sres[1]==sres_check[1]);
       assert(sres[0]==sres_check[0]);
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ void test_routine() {
          std::back_inserter(sres),
          std::back_inserter(coP),
          std::back_inserter(coQ));
-      CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+      CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
       for(int i=static_cast<int>(sres.size()-1);i>=0;i--) {
         assert(sres[i]==coP[i]*f + coQ[i]*g);
         assert(sres_check[i]==sres[i]);
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ void test_routine() {
          std::back_inserter(sres),
          std::back_inserter(coP),
          std::back_inserter(coQ));
-      CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+      CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
       for(int i=static_cast<int>(sres.size()-1);i>=0;i--) {
         assert(sres[i]==coP[i]*f + coQ[i]*g);
         assert(sres_check[i]==sres[i]);
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ void test_routine() {
          std::back_inserter(sres),
          std::back_inserter(coP),
          std::back_inserter(coQ));
-      CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+      CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
       for(int i=static_cast<int>(sres.size()-1);i>=0;i--) {
         assert(sres[i]==coP[i]*f + coQ[i]*g);
         assert(sres_check[i]==sres[i]);
diff --git a/Polytope_distance_d/include/CGAL/Polytope_distance_d.h b/Polytope_distance_d/include/CGAL/Polytope_distance_d.h
index b52d1ca7219..ede3b47aa92 100644
--- a/Polytope_distance_d/include/CGAL/Polytope_distance_d.h
+++ b/Polytope_distance_d/include/CGAL/Polytope_distance_d.h
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
   typedef  typename Traits_::ET          ET;
   typedef  ostream_iterator<ET>          Et_it;
 
-  switch ( CGAL::get_mode( os)) {
+  switch ( CGAL::IO::get_mode( os)) {
 
   case CGAL::IO::PRETTY:
     os << "CGAL::Polytope_distance_d( |P+Q| = "
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ operator << ( std::ostream& os,
 
   default:
     CGAL_optimisation_assertion_msg( false,
-                                     "CGAL::get_mode( os) invalid!");
+                                     "CGAL::IO::get_mode( os) invalid!");
     break; }
 
   return( os);
diff --git a/Polytope_distance_d/test/Polytope_distance_d/test_Polytope_distance_d.h b/Polytope_distance_d/test/Polytope_distance_d/test_Polytope_distance_d.h
index 1f7f293fa5b..d0122d83486 100644
--- a/Polytope_distance_d/test/Polytope_distance_d/test_Polytope_distance_d.h
+++ b/Polytope_distance_d/test/Polytope_distance_d/test_Polytope_distance_d.h
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ test_Polytope_distance_d( ForwardIterator p_first, ForwardIterator p_last,
     CGAL::Verbose_ostream verr0( verbose == 0);
     CGAL::Verbose_ostream verr1( verbose == 1);
     CGAL::Verbose_ostream verrX( verbose == 2);
-    CGAL::set_pretty_mode( verr.out());
+    CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode( verr.out());
 
     bool  is_valid_verbose = ( verbose > 1);
 
diff --git a/QP_solver/include/CGAL/QP_models.h b/QP_solver/include/CGAL/QP_models.h
index 500a4350d2a..c2c19285096 100644
--- a/QP_solver/include/CGAL/QP_models.h
+++ b/QP_solver/include/CGAL/QP_models.h
@@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ private:
   template<typename NumberType>
   bool number(NumberType& entry) {
     // whitespace(); the following >> should care for this
-    from >> CGAL::iformat(entry);
+    from >> CGAL::IO::iformat(entry);
     return from.good();
   }
 
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/algorithm.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/algorithm.h
index d55a6d01b87..34ca7c58cf5 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/algorithm.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/algorithm.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/config.h>
 #include <CGAL/utils.h>
 #include <CGAL/enum.h>
+#include <CGAL/IO/io.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <iostream>
@@ -280,8 +281,8 @@ output_range(std::ostream& os,
 {
     InputIterator it = first;
     if (it != beyond) {
-        os << pre << oformat(*it) << post;
-        while (++it != beyond) os << sep << pre << oformat(*it) << post;
+        os << pre << CGAL::IO::oformat(*it) << post;
+        while (++it != beyond) os << sep << pre << CGAL::IO::oformat(*it) << post;
     }
     return os;
 }
diff --git a/STL_Extension/test/STL_Extension/test_lexcompare_outputrange.cpp b/STL_Extension/test/STL_Extension/test_lexcompare_outputrange.cpp
index 2ec6be68f18..7e316f70bbc 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/test/STL_Extension/test_lexcompare_outputrange.cpp
+++ b/STL_Extension/test/STL_Extension/test_lexcompare_outputrange.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ void test_lex_compare() {
 void test_output_range() {
     std::ostringstream os;
     std::ostream* sp;
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(os);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(os);
 
     assert(os.str() == "");
 
diff --git a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2_impl.h b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2_impl.h
index 846e4ad80a2..43c1ca7b1ef 100644
--- a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2_impl.h
+++ b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2_impl.h
@@ -2975,71 +2975,71 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os, const Storage_site_2& t,
   if ( t.is_point() ) {
     // 0 for point
     os << 0;
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
     if ( t.is_input() ) {
       // 0 for input
       os << 0;
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.point()];
     } else {
       // 1 for non-input
       os << 1;
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_supporting_site(0)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_supporting_site(0)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_supporting_site(1)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_supporting_site(1)];
     }
   } else { // t is a segment
     // 1 for segment
     os << 1;
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
     if ( t.is_input() ) {
       // 0 for input
       os << 0;
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_supporting_site()];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_supporting_site()];
     } else if ( t.is_input(0) ) {
       // 1 for input source
       os << 1;
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_supporting_site()];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_supporting_site()];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_crossing_site(1)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_crossing_site(1)];
     } else if ( t.is_input(1) ) {
       // 2 for input target
       os << 2;
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_supporting_site()];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_supporting_site()];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_crossing_site(0)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_crossing_site(0)];
     } else {
       // 3 for non-input src & trg
       os << 3;
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_supporting_site()];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_supporting_site()];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_crossing_site(0)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_crossing_site(0)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.source_of_crossing_site(1)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
       os << P[t.target_of_crossing_site(1)];
     }
   }
@@ -3133,7 +3133,7 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os, Point_handle_mapper& P,
 
   CGAL_assertion( n >= 1 );
 
-  if( is_ascii(os) ) {
+  if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) {
     os << n << ' ' << m << ' ' << dimension() << std::endl;
   } else {
     os << n << m << dimension();
@@ -3141,24 +3141,24 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os, Point_handle_mapper& P,
 
   // points in point container and input sites container
   if ( print_point_container ) {
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     os << pc_.size();
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     for (const_Point_handle ph = pc_.begin(); ph != pc_.end(); ++ph) {
       os << *ph;
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     }
 
     // print the input sites container
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     os << isc_.size();
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     for (typename Input_sites_container::const_iterator it = isc_.begin();
          it != isc_.end(); ++it) {
       os << P[boost::tuples::get<0>(*it)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
       os << P[boost::tuples::get<1>(*it)];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     }
   }
 
@@ -3170,7 +3170,7 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os, Point_handle_mapper& P,
   V[infinite_vertex()] = inum++;
 
   // finite vertices
-  if (is_ascii(os)) os << std::endl;
+  if (IO::is_ascii(os)) os << std::endl;
   for (Finite_vertices_iterator vit = finite_vertices_begin();
        vit != finite_vertices_end(); ++vit) {
     V[vit] = inum++;
@@ -3178,9 +3178,9 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os, Point_handle_mapper& P,
     file_output(os, vit->storage_site(), P);
     // write non-combinatorial info of the vertex
     //    os << *vit ;
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
   }
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
 
   // vertices of the faces
   inum = 0;
@@ -3190,25 +3190,25 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os, Point_handle_mapper& P,
     F[fit] = inum++;
     for(int j = 0; j < dim ; ++j) {
       os << V[ fit->vertex(j) ];
-      if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
     }
     // write non-combinatorial info of the face
     //    os << *fit ;
-    if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
   }
-  if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+  if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
 
   // neighbor pointers of the  faces
   for( All_faces_iterator it = all_faces_begin();
        it != all_faces_end(); ++it) {
     for(int j = 0; j < dimension()+1; ++j){
       os << F[ it->neighbor(j) ];
-      if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
+      if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << ' '; }
     }
-    if( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
   }
 
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h
index b145c0b2b7f..14697569e3c 100644
--- a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h
+++ b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_hierarchy_2_impl.h
@@ -1031,10 +1031,10 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os) const
 
   // write each level of the hierarchy
   hierarchy[0]->file_output(os, P, true);
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   for (unsigned int i = 1; i < sdg_hierarchy_2__maxlevel; ++i) {
     hierarchy[i]->file_output(os, P, false);
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   }
 
   Vertex_map* V = new Vertex_map[sdg_hierarchy_2__maxlevel];
@@ -1070,22 +1070,22 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os) const
   }
 
   // write up and down pointer info
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < sdg_hierarchy_2__maxlevel; ++i) {
     os << i;
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
     os << hierarchy[i]->number_of_vertices();
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     for (Finite_vertices_iterator vit = hierarchy[i]->finite_vertices_begin();
          vit != hierarchy[i]->finite_vertices_end(); ++vit) {
       os << V[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
       os << V_down[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
       os << V_up[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     }
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   }
 
   delete[] V;
diff --git a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Polychain_2.h b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Polychain_2.h
index 97c79b448ff..ad110495054 100644
--- a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Polychain_2.h
+++ b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Polychain_2.h
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream &os,
               ::Vertex_const_iterator
            i;
 
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       os << p.size() << ' ';
       for (i = p.vertices_begin(); i != p.vertices_end(); ++i) {
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream &os,
 {
   typename Polychainray_2<Traits_P,Container_P>::Vertex_const_iterator i;
 
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       os << p.size() << ' ';
       for (i = p.vertices_begin(); i != p.vertices_end(); ++i) {
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream &os,
 {
   typename Polychainline_2<Traits_P,Container_P>::Vertex_const_iterator i;
 
-  switch(get_mode(os)) {
+  switch(IO::get_mode(os)) {
     case IO::ASCII :
       os << p.size() << ' ';
       os << ", dinc=" << p.get_incoming() << ", ";
diff --git a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_hierarchy_2_impl.h b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_hierarchy_2_impl.h
index 38fbec9d6ab..2dcc22dc739 100644
--- a/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_hierarchy_2_impl.h
+++ b/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/include/CGAL/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_2/Segment_Delaunay_graph_Linf_hierarchy_2_impl.h
@@ -1097,10 +1097,10 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os) const
 
   // write each level of the hierarchy
   hierarchy[0]->file_output(os, P, true);
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   for (unsigned int i = 1; i < sdg_hierarchy_2__maxlevel; ++i) {
     hierarchy[i]->file_output(os, P, false);
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   }
 
   Vertex_map* V = new Vertex_map[sdg_hierarchy_2__maxlevel];
@@ -1136,22 +1136,22 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os) const
   }
 
   // write up and down pointer info
-  if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+  if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < sdg_hierarchy_2__maxlevel; ++i) {
     os << i;
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
     os << hierarchy[i]->number_of_vertices();
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     for (Finite_vertices_iterator vit = hierarchy[i]->finite_vertices_begin();
          vit != hierarchy[i]->finite_vertices_end(); ++vit) {
       os << V[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
       os << V_down[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << " "; }
       os << V_up[i][vit];
-      if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
+      if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl; }
     }
-    if ( is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
+    if ( IO::is_ascii(os) ) { os << std::endl << std::endl; }
   }
 
   delete[] V;
diff --git a/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp b/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
index f6e20bd24fe..f1886f0d286 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load xyz data either from a local folder or a user-provided file.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_2.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp b/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
index 8ab4ef6e56d..2660463dbc0 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/benchmark/Shape_detection/benchmark_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load xyz data either from a local folder or a user-provided file.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_3.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
index a98ed11da0d..a5c34a74897 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
 
     std::ostream& operator()(std::ostream& out) const {
 
-      if (is_ascii(out))
+      if (IO::is_ascii(out))
         out << int(c[0]) << " " << int(c[1]) << " " << int(c[2]);
       else
         out.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&c), sizeof(c));
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load xyz data either from a local folder or a user-provided file.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_2.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
     std::ofstream out(fullpath);
 
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(out);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(out);
     CGAL::IO::write_PLY_with_properties(
       out, pwc,
       CGAL::make_ply_point_writer(PLY_Point_map()),
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
index 10b6a9ab006..cea02376e11 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load xyz data either from a local folder or a user-provided file.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_3.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
index 63002bea13d..152b8826889 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/examples/Shape_detection/region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load off data either from a local folder or a user-provided file.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/polygon_mesh.off");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_basic.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_basic.cpp
index ddb88052d49..0a91ffefc76 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_basic.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_basic.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_2.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_cube.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_cube.cpp
index b91d80fdaec..e3ea45870ad 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_cube.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_cube.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ bool test_region_growing_on_cube(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/cube.off");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_degenerated_mesh.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_degenerated_mesh.cpp
index 70fddd80347..155db88d445 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_degenerated_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_degenerated_mesh.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ bool test_region_growing_on_degenerated_mesh(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/degenerated.off");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
index e43ec1d60d0..ec1061d85cd 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ bool test_region_growing_on_point_set_2(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_2.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2_with_sorting.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2_with_sorting.cpp
index 27bf5584907..902e3f9b9a0 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2_with_sorting.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_2_with_sorting.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_2.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
index 95a49104927..b8b2e804b9a 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ bool test_region_growing_on_point_set_3(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_3.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3_with_sorting.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3_with_sorting.cpp
index 8b23d9acc50..029a7072dd7 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3_with_sorting.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_point_set_3_with_sorting.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/point_set_3.xyz");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
index c3e6142f6f9..e7cf528ef18 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ bool test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/polygon_mesh.off");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh_with_sorting.cpp b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh_with_sorting.cpp
index 44e457460af..ff8b20ccae9 100644
--- a/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh_with_sorting.cpp
+++ b/Shape_detection/test/Shape_detection/test_region_growing_on_polygon_mesh_with_sorting.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   // Load data.
   std::ifstream in(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "data/polygon_mesh.off");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   if (!in) {
     std::cout <<
diff --git a/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/binary.cpp b/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/binary.cpp
index 00ec5cc97ad..fa04ed04b2c 100644
--- a/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/binary.cpp
+++ b/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/binary.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   std::ifstream ascii(argv[1]);
   ascii >> d >> N;
   std::ofstream binary(argv[2], std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(binary);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(binary);
   CGAL::write(binary, d);
   CGAL::write(binary, N);
   for(int i=0; i < N; i++){
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   std::ifstream binary(argv[1], std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
   std::ofstream bbox(argv[2], std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(bbox);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(binary);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(bbox);
   CGAL::read(binary,d);
   CGAL::read(binary,N);
   CGAL::write(bbox, d);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   std::ifstream binary(argv[1], std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
   std::ofstream ascii(argv[2]);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(binary);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(binary);
   CGAL::read(binary,d);
   CGAL::read(binary,N);
   ascii << d << std::endl << N << std::endl;
diff --git a/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3cgal.cpp b/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3cgal.cpp
index 5df37fe8632..58fba65de4d 100644
--- a/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3cgal.cpp
+++ b/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3cgal.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ void read(Points& points, char* argv)
 
 #else
  std::ifstream data(argv, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(data);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(data);
   CGAL::read(data,d);
   CGAL::read(data,n);
 
diff --git a/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3nanoflan.cpp b/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3nanoflan.cpp
index a2510e2187b..63da87f0128 100644
--- a/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3nanoflan.cpp
+++ b/Spatial_searching/benchmark/Spatial_searching/nn3nanoflan.cpp
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ void kdtree_demo(int argc, char** argv)
 
         // Generate points:
         std::ifstream input(argv[1], std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
-        CGAL::set_binary_mode(input);
+        CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(input);
         //        input >> n >> n; // dimension and # of points
         CGAL::read(input,n);
         CGAL::read(input,n);
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void kdtree_demo(int argc, char** argv)
 
         std::vector<Point<double> > queries;
         std::ifstream queries_stream(argv[2], std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
-        CGAL::set_binary_mode(queries_stream);
+        CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(queries_stream);
         CGAL::read(queries_stream,n);
         CGAL::read(queries_stream,n);
         // queries_stream >> n >> n;
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp
index c3e87ac3cfe..709158ffbc2 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls.cpp
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ IRegionPtr load_region( string file, int aShift, int& rStatus )
     ifstream in(file.c_str());
     if ( in )
     {
-      CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+      CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
       rRegion = IRegionPtr( new IRegion() ) ;
 
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_offset.cpp b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_offset.cpp
index 240bc06ab49..0bbfd140895 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_offset.cpp
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_offset.cpp
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ void test_offset(const char* filename)
   std::ifstream in(filename);
   assert(in);
 
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   std::vector<Point> points;
   std::vector<Polygon_2> polys;
diff --git a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_simple.cpp b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_simple.cpp
index 3153eae74e4..4bddf279d39 100644
--- a/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_simple.cpp
+++ b/Straight_skeleton_2/test/Straight_skeleton_2/test_sls_simple.cpp
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ void test_skeleton(const char* filename,
   std::ifstream in(filename);
   assert(in);
 
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
 
   std::vector<Polygon_2> polys;
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/benchmark/Stream_support/read_doubles.cpp b/Stream_support/benchmark/Stream_support/read_doubles.cpp
index ce14a76f97e..52014f67637 100644
--- a/Stream_support/benchmark/Stream_support/read_doubles.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/benchmark/Stream_support/read_doubles.cpp
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     std::cerr << "iformat"<< std::endl;
     t.start();
     for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
-      in >> CGAL::iformat(d);
+      in >> CGAL::IO::iformat(d);
       sum+= d;
     }
     t.stop();
diff --git a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt
index 111305a7583..5571d483637 100644
--- a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt
+++ b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/IOstream.txt
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ is in <span class="textsc">Ascii</span> mode.
 
 \code{.cpp}
 IO::Mode set_mode(std::ios& s, IO::Mode m);
-IO::Mode set_ascii_mode(std::ios& s);
-IO::Mode set_binary_mode(std::ios& s);
-IO::Mode set_pretty_mode(std::ios& s);
+IO::Mode IO::set_ascii_mode(std::ios& s);
+IO::Mode IO::set_binary_mode(std::ios& s);
+IO::Mode IO::set_pretty_mode(std::ios& s);
 \endcode
 
 The following functions enable testing whether a stream is in a certain mode:
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ main()
   Point p, q;
   Segment s;
 
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(std::cin);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(std::cin);
   std::cin >> p >> q;
 
   std::ifstream f("data.txt");
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(f);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(f);
   f >> s >> p;
 
   return 1;
@@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ int main()
   Point p(0,1), q(2,2);
   Segment s(p,q);
 
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
   std::cout << p << std::endl << q << std::endl;
 
   std::ofstream f("data.txt");
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(f);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(f);
   f << s << p ;
 
   return 1;
@@ -181,12 +181,12 @@ For types with a `Output_rep` specialization, the respective output routine of `
 will be called by `oformat()`. Otherwise, the stream output operator will be called.
 
 \code{.cpp}
-std::cout << CGAL::oformat( myobject );
+std::cout << CGAL::IO::oformat( myobject );
 \endcode
 
 Optionally, you can provide a second template parameter `F` as a formatting tag:
 \code{.cpp}
-std::cout << CGAL::oformat( myobject, My_formatting_tag() );
+std::cout << CGAL::IO::oformat( myobject, My_formatting_tag() );
 \endcode
 
 For a list of formatting tags supported by the type `T`, please
diff --git a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt
index 7306ef0bd2c..cb40fcd8607 100644
--- a/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt
+++ b/Stream_support/doc/Stream_support/PackageDescription.txt
@@ -75,18 +75,18 @@ the printing mode.
 - `CGAL::Output_rep<T,F>`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{Functions}
-- `CGAL::get_mode()`
-- `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-- `CGAL::is_binary()`
-- `CGAL::is_pretty()`
-- `CGAL::set_mode()`
-- `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-- `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-- `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
+- `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+- `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+- `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+- `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
+- `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+- `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+- `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+- `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
 - \link IOstreamOperators `CGAL::operator>>()` \endlink
 - \link IOstreamOperators `CGAL::operator<<()` \endlink
-- `CGAL::iformat()`
-- `CGAL::oformat()`
+- `CGAL::IO::iformat()`
+- `CGAL::IO::oformat()`
 
 \cgalCRPSection{I/O Functions}
 - `CGAL::IO::read_polygon_soup()`
diff --git a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/iv2off.cpp b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/iv2off.cpp
index 91e89957d55..231c7cff65d 100644
--- a/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/iv2off.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/examples/Stream_support/iv2off.cpp
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@ int main( int argc, char **argv) {
         exit( 1);
     }
 
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(* p_in);
-    CGAL::set_ascii_mode(* p_out);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(* p_in);
+    CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(* p_out);
 
     vout << "Scanning Inventor file `" << iname << "' ....\n--------" << endl;
     iv_file_scanner( *p_in);
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
index b4eca5aa3b4..bf5af235cb3 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/GOCAD.h
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ bool read_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                 )
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   std::pair<std::string, std::string> dummy;
   return read_GOCAD(is, dummy, points, polygons, np);
 }
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ bool write_GOCAD(const std::string& fname,
                  )
 {
   std::ofstream os(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   return internal::write_GOCAD(os, fname.c_str(), points, polygons, np);
 }
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h
index f8467ade4e3..c886fd69c9a 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ.h
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ bool read_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
               )
 {
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   return read_OBJ(is, points, polygons, np);
 }
 
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ bool write_OBJ(const std::string& fname,
                )
 {
   std::ofstream os(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
 
   return write_OBJ(os, points, polygons, np);
 }
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ/File_writer_wavefront.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ/File_writer_wavefront.h
index 4736a201753..941fc1d9eae 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ/File_writer_wavefront.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OBJ/File_writer_wavefront.h
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ public:
   void write_footer() const { out() << "\n# End of Wavefront obj format #" << std::endl; }
 
   void write_vertex(const double x, const double y, const double z) {
-    out() << "v " << oformat(x) << ' ' << oformat(y) << ' ' << oformat(z) << '\n';
+    out() << "v " << IO::oformat(x) << ' ' << IO::oformat(y) << ' ' << IO::oformat(z) << '\n';
   }
 
   void write_vertex_normal(const double x, const double y, const double z) {
-    out() << "vn " << oformat(x) << ' ' << oformat(y) << ' ' << oformat(z) << '\n';
+    out() << "vn " << IO::oformat(x) << ' ' << IO::oformat(y) << ' ' << IO::oformat(z) << '\n';
   }
 
   void write_vertex_color(const double, const double, const double) { }
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h
index 81a50722ba1..90c1ed4305f 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_scanner_OFF.h
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ public:
       std::istringstream issline(line);
       entries.clear();
       double d;
-      while(issline >> iformat(d)){
+      while(issline >> IO::iformat(d)){
         entries.push_back(d);
       }
 
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ public:
       std::istringstream issline(line);
       entries.clear();
       double d;
-      while(issline >> iformat(d)){
+      while(issline >> IO::iformat(d)){
         entries.push_back(d);
       }
       if(entries.empty())
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_writer_OFF.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_writer_OFF.h
index 56edbf80fdf..91860254f47 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_writer_OFF.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OFF/File_writer_OFF.h
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public:
     }
     else
     {
-      out() << '\n' << oformat(x) << ' ' << oformat(y) << ' ' << oformat(z);
+      out() << '\n' << IO::oformat(x) << ' ' << IO::oformat(y) << ' ' << IO::oformat(z);
     }
   }
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public:
     }
     else
     {
-      out() << ' ' << ' ' << oformat(x) << ' ' << oformat(y) << ' ' << oformat(z);
+      out() << ' ' << ' ' << IO::oformat(x) << ' ' << IO::oformat(y) << ' ' << IO::oformat(z);
     }
   }
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ public:
     }
     else
     {
-      out() << ' ' << ' ' << oformat(r) << ' ' << oformat(g) << ' ' << oformat(b);
+      out() << ' ' << ' ' << IO::oformat(r) << ' ' << IO::oformat(g) << ' ' << IO::oformat(b);
     }
   }
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ public:
     }
     else
     {
-      out() << ' ' << ' ' << oformat(tx) << ' ' << oformat(ty);
+      out() << ' ' << ' ' << IO::oformat(tx) << ' ' << IO::oformat(ty);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OI/File_writer_inventor.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OI/File_writer_inventor.h
index 587e4f14800..c10a9b7df9a 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OI/File_writer_inventor.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/OI/File_writer_inventor.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public:
 
   void write_vertex( const double x, const double y, const double z)
   {
-    out() << "            " << oformat(x) << ' ' << oformat(y) << ' ' << oformat(z) << ',' <<'\n';
+    out() << "            " << IO::oformat(x) << ' ' << IO::oformat(y) << ' ' << IO::oformat(z) << ',' <<'\n';
   }
 
   void write_vertex_normal(const double, const double, const double) { }
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h
index 692525675e5..6c38859388d 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY.h
@@ -393,13 +393,13 @@ bool read_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return read_PLY(is, points, polygons, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return read_PLY(is, points, polygons, np);
   }
 }
@@ -555,13 +555,13 @@ bool write_PLY(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return write_PLY(os, points, polygons, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return write_PLY(os, points, polygons, np);
   }
 }
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h
index 6d144761842..98c2fc0268d 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_reader.h
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ public:
 
   void read_ascii(std::istream& stream, float& t) const
   {
-    if(!(stream >> iformat(t)))
+    if(!(stream >> IO::iformat(t)))
       stream.clear(std::ios::badbit);
   }
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_writer.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_writer.h
index 901fdd63044..225aa740a3f 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_writer.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/PLY/PLY_writer.h
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ template <typename ForwardIterator,
           typename PropertyMap>
 void property_write(std::ostream& stream, ForwardIterator it, PropertyMap map)
 {
-  stream << CGAL::oformat(get(map, *it));
+  stream << CGAL::IO::oformat(get(map, *it));
 }
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ void simple_property_write(std::ostream& stream,
                            ForwardIterator it,
                            std::pair<PropertyMap, PLY_property<T> > map)
 {
-  if(CGAL::get_mode(stream) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
+  if(CGAL::IO::get_mode(stream) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
     stream << no_char_character(get(map.first, *it));
   else
   {
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ void simple_property_write(std::ostream& stream,
 {
   const typename PropertyMap::reference value = get(map.first, *it);
 
-  if(CGAL::get_mode(stream) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
+  if(CGAL::IO::get_mode(stream) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
   {
     stream << value.size();
     for(std::size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); ++ i)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ void output_properties(std::ostream& stream,
                        std::tuple<PropertyMap, PLY_property<T>... >&& current)
 {
   property_write(stream, it, std::get<0>(current));
-  if(get_mode(stream) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
+  if(CGAL::IO::get_mode(stream) == CGAL::IO::ASCII)
     stream << std::endl;
 }
 
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h
index 0d045451f61..52507655d33 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/STL.h
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ bool read_STL(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ifstream is(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(is, BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, BINARY);
     if(read_STL(is, points, facets, np))
     {
       return true;
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ bool read_STL(const std::string& fname,
     facets.clear();
   }
   std::ifstream is(fname);
-  CGAL::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+  CGAL::IO::set_mode(is, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
   bool v = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np, internal_np::verbose),
                             false);
   return read_STL(is, points, facets, CGAL::parameters::verbose(v).use_binary_mode(false));
@@ -427,13 +427,13 @@ bool write_STL(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return write_STL(os, points, facets, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return write_STL(os, points, facets, np);
   }
 }
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/File_writer_VRML_2.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/File_writer_VRML_2.h
index 48e58fa64ec..e95c5c2467d 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/File_writer_VRML_2.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VRML/File_writer_VRML_2.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public:
   void write_vertex( const double x, const double y, const double z)
   {
     out() << "                                "
-          << oformat(x) << ' ' << oformat(y) << ' ' << oformat(z) << ',' << '\n';
+          << IO::oformat(x) << ' ' << IO::oformat(y) << ' ' << IO::oformat(z) << ',' << '\n';
   }
   void write_vertex_normal(const double, const double, const double) { }
   void write_vertex_color(const double, const double, const double) { }
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h
index fcd541de756..68fed07bef2 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/VTK.h
@@ -485,13 +485,13 @@ bool write_VTP(const std::string& fname,
   if(binary)
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname, std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::BINARY);
     return write_VTP(os, points, polygons, np);
   }
   else
   {
     std::ofstream os(fname);
-    CGAL::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(os, CGAL::IO::ASCII);
     return write_VTP(os, points, polygons, np);
   }
 }
diff --git a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h
index f3d25edbd5f..7b103f9b9cf 100644
--- a/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h
+++ b/Stream_support/include/CGAL/IO/io.h
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ would be `PointC2(0.0, 0.0)`.  At the moment \cgal does not
 provide input operations for pretty printed data. By default a stream
 is in <span class="textsc">Ascii</span> mode.
 
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
 enum Mode {ASCII = 0, PRETTY, BINARY};
 
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ as `cout` or `cerr`, as well as to `std::ostringstream`
 and `std::ofstream`.
 The output operator is defined for all classes in the \cgal `Kernel` and for the class `Color` as well.
 
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
 ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, Class c);
 
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ from the class `istream`. This allows to read from istreams
 as `std::cin`, as well as from `std::istringstream` and `std::ifstream`.
 The input operator is defined for all classes in the \cgal `Kernel`.
 
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
 istream& operator>>(istream& is, Class c);
 #endif
@@ -199,6 +199,8 @@ public:
 template <class T, class F>
 std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, Output_rep<T,F> rep) { return rep( out); }
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
@@ -219,6 +221,8 @@ Generic IO for type `T` with formatting tag.
 template <class T, class F>
 Output_rep<T,F> oformat( const T& t, F) { return Output_rep<T,F>(t); }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
@@ -394,6 +398,8 @@ The input operator is defined for all classes in the \cgal `Kernel`.
 template <class T>
 std::istream& operator>>( std::istream& in, Input_rep<T> rep) { return rep(in); }
 
+namespace IO {
+
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
@@ -402,6 +408,8 @@ The definition of this function is completely symmetric to `oformat()`.
 template <class T>
 Input_rep<T> iformat( T& t) { return Input_rep<T>(t); }
 
+} // namespace IO
+
 template <class T, class F = Null_tag >
 class Benchmark_rep
 {
@@ -420,6 +428,8 @@ public:
 template <class T, class F>
 std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, Benchmark_rep<T,F> rep) { return rep( out); }
 
+namespace IO {
+
 template <class T>
 Benchmark_rep<T> bmformat( const T& t) { return Benchmark_rep<T>(t); }
 
@@ -432,82 +442,82 @@ Benchmark_rep<T,F> bmformat( const T& t, F) { return Benchmark_rep<T,F>(t); }
 returns the printing mode of the %IO stream `s`.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
-inline IO::Mode get_mode(std::ios& i)
+inline Mode get_mode(std::ios& i)
 {
-  return static_cast<IO::Mode>(i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()));
+  return static_cast<Mode>(i.iword(Static::get_mode()));
 }
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
-sets the mode of the %IO stream `s` to be the `IO::ASCII` mode.
+sets the mode of the %IO stream `s` to be the `ASCII` mode.
 Returns the previous mode of `s`.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
-inline IO::Mode set_ascii_mode(std::ios& i)
+inline Mode set_ascii_mode(std::ios& i)
 {
-  IO::Mode m = get_mode(i);
-  i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()) = IO::ASCII;
+  Mode m = get_mode(i);
+  i.iword(Static::get_mode()) = ASCII;
   return m;
 }
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
-sets the mode of the %IO stream `s` to be the `IO::BINARY` mode.
+sets the mode of the %IO stream `s` to be the `BINARY` mode.
 Returns the previous mode of `s`.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
-inline IO::Mode set_binary_mode(std::ios& i)
+inline Mode set_binary_mode(std::ios& i)
 {
-  IO::Mode m = get_mode(i);
-  i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()) = IO::BINARY;
+  Mode m = get_mode(i);
+  i.iword(Static::get_mode()) = BINARY;
   return m;
 }
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
-sets the mode of the %IO stream `s` to be the `IO::PRETTY` mode.
+sets the mode of the %IO stream `s` to be the `PRETTY` mode.
 Returns the previous mode of `s`.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
-inline IO::Mode set_pretty_mode(std::ios& i)
+inline Mode set_pretty_mode(std::ios& i)
 {
-  IO::Mode m = get_mode(i);
-  i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()) = IO::PRETTY;
+  Mode m = get_mode(i);
+  i.iword(Static::get_mode()) = PRETTY;
   return m;
 }
 
@@ -517,68 +527,70 @@ inline IO::Mode set_pretty_mode(std::ios& i)
 sets the printing mode of the %IO stream `s`.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
-inline IO::Mode set_mode(std::ios& i, IO::Mode m)
+inline Mode set_mode(std::ios& i, Mode m)
 {
-  IO::Mode old = get_mode(i);
-  i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()) = m;
+  Mode old = get_mode(i);
+  i.iword(Static::get_mode()) = m;
   return old;
 }
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
-checks if the %IO stream `s` is in `IO::PRETTY` mode.
+checks if the %IO stream `s` is in `PRETTY` mode.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
 */
-inline bool is_pretty(std::ios& i) { return i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()) == IO::PRETTY; }
+inline bool is_pretty(std::ios& i) { return i.iword(Static::get_mode()) == PRETTY; }
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
-checks if the %IO stream `s` is in `IO::ASCII` mode.
+checks if the %IO stream `s` is in `ASCII` mode.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_binary()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_binary()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
-inline bool is_ascii(std::ios& i) { return i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()) == IO::ASCII; }
+inline bool is_ascii(std::ios& i) { return i.iword(Static::get_mode()) == ASCII; }
 
 /*!
 \ingroup PkgStreamSupportRef
 
-checks if the %IO stream `s` is in `IO::BINARY` mode.
+checks if the %IO stream `s` is in `BINARY` mode.
 
 \link PkgStreamSupportEnumRef `CGAL::IO::Mode`\endlink
-\sa `CGAL::set_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_ascii_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_binary_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::set_pretty_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::get_mode()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_ascii()`
-\sa `CGAL::is_pretty()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::get_mode()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_ascii()`
+\sa `CGAL::IO::is_pretty()`
 */
-inline bool is_binary(std::ios& i) { return i.iword(IO::Static::get_mode()) == IO::BINARY; }
+inline bool is_binary(std::ios& i) { return i.iword(Static::get_mode()) == BINARY; }
+
+} // namespace IO
 
 template < class T >
 inline void write(std::ostream& os, const T& t, const io_Read_write&)
@@ -589,7 +601,7 @@ inline void write(std::ostream& os, const T& t, const io_Read_write&)
 template < class T >
 inline void write(std::ostream& os, const T& t, const io_Operator&)
 {
-  os << oformat(t);
+  os << IO::oformat(t);
 }
 
 template < class T >
@@ -613,7 +625,7 @@ inline void read(std::istream& is, T& t, const io_Read_write&)
 template < class T >
 inline void read(std::istream& is, T& t, const io_Operator&)
 {
-  is >> iformat(t);
+  is >> IO::iformat(t);
 }
 
 template < class T >
@@ -628,16 +640,18 @@ inline void read(std::istream& is, T& t)
   read(is, t, typename Io_traits<T>::Io_tag());
 }
 
-inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, const IO::Color& col)
+namespace IO {
+
+inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, const Color& col)
 {
   switch(get_mode(out))
   {
-    case IO::ASCII :
+    case ASCII :
       return out << static_cast<int>(col.red())   << ' '
                  << static_cast<int>(col.green()) << ' '
                  << static_cast<int>(col.blue()) << ' '
                  << static_cast<int>(col.alpha());
-    case IO::BINARY :
+    case BINARY :
       out.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(col.to_rgba().data()), 4);
       return out;
     default:
@@ -648,21 +662,21 @@ inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, const IO::Color& col)
   }
 }
 
-inline std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, IO::Color& col)
+inline std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, Color& col)
 {
   unsigned char r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, a = 0;
   int ir = 0, ig = 0, ib = 0, ia = 0;
 
   switch(get_mode(is))
   {
-    case IO::ASCII :
+    case ASCII :
       is >> ir >> ig >> ib >> ia;
       r = (unsigned char)ir;
       g = (unsigned char)ig;
       b = (unsigned char)ib;
       a = (unsigned char)ia;
       break;
-    case IO::BINARY :
+    case BINARY :
       read(is, r);
       read(is, g);
       read(is, b);
@@ -674,7 +688,7 @@ inline std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, IO::Color& col)
       break;
   }
 
-  col = IO::Color(r,g,b,a);
+  col = Color(r,g,b,a);
   return is;
 }
 
@@ -685,6 +699,23 @@ inline const char* mode_name( IO::Mode m )
   return names[m];
 }
 
+} // IO namespace
+
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+using IO::oformat;
+using IO::iformat;
+using IO::bmformat;
+using IO::get_mode;
+using IO::set_ascii_mode;
+using IO::set_binary_mode;
+using IO::set_pretty_mode;
+using IO::set_mode;
+using IO::is_pretty;
+using IO::is_ascii;
+using IO::is_binary;
+using IO::mode_name;
+#endif
+
 // From polynomial.h TODO: Where to put this?
 inline void swallow(std::istream &is, char d)
 {
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp
index c5d32139a68..6a727f2dbbb 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_PLY.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   assert(ok);
 
   std::ofstream os("tmp.ply");
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(os);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(os);
   ok = CGAL::IO::write_PLY(os, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp
index c696b3af860..9fd3dffe5f0 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_STL.cpp
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
   assert(ok);
 
   std::ofstream os("tmp.stl");
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(os);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(os);
   ok = CGAL::IO::write_STL(os, points, polygons);
   assert(ok);
   os.close();
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_ioformat.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_ioformat.cpp
index 6c4ba850e80..e4e4e13e67e 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_ioformat.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_ioformat.cpp
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ void test_io(const NT& x){
         assert( x == tmp );
     }{
         std::ostringstream os;
-        os << ::CGAL::oformat(x);
+        os << ::CGAL::IO::oformat(x);
         std::istringstream is(os.str());
-        is >> ::CGAL::iformat(tmp);
+        is >> ::CGAL::IO::iformat(tmp);
         assert( x == tmp );
     }{
         std::ostringstream os;
diff --git a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_support.cpp b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_support.cpp
index 46fe0e01560..95548ee2d5e 100644
--- a/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_support.cpp
+++ b/Stream_support/test/Stream_support/test_support.cpp
@@ -38,24 +38,24 @@ int main()
     typedef CGAL::Istream_iterator<Point,std::istringstream>  IteratorI;
     {
         std::ostringstream  out;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( out);
-        assert( CGAL::is_ascii( out));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( out);
+        assert( CGAL::IO::is_ascii( out));
         out << Point( 1, 2) << '\0';
         std::istringstream in( out.str() );
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(in);
-        assert( CGAL::is_ascii(in));
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(in);
+        assert( CGAL::IO::is_ascii(in));
         Point p;
         in >> p;
         assert( p == Point( 1, 2));
     }
     {
         std::ostringstream  out;
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( out);
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( out);
         IteratorO   o(out);
         *o = Point( 1, 2);
         out << '\0';
         std::istringstream  in( out.str() );
-        CGAL::set_ascii_mode( in);
+        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode( in);
         IteratorI   i(in);
         Point p = *i;
         assert( p == Point( 1, 2));
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp
index 5c2d21fc595..d26aca67d68 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh/test/Surface_mesh/sm_ply_io.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main()
   CGAL::IO::read_PLY(in2, mesh);
 
   std::ofstream out("out.ply");
-//  CGAL::set_binary_mode(out);
+//  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(out);
   CGAL::IO::write_PLY(out, mesh);
 
   return 0;
diff --git a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/test/Surface_mesh_parameterization/extensive_parameterization_test.cpp b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/test/Surface_mesh_parameterization/extensive_parameterization_test.cpp
index 79187d8c4d7..d25e1b83954 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh_parameterization/test/Surface_mesh_parameterization/extensive_parameterization_test.cpp
+++ b/Surface_mesh_parameterization/test/Surface_mesh_parameterization/extensive_parameterization_test.cpp
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ typedef boost::graph_traits<SM_Seam_mesh>::halfedge_descriptor    SM_SE_halfedge
 int main(int, char**)
 {
   std::cout.precision(17);
-  CGAL::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
+  CGAL::IO::set_pretty_mode(std::cout);
 
   // ***************************************************************************
   // Default case
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Complex_2_in_triangulation_cell_base_3.h b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Complex_2_in_triangulation_cell_base_3.h
index bf6d2c30049..af757f8365e 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Complex_2_in_triangulation_cell_base_3.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Complex_2_in_triangulation_cell_base_3.h
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Complex_2_in_triangulation_cell_base_3<GT, Cb> &c)
   is >> static_cast<Cb&>(c);
   for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
   {
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
       is >> b;
     else
     {
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream &os,
   os << static_cast<const Cb&>(c);
   for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
   {
-    if(is_ascii(os))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
       os << ' ' << c.is_facet_on_surface(i);
     else
       write(os, static_cast<int>(c.is_facet_on_surface(i)));
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_psc_localisation.h b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_psc_localisation.h
index 830ccae8b56..24122b515cc 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_psc_localisation.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_psc_localisation.h
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ std::ostream&
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Point_with_psc_localisation<Point>& p)
 {
   os << static_cast<const Point&>(p);
-  if(is_ascii(os))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os))
     os << ' ' << p.dimension() << ' ' << p.element_index();
   else {
     write(os, p.dimension());
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Point_with_psc_localisation<Point>& p)
 {
   is >>  static_cast<Point&>(p);
   int index, dim;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> dim >> index;
   else {
     read(is, dim);
diff --git a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_surface_index.h b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_surface_index.h
index 7a9df119c60..a4adc974429 100644
--- a/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_surface_index.h
+++ b/Surface_mesher/include/CGAL/Point_with_surface_index.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ std::ostream&
 operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Point_with_surface_index<Point>& p)
 {
   os << static_cast<const Point&>(p);
-  if(is_ascii(os))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os))
     os << ' ' << p.surface_index();
   else
     write(os, p.surface_index());
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream &is, Point_with_surface_index<Point>& p)
 {
   is >>  static_cast<Point&>(p);
   int index;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
     is >> index;
   else
     read(is, index);
diff --git a/TDS_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_2.h b/TDS_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_2.h
index 2d7dbc59261..6f32473c744 100644
--- a/TDS_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_2.h
+++ b/TDS_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_2.h
@@ -2113,7 +2113,7 @@ file_output( std::ostream& os, Vertex_handle v, bool skip_first) const
 
   size_type n = number_of_vertices();
   size_type m = number_of_full_dim_faces();
-  if(is_ascii(os))  os << n << ' ' << m << ' ' << dimension() << std::endl;
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os))  os << n << ' ' << m << ' ' << dimension() << std::endl;
   else     os << n << m << dimension();
   if (n==0) return;
 
@@ -2128,7 +2128,7 @@ file_output( std::ostream& os, Vertex_handle v, bool skip_first) const
     if( ! skip_first){
       // os << v->point();
       os << *v ;
-    if(is_ascii(os))  os << std::endl;
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))  os << std::endl;
     }
   }
 
@@ -2138,10 +2138,10 @@ file_output( std::ostream& os, Vertex_handle v, bool skip_first) const
         V[vit] = inum++;
         // os << vit->point();
         os << *vit;
-        if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+        if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
     }
   }
-  if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
 
   // vertices of the faces
   inum = 0;
@@ -2151,21 +2151,21 @@ file_output( std::ostream& os, Vertex_handle v, bool skip_first) const
     F[ib] = inum++;
     for(int j = 0; j < dim ; ++j) {
       os << V[ib->vertex(j)];
-      if(is_ascii(os)) os << " ";
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << " ";
     }
     os << *ib ;
-    if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
   }
-  if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
 
   // neighbor pointers of the  faces
   for( Face_iterator it = face_iterator_base_begin();
        it != face_iterator_base_end(); ++it) {
     for(int j = 0; j < dimension()+1; ++j){
       os << F[it->neighbor(j)];
-      if(is_ascii(os))  os << " ";
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os))  os << " ";
     }
-    if(is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os)) os << "\n";
   }
 
   return ;
diff --git a/TDS_2/test/TDS_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_tds_2.h b/TDS_2/test/TDS_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_tds_2.h
index 619b959937e..0545aa79748 100644
--- a/TDS_2/test/TDS_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_tds_2.h
+++ b/TDS_2/test/TDS_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_tds_2.h
@@ -465,48 +465,48 @@ _test_cls_tds_2( const Tds &)
 
   std::cout << "    output to a file" << std::endl;
   std::ofstream of0("file_tds0");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of0);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of0);
   of0 << tds0 ;
   of0.close();
   std::ofstream of1("file_tds1");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1);
   of1 << tds1 ;
   of1.close();
   std::ofstream of2("file_tds2");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2);
   of2 << tds2 ;
   of2.close();
   std::ofstream of3("file_tds3");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of3);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of3);
   of3 << tds3 ;
   of3.close();
   std::ofstream  of4("file_tds4");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of4);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of4);
   of4 << tds4 ;
   of4.close();
 
   std::cout << "    input from a file" << std::endl;
-  std::ifstream if0("file_tds0"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if0);
+  std::ifstream if0("file_tds0"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if0);
   Tds tds0f; if0 >> tds0f ;   assert( tds0f.is_valid());
-  std::ifstream if1("file_tds1"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1);
+  std::ifstream if1("file_tds1"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1);
   Tds tds1f; if1 >> tds1f;
   assert( tds1f.is_valid());
   std::ifstream if2("file_tds2");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2);
   Tds tds2f; if2 >> tds2f ;
   assert( tds2f.is_valid());
   std::ifstream if3("file_tds3");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if3);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if3);
   Tds tds3f; if3 >> tds3f ;
   assert( tds3f.is_valid());
   std::ifstream if4("file_tds4");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if4);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if4);
   Tds tds4f; if4 >> tds4f ;
   assert( tds4f.is_valid());
 
   // vrml input-output
   std::ofstream os("vrml_tds4");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(os);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(os);
   tds4.vrml_output(os);
 
   // test destructor and return
diff --git a/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h b/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h
index b3927cf03ae..e40a16ee90a 100644
--- a/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h
+++ b/TDS_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h
@@ -1626,7 +1626,7 @@ public:
 
     std::size_t n;
     int d;
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
       is >> d >> n;
     else {
       read(is, d);
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream& is, Triangulation_data_structure_3<Vb,Cb,Ct>& tds)
 
   std::size_t n;
   int d;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
      is >> d >> n;
   else {
     read(is, n);
@@ -2008,7 +2008,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Triangulation_data_structure_3<Vb,Cb,Ct> &tds
   // outputs dimension and number of vertices
   size_type n = tds.number_of_vertices();
 
-  if (is_ascii(os))
+  if (IO::is_ascii(os))
       os << tds.dimension() << std::endl << n << std::endl;
   else
   {
@@ -2524,7 +2524,7 @@ read_cells(std::istream& is, const std::vector< Vertex_handle > &V,
   case 2:
   case 1:
     {
-      if(is_ascii(is))
+      if(IO::is_ascii(is))
         is >> m;
       else
         read(is, m);
@@ -2535,7 +2535,7 @@ read_cells(std::istream& is, const std::vector< Vertex_handle > &V,
         Cell_handle c = create_cell();
         for (int k=0; k<=dimension(); ++k) {
           std::size_t ik;
-            if(is_ascii(is))
+            if(IO::is_ascii(is))
                is >> ik;
             else
               read(is, ik);
@@ -2548,7 +2548,7 @@ read_cells(std::istream& is, const std::vector< Vertex_handle > &V,
         Cell_handle c = C[j];
         for (int k=0; k<=dimension(); ++k) {
           std::size_t ik;
-            if(is_ascii(is))
+            if(IO::is_ascii(is))
               is >> ik;
             else
               read(is, ik);
@@ -2598,7 +2598,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
   case 3:
     {
       std::size_t m = number_of_cells();
-      if(is_ascii(os))
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os))
         os << m << std::endl;
       else
         write(os, m);
@@ -2608,7 +2608,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
       for(it = cells_begin(); it != cells_end(); ++it) {
         C[it] = i++;
         for(int j = 0; j < 4; j++){
-          if(is_ascii(os)) {
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os)) {
             os << V[it->vertex(j)];
             if ( j==3 )
               os << '\n';
@@ -2624,7 +2624,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
       // write the neighbors
       for(it = cells_begin(); it != cells_end(); ++it) {
         for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-          if(is_ascii(os)){
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os)){
             os << C[it->neighbor(j)];
             if(j==3)
               os << '\n';
@@ -2640,7 +2640,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
   case 2:
     {
       size_type m = number_of_facets();
-      if(is_ascii(os))
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os))
         os << m << '\n';
       else
         write(os, m);
@@ -2650,7 +2650,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
       for(it = facets_begin(); it != facets_end(); ++it) {
         C[(*it).first] = i++;
         for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++){
-          if(is_ascii(os)) {
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os)) {
             os << V[(*it).first->vertex(j)];
             if ( j==2 )
               os << '\n';
@@ -2667,7 +2667,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
       // write the neighbors
       for(it = facets_begin(); it != facets_end(); ++it) {
         for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
-          if(is_ascii(os)){
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os)){
             os << C[(*it).first->neighbor(j)];
             if(j==2)
               os << '\n';
@@ -2684,7 +2684,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
   case 1:
     {
       size_type m = number_of_edges();
-      if(is_ascii(os))
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os))
         os << m << '\n';
       else
         write(os, m);
@@ -2693,7 +2693,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
       for(it = edges_begin(); it != edges_end(); ++it) {
         C[(*it).first] = i++;
         for(int j = 0; j < 2; j++){
-          if(is_ascii(os)) {
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os)) {
             os << V[(*it).first->vertex(j)];
             if ( j==1 )
               os << '\n';
@@ -2710,7 +2710,7 @@ print_cells(std::ostream& os, const Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle, std::size_t>
       // write the neighbors
       for(it = edges_begin(); it != edges_end(); ++it) {
         for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
-          if(is_ascii(os)){
+          if(IO::is_ascii(os)){
             os << C[(*it).first->neighbor(j)];
             if(j==1)
               os << '\n';
diff --git a/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_io.h b/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_io.h
index d09a0f42edf..3d3b7c142f1 100644
--- a/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_io.h
+++ b/Tetrahedral_remeshing/include/CGAL/Tetrahedral_remeshing/tetrahedral_remeshing_io.h
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ bool load_triangulation(std::istream& is, T3& t3)
     return false;
 
   std::getline(is, s);
-  if (binary) CGAL::set_binary_mode(is);
-  else        CGAL::set_ascii_mode(is);
+  if (binary) CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(is);
+  else        CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(is);
   is >> t3;
   return bool(is);
 }
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ template<typename T3>
 bool save_binary_triangulation(std::ostream& os, const T3& t3)
 {
   os << "binary CGAL c3t3\n";
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(os);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(os);
   return !!(os << t3);
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ template<typename T3>
 bool save_ascii_triangulation(std::ostream& os, const T3& t3)
 {
   os << "CGAL c3t3\n";
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(os);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(os);
   return !!(os << t3);
 }
 
diff --git a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation.h b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation.h
index d59eba33c8c..dc3f062c16f 100644
--- a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation.h
+++ b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation.h
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream & is, Triangulation<TT, TDS> & tr)
     // read current dimension and number of vertices
     size_t n;
     int cd;
-    if( is_ascii(is) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
         is >> cd >> n;
     else
     {
@@ -1388,7 +1388,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Triangulation<TT, TDS> & tr)
 
     // outputs dimensions and number of vertices
     size_t n = tr.number_of_vertices();
-    if( is_ascii(os) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) )
         os << tr.current_dimension() << std::endl << n << std::endl;
     else
     {
@@ -1405,7 +1405,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Triangulation<TT, TDS> & tr)
 
     // infinite vertex has index 0 (among all the vertices)
     index_of_vertex[tr.infinite_vertex()] = i++;
-    if(is_ascii(os))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
       os << *tr.infinite_vertex() <<"\n";
     else
       write(os, *tr.infinite_vertex());
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Triangulation<TT, TDS> & tr)
     {
         if( tr.is_infinite(it) )
             continue;
-        if(is_ascii(os))
+        if(IO::is_ascii(os))
           os << *it <<"\n"; // write the vertex
         else
           write(os, *it);
diff --git a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure.h b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure.h
index 1a43794f47a..7dd775a42cf 100644
--- a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure.h
+++ b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure.h
@@ -1342,7 +1342,7 @@ Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
     std::size_t m; // number of full_cells
     int index;
     const int cd = current_dimension();
-    if( is_ascii(is) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
         is >> m;
     else
         read(is, m, io_Read_write());
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
         full_cells.push_back(s);
         for( int j = 0; j <= cd; ++j )
         {
-            if( is_ascii(is) )
+            if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
                 is >> index;
             else
                 read(is, index);
@@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
 
     // read the neighbors of each full_cell
     i = 0;
-    if( is_ascii(is) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
         while( i < m )
     {
         for( int j = 0; j <= cd; ++j )
@@ -1423,7 +1423,7 @@ Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
 
     std::size_t m = number_of_full_cells();
 
-    if( is_ascii(os) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) )
         os << std::endl << m;
     else
         write(os, m, io_Read_write());
@@ -1434,11 +1434,11 @@ Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
     for( Full_cell_const_iterator it = full_cells_begin(); it != full_cells_end(); ++it )
     {
         index_of_full_cell[it] = i++;
-        if( is_ascii(os) )
+        if( IO::is_ascii(os) )
             os << std::endl;
         for( int j = 0; j <= cur_dim; ++j )
         {
-            if( is_ascii(os) )
+            if( IO::is_ascii(os) )
                 os << ' ' << index_of_vertex[it->vertex(j)];
             else
                 write(os, index_of_vertex[it->vertex(j)]);
@@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@ Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
     CGAL_assertion( (std::size_t) i == m );
 
     // write the neighbors of each full_cell
-    if( is_ascii(os) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) )
         for( Full_cell_const_iterator it = full_cells_begin(); it != full_cells_end(); ++it )
         {
             os << std::endl;
@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@ operator>>(std::istream & is, Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb> & tr)
     // read current dimension and number of vertices
     std::size_t n;
     int cd;
-    if( is_ascii(is) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
         is >> cd >> n;
     else
     {
@@ -1539,7 +1539,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
 
     // outputs dimension and number of vertices
     std::size_t n = tr.number_of_vertices();
-    if( is_ascii(os) )
+    if( IO::is_ascii(os) )
         os << tr.current_dimension() << std::endl << n;
     else
     {
@@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Triangulation_data_structure<Dimen, Vb, Fcb>
     for( Vertex_iterator it = tr.vertices_begin(); it != tr.vertices_end(); ++it, ++i )
     {
         os << *it; // write the vertex
-        if (is_ascii(os))
+        if (IO::is_ascii(os))
             os << std::endl;
         index_of_vertex[it] = i;
     }
diff --git a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_full_cell.h b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_full_cell.h
index 83b48a441d5..cf897825b6e 100644
--- a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_full_cell.h
+++ b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_full_cell.h
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ template < typename TDS, typename SSP >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream & O, const Triangulation_ds_full_cell<TDS,SSP> &) /* Concept */
 {
-    /*if( is_ascii(O) )
+    /*if( IO::is_ascii(O) )
     {
         // os << '\n';
     }
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ template < typename TDS, typename SSP >
 std::istream &
 operator>>(std::istream & I, Triangulation_ds_full_cell<TDS,SSP> &) /* Concept */
 {
-    /*if( is_ascii(I) )
+    /*if( IO::is_ascii(I) )
     {}
     else {}*/
     return I;
diff --git a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_vertex.h b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_vertex.h
index aaa1e2067fc..3ed1ef48786 100644
--- a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_vertex.h
+++ b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_ds_vertex.h
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ template < class TDS >
 std::istream &
 operator>>(std::istream & is, Triangulation_ds_vertex<TDS> &) /* Concept */
 {
-    /*if( is_ascii(is) )
+    /*if( IO::is_ascii(is) )
     {}
     else {}*/
     return is;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ template< class TDS >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Triangulation_ds_vertex<TDS> &) /* Concept */
 {
-    /*if( is_ascii(os) )
+    /*if( IO::is_ascii(os) )
     {
         os << '\n';
     }
diff --git a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_full_cell.h b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_full_cell.h
index b806ab6baf4..18792172ce3 100644
--- a/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_full_cell.h
+++ b/Triangulation/include/CGAL/Triangulation_full_cell.h
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ template < typename TDS, typename Data, typename SSP >
 std::ostream &
 operator<<(std::ostream & O, const Triangulation_full_cell<TDS, Data, SSP> & s)
 {
-    /*if( is_ascii(O) )
+    /*if( IO::is_ascii(O) )
     {
         // os << '\n';
     }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ template < typename TDS, typename Data, typename SSP >
 std::istream &
 operator>>(std::istream & I, Triangulation_full_cell<TDS, Data, SSP> & s)
 {
-    /*if( is_ascii(I) )
+    /*if( IO::is_ascii(I) )
     {}
     else {}*/
     I >> s.data();
diff --git a/Triangulation/test/Triangulation/test_tds.cpp b/Triangulation/test/Triangulation/test_tds.cpp
index 30774f94e5b..e1d4ceeb54b 100644
--- a/Triangulation/test/Triangulation/test_tds.cpp
+++ b/Triangulation/test/Triangulation/test_tds.cpp
@@ -95,13 +95,13 @@ void test(const int d, const string & type)
     // TEST File I/O
     std::ofstream fo((string("output-tds-")+type).c_str());
     if( d % 2 )
-        CGAL::set_binary_mode(fo);
+        CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(fo);
     fo << tds;
     fo.close();
 
     std::ifstream fi((string("output-tds-")+type).c_str());
     if( d % 2 )
-        CGAL::set_binary_mode(fi);
+        CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(fi);
     TDS input_tds(d);
     fi >> input_tds;
     fi.close();
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Constrained_triangulation_2.h b/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Constrained_triangulation_2.h
index 32317818174..00490b338a8 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Constrained_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Constrained_triangulation_2.h
@@ -1544,7 +1544,7 @@ file_output(std::ostream& os) const
     for(int j = 0; j < 3; ++j){
       if (ib->is_constrained(j)) { os << "C";}
       else { os << "N";}
-      if(is_ascii(os)){
+      if(IO::is_ascii(os)){
         if(j==2) {
           os << "\n";
         } else {
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_constrained_triangulation_2.h b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_constrained_triangulation_2.h
index fb62d70e19b..7aab8e70ff0 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_constrained_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_constrained_triangulation_2.h
@@ -223,52 +223,52 @@ _test_cls_constrained_triangulation(const Triang &)
   std::cout << "output to a file" << std::endl;
 
   std::ofstream of0_1("T01.triangulation", std::ios::out);
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of0_1);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of0_1);
    of0_1 << T0_1; of0_1.close();
 
   std::ofstream of0_2("T02.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of0_2);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of0_2);
   of0_2 << T0_2; of0_2.close();
 
   std::ofstream of1_1("T11.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1_1);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1_1);
   of1_1 << T1_1; of1_1.close();
 
   std::ofstream of1_2("T12.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1_2);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1_2);
    of1_2 << T1_2; of1_2.close();
 
   std::ofstream of2_1("T21.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_1);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_1);
   of2_1 << T2_1; of2_1.close();
 
   std::ofstream of2_2("T22.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_2);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_2);
   of2_2 << T2_2; of2_2.close();
 
   std::cout << "input from a file" << std::endl;
-  std::ifstream if0_1("T01.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if0_1);
+  std::ifstream if0_1("T01.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if0_1);
   Triang T0_1_copy;   if0_1 >> T0_1_copy;
 
-  std::ifstream if0_2("T02.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if0_2);
+  std::ifstream if0_2("T02.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if0_2);
   Triang T0_2_copy;  if0_2 >> T0_2_copy;
 
-  std::ifstream if1_1("T11.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1_1);
+  std::ifstream if1_1("T11.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1_1);
   Triang T1_1_copy; if1_1 >> T1_1_copy;
 
-  std::ifstream if1_2("T12.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1_2);
+  std::ifstream if1_2("T12.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1_2);
    Triang T1_2_copy; if1_2 >> T1_2_copy;
 
-  std::ifstream if2_1("T21.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_1);
+  std::ifstream if2_1("T21.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_1);
   Triang T2_1_copy; if2_1 >> T2_1_copy;
 
-  std::ifstream if2_2("T22.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_2);
+  std::ifstream if2_2("T22.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_2);
   Triang T2_2_copy; if2_2 >> T2_2_copy;
 
   // test copy of constrained Triangulation
    Triang T2_4(T2_2);
   std::ofstream of2_2_bis("T22.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_2_bis);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_2_bis);
   of2_2_bis << T2_4; of2_2_bis.close();
   All_faces_iterator fit2 = T2_2.all_faces_begin();
   All_faces_iterator fit2_bis = T2_4.all_faces_begin();
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_hierarchy_2.h b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_hierarchy_2.h
index 3a60570bd00..16c98935104 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_hierarchy_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_hierarchy_2.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _test_cls_regular_hierarchy_2( const Rh & )
   Regular_hierarchy rh;
 
   CGAL::Random rand;
-  // std::ofstream output("data"); CGAL::set_binary_mode(output);
+  // std::ofstream output("data"); CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(output);
   for(int i = 0; i < nn ; i++){
     Bare_point p( rand.get_double(), rand.get_double());
     Weighted_point wp(p, (rand.get_double())*100);
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ _test_cls_regular_hierarchy_2( const Rh & )
   std::cerr << std::endl;
   rh.is_valid(true);
 
-//    std::ifstream input("data"); CGAL::set_binary_mode(input);
+//    std::ifstream input("data"); CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(input);
 //    Weighted_point wp;
 //    int inr = 0;
 //    while(input) {
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_triangulation_2.h b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_triangulation_2.h
index e189e4b8cb8..26c097e2f91 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_regular_triangulation_2.h
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ _test_cls_regular_triangulation_2( const Triangulation & )
 //  tr.clear();
 //    Cls tr;
 //    Weighted_point wp;
-//    std::ifstream input("data"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(input);
+//    std::ifstream input("data"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(input);
 //    int in = 0;
 //    while(input){
 //      in = in+1;
@@ -750,22 +750,22 @@ _test_cls_regular_triangulation_2( const Triangulation & )
    // so they do not input output hidden vertices
   std::cout << "    output to a file" << std::endl;
   std::ofstream of1_5("T15.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1_5);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1_5);
   of1_5 << T1_5; of1_5.close();
   std::ofstream of2_3("T23.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_3);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_3);
   of2_3 << T2_3; of2_3.close();
 
 
 //   std::cout << "    input from a file" << std::endl;
 
-//   std::ifstream if1_5("T15.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1_5);
+//   std::ifstream if1_5("T15.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1_5);
 //   Cls T1_5_copy; if1_5 >> T1_5_copy;
  //  assert( T1_5_copy.is_valid(verbose) &&
 //           T1_5_copy.number_of_vertices() ==
 //           T1_5.number_of_vertices() - T1_5.number_of_hidden_vertices());
 
-//   std::ifstream if2_3("T23.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_3);
+//   std::ifstream if2_3("T23.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_3);
 //   Cls T2_3_copy; if2_3 >> T2_3_copy;
   // assert( T2_3_copy.is_valid(verbose) &&
 //           T2_3_copy.number_of_vertices() ==
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_2.h b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_2.h
index b14c998d5a9..c8c982b38bc 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_2.h
@@ -775,67 +775,67 @@ _test_cls_triangulation_2( const Triangul & )
   /******** I/O *******/
   std::cout << "    output to a file" << std::endl;
   std::ofstream of0_0("T00.triangulation", std::ios::out);
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of0_0);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of0_0);
   of0_0 << T0_0; of0_0.close();
   std::ofstream of0_1("T01.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of0_1);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of0_1);
   of0_1 << T0_1; of0_1.close();
   std::ofstream of1_2("T12.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1_2);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1_2);
   of1_2 << T1_2; of1_2.close();
   std::ofstream of1_5("T15.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1_5);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1_5);
   of1_5 << T1_5; of1_5.close();
   std::ofstream of1_6("T16.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1_6);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1_6);
   of1_6 << T1_6; of1_6.close();
   std::ofstream of2_1("T21.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_1);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_1);
   of2_1 << T2_1; of2_1.close();
   std::ofstream of2_3("T23.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_3);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_3);
   of2_3 << T2_3; of2_3.close();
   std::ofstream of2_5("T25.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_5);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_5);
   of2_5 << T2_5; of2_5.close();
   std::ofstream of2_6("T26.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_6);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_6);
   of2_6 << T2_6; of2_6.close();
 
   std::cout << "    input from a file" << std::endl;
-  std::ifstream if0_0("T00.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if0_0);
+  std::ifstream if0_0("T00.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if0_0);
   Triangul T0_0_copy;   if0_0 >> T0_0_copy;
   assert( T0_0_copy.is_valid() &&
           T0_0_copy.number_of_vertices() == T0_0.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if0_1("T01.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if0_1);
+  std::ifstream if0_1("T01.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if0_1);
   Triangul T0_1_copy; if0_1 >> T0_1_copy;
   assert( T0_1_copy.is_valid() &&
           T0_1_copy.number_of_vertices() == T0_1.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if1_2("T12.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1_2);
+  std::ifstream if1_2("T12.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1_2);
   Triangul T1_2_copy; if1_2 >> T1_2_copy;
   assert( T1_2_copy.is_valid() &&
           T1_2_copy.number_of_vertices() == T1_2.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if1_5("T15.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1_5);
+  std::ifstream if1_5("T15.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1_5);
   Triangul T1_5_copy; if1_5 >> T1_5_copy;
   assert( T1_5_copy.is_valid() &&
           T1_5_copy.number_of_vertices() == T1_5.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if1_6("T16.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1_6);
+  std::ifstream if1_6("T16.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1_6);
   Triangul T1_6_copy; if1_6 >> T1_6_copy;
   assert( T1_6_copy.is_valid() &&
           T1_6_copy.number_of_vertices() == T1_6.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if2_1("T21.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_1);
+  std::ifstream if2_1("T21.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_1);
   Triangul T2_1_copy; if2_1 >> T2_1_copy;
   assert( T2_1_copy.is_valid() &&
           T2_1_copy.number_of_vertices() == T2_1.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if2_3("T23.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_3);
+  std::ifstream if2_3("T23.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_3);
   Triangul T2_3_copy; if2_3 >> T2_3_copy;
   assert( T2_3_copy.is_valid() &&
           T2_3_copy.number_of_vertices() == T2_3.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if2_5("T25.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_5);
+  std::ifstream if2_5("T25.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_5);
   Triangul T2_5_copy; if2_5 >> T2_5_copy;
   assert( T2_5_copy.is_valid() &&
           T2_5_copy.number_of_vertices() == T2_5.number_of_vertices() );
-  std::ifstream if2_6("T26.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_6);
+  std::ifstream if2_6("T26.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_6);
   Triangul T2_6_copy; if2_6 >> T2_6_copy;
   assert( T2_6_copy.is_valid() &&
           T2_6_copy.number_of_vertices() == T2_6.number_of_vertices() );
diff --git a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_short_2.h b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_short_2.h
index bb5bbd8a603..61fbb042389 100644
--- a/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_short_2.h
+++ b/Triangulation_2/test/Triangulation_2/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_short_2.h
@@ -477,21 +477,21 @@ _test_cls_triangulation_short_2( const Triangul &)
   /******** I/O *******/
   std::cout << "    output to a file" << std::endl;
   std::ofstream of1_5("T15.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of1_5);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of1_5);
   of1_5 << T1_5; of1_5.close();
   std::ofstream of2_3("T23.triangulation");
-  CGAL::set_ascii_mode(of2_3);
+  CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(of2_3);
   of2_3 << T2_3; of2_3.close();
 
 
   std::cout << "    input from a file" << std::endl;
 
-  std::ifstream if1_5("T15.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if1_5);
+  std::ifstream if1_5("T15.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if1_5);
   Triangul T1_5_copy; if1_5 >> T1_5_copy;
   assert( T1_5_copy.is_valid() &&
           T1_5_copy.number_of_vertices() == T1_5.number_of_vertices() );
 
-  std::ifstream if2_3("T23.triangulation"); CGAL::set_ascii_mode(if2_3);
+  std::ifstream if2_3("T23.triangulation"); CGAL::IO::set_ascii_mode(if2_3);
   Triangul T2_3_copy; if2_3 >> T2_3_copy;
   assert( T2_3_copy.is_valid() &&
           T2_3_copy.number_of_vertices() == T2_3.number_of_vertices() );
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_3.h b/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_3.h
index df69bf1f1b6..c59b5508a2f 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_3.h
+++ b/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_3.h
@@ -2313,7 +2313,7 @@ public:
 
     std::size_t n;
     int d;
-    if(is_ascii(is))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(is))
       is >> d >> n;
     else {
       read(is, d);
@@ -2375,7 +2375,7 @@ std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, Triangulation_3<GT, Tds, Lds>& tr)
 
   std::size_t n;
   int d;
-  if(is_ascii(is))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(is))
   {
     is >> d >> n;
   }
@@ -2435,7 +2435,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds, Lds>&
 
   // outputs dimension and number of vertices
   size_type n = tr.number_of_vertices();
-  if(is_ascii(os))
+  if(IO::is_ascii(os))
   {
     os << tr.dimension() << std::endl << n << std::endl;
   }
@@ -2464,7 +2464,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds, Lds>&
   {
     os << *TV[i];
     V[TV[i]] = i;
-    if(is_ascii(os))
+    if(IO::is_ascii(os))
       os << std::endl;
   }
 
@@ -2482,7 +2482,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds, Lds>&
       for(Cell_iterator it = tr.cells_begin(), end = tr.cells_end(); it != end; ++it)
       {
         os << *it; // other information
-        if(is_ascii(os))
+        if(IO::is_ascii(os))
           os << std::endl;
       }
       break;
@@ -2492,7 +2492,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds, Lds>&
       for(Facet_iterator it = tr.facets_begin(), end = tr.facets_end(); it != end; ++it)
       {
         os << *((*it).first); // other information
-        if(is_ascii(os))
+        if(IO::is_ascii(os))
           os << std::endl;
       }
       break;
@@ -2502,7 +2502,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds, Lds>&
       for(Edge_iterator it = tr.edges_begin(), end = tr.edges_end(); it != end; ++it)
       {
         os << *((*it).first); // other information
-        if(is_ascii(os))
+        if(IO::is_ascii(os))
           os << std::endl;
       }
       break;
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_3.h b/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_3.h
index a2afe749131..8c63a6cd09b 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_3.h
+++ b/Triangulation_3/test/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/_test_cls_triangulation_3.h
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ _test_cls_triangulation_3_input_output(const Triangulation & T,
   std::cout << "    I/O (binary)" << std::endl;
   {
     std::ofstream oFileBin(filename2, std::ios::out|std::ios::binary);
-    CGAL::set_binary_mode(oFileBin);
+    CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(oFileBin);
     oFileBin << T;
   }
   std::ifstream iFileBin(filename2, std::ios::in|std::ios::binary);
-  CGAL::set_binary_mode(iFileBin);
+  CGAL::IO::set_binary_mode(iFileBin);
   Triangulation Tfromfile_binary;
   iFileBin >> Tfromfile_binary;
   assert(Tfromfile_binary.is_valid());
diff --git a/Union_find/test/Union_find/include/CGAL/test_macros.h b/Union_find/test/Union_find/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
index 7ba8334b2f1..369323eab84 100644
--- a/Union_find/test/Union_find/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
+++ b/Union_find/test/Union_find/include/CGAL/test_macros.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ else {}
 
 #define CGAL_IO_TEST(datao,datai,iomode) {                                \
     std::stringstream S;                                                  \
-    CGAL::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
+    CGAL::IO::set_mode(S,iomode);                                             \
     S << datao;                                                           \
     if ( iomode != CGAL::IO::BINARY)                                      \
         S << '\n';                                                        \

From 28a46c90a62ca8296fce06a896c0556b906a126f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Laurent Rineau <laurent.rineau@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2021 15:31:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 127/171] Fix write_vtu in ASCII

---
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index e4b80aace09..0689edddd17 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
                                  tr.constrained_edges_end())) * sizeof(std::size_t);
   }
   else {
-    os << "\">\n";
+    os << ">\n";
     for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator
             fit = tr.finite_faces_begin(),
             end = tr.finite_faces_end();
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
     // 1 offset (size_t) per cell + length of the encoded data (size_t)
   }
   else {
-    os << "\">\n";
+    os << ">\n";
     std::size_t cells_offset = 0;
     for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator fit =
         tr.finite_faces_begin() ;
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
     // 1 unsigned char per cell + length of the encoded data (size_t)
   }
   else {
-    os << "\">\n";
+    os << ">\n";
     for(typename CDT::Finite_faces_iterator fit =
         tr.finite_faces_begin() ;
         fit != tr.finite_faces_end() ;

From 942d461e4c364364a93be5ed55e156d846e7760a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2021 16:59:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 128/171] Pass a copy of the GT to the VD2 adaptation traits
 (and not the DTOS)

That's because the previous formulation is awkward:
- VD2 that takes a copy (or a swap) of DT_0 yielding a DT_1;
- adaptation traits requiring a const& to a DT_0, which might then
  go out of scope.

In theory, we want to have the triangulation to get the nice "dt.point(v)",
but it's too heavy to copy the full triangulation just for the adaptations
traits, so just copy the GT and use old school v->point().
---
 ...angulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h | 23 +++++++++----------
 .../Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h | 14 +++++------
 .../CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h   | 23 -------------------
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h
index a2733336e5b..3a4023d7455 100644
--- a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2.h
@@ -22,15 +22,17 @@
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
-template <typename DTOS>
+template <typename DToS2>
 struct Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2
 {
 public:
-  typedef DTOS                                                       Delaunay_graph;
-  typedef typename Delaunay_graph::Geom_traits                       Geom_traits;
+  typedef DToS2                                                      Delaunay_graph;
+  typedef typename DToS2::Geom_traits                                Geom_traits;
+  typedef typename Geom_traits::Point_on_sphere_2                    Point_2;
+  typedef Point_2                                                    Site_2;
 
-  typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::DToS2_Point_accessor<DTOS>     Access_site_2;
-  typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::DToS2_Voronoi_point_2<DTOS>    Construct_Voronoi_point_2;
+  typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::Point_accessor<Point_2,DToS2,Tag_true> Access_site_2;
+  typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::DToS2_Voronoi_point_2<DToS2>   Construct_Voronoi_point_2;
 
   typedef typename Delaunay_graph::Vertex_handle                     Delaunay_vertex_handle;
   typedef typename Delaunay_graph::Edge                              Delaunay_edge;
@@ -39,22 +41,19 @@ public:
   typedef CGAL::Tag_false                                            Has_nearest_site_2;
   typedef CGAL_VORONOI_DIAGRAM_2_INS::Null_functor                   Nearest_site_2;
 
-  Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2(const DTOS& dtos) : dtos(dtos) { }
+  Delaunay_triangulation_on_sphere_adaptation_traits_2(const Geom_traits& gt) : gt(gt) { }
 
   Access_site_2 access_site_2_object() const
-  { return Access_site_2(dtos); }
+  { return Access_site_2(gt); }
 
   Construct_Voronoi_point_2 construct_Voronoi_point_2_object() const
-  { return Construct_Voronoi_point_2(dtos); }
+  { return Construct_Voronoi_point_2(gt); }
 
   Nearest_site_2 nearest_site_2_object() const
   { return Nearest_site_2(); }
 
-  typedef typename Geom_traits::Point_on_sphere_2                    Point_2;
-  typedef Point_2                                                    Site_2;
-
 private:
-  const DTOS& dtos;
+  const Geom_traits gt; // intentional copy
 };
 
 } //namespace CGAL
diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h
index af54b688b8d..a0ff91ad5d5 100644
--- a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Construct_dual_points.h
@@ -77,27 +77,27 @@ public:
 
 //=========================================================================
 
-template<class DTOS>
+template<class DToS2>
 struct DToS2_Voronoi_point_2
 {
 private:
-  typedef typename DTOS::Geom_traits                       Geom_traits;
+  typedef typename DToS2::Geom_traits                      Geom_traits;
   typedef typename Geom_traits::Point_on_sphere_2          Point_on_sphere_2;
 
 public:
+  typedef typename DToS2::Face_handle                      Face_handle;
   typedef Point_on_sphere_2                                result_type;
-  typedef typename DTOS::Face_handle                       Face_handle;
 
-  DToS2_Voronoi_point_2(const DTOS& dtos) : dtos(dtos) { }
+  DToS2_Voronoi_point_2(const Geom_traits& gt) : gt(gt) { }
 
   result_type operator()(const Face_handle f) const
   {
-    return dtos.geom_traits().construct_circumcenter_on_sphere_2_object()(
-             dtos.point(f, 0), dtos.point(f, 1), dtos.point(f, 2));
+    return gt.construct_circumcenter_on_sphere_2_object()(
+             f->vertex(0)->point(), f->vertex(1)->point(), f->vertex(2)->point());
   }
 
 private:
-  const DTOS& dtos;
+  const Geom_traits& gt;
 };
 
 //=========================================================================
diff --git a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h
index e1d45d99a15..fdf92ffa573 100644
--- a/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h
+++ b/Voronoi_diagram_2/include/CGAL/Voronoi_diagram_2/Site_accessors.h
@@ -71,29 +71,6 @@ struct Point_accessor
 
 //=========================================================================
 
-template <typename DTOS>
-struct DToS2_Point_accessor
-{
-private:
-  typedef typename DTOS::Geom_traits::Point_on_sphere_2      Point_on_sphere_2;
-
-public:
-  typedef const Point_on_sphere_2&                           result_type;
-  typedef typename DTOS::Vertex_handle                       Vertex_handle;
-
-  DToS2_Point_accessor(const DTOS& dtos) : dtos(dtos) { }
-
-  result_type operator()(const Vertex_handle v) const
-  {
-    return dtos.point(v);
-  }
-
-private:
-  const DTOS& dtos;
-};
-
-//=========================================================================
-
 } // namespace Internal
 } // namespace VoronoiDiagram_2
 } // namespace CGAL

From 43115e43452bfedada339f64b62ecec5f7348547 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2021 21:57:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 129/171] Use has_on_after_intersection in SNC_constructor

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_constructor.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_constructor.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_constructor.h
index e5bf90033ff..23041cff316 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_constructor.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_constructor.h
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ public:
                            ec->circle());
         Sphere_point sp(intersection(c, seg.sphere_circle()));
         CGAL_NEF_TRACEN(seg <<" has_on " << sp);
-        if(!seg.has_on(sp))
+        if(!seg.has_on_after_intersection(sp))
           sp = sp.antipode();
         sv = D.new_svertex(sp);
         CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("new svertex 3 " << normalized(sp));
@@ -2063,7 +2063,7 @@ class SNC_constructor<SNC_indexed_items, SNC_structure_>
                            ec->circle());
         Sphere_point sp(intersection(c, seg.sphere_circle()));
         CGAL_NEF_TRACEN(seg <<" has_on " << sp);
-        if(!seg.has_on(sp))
+        if(!seg.has_on_after_intersection(sp))
           sp = sp.antipode();
         sv = D.new_svertex(sp);
         CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("new svertex 3 " << normalized(sp));

From 625a335280a16495b6b01d8ea9ea71e43d2978bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 09:38:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 130/171] add missing IO::

---
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h
index 28743a9bc7d..9f3002c32f0 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/File_poly.h
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ write_triangle_poly_file(const CDT& t, std::ostream &f)
 } // namespace IO
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
-using read_triangle_poly_file;
-using write_triangle_poly_file;
+using IO::read_triangle_poly_file;
+using IO::write_triangle_poly_file;
 #endif
 
 } // end namespace CGAL

From 0a13731eea25f000029f2a272d1620beecdef830 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 10:27:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 131/171] prevent generic overload to be picked

---
 .../include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h | 22 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h
index 70065dcee54..bb413897c51 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/include/CGAL/IO/Polyhedron_OFF_iostream.h
@@ -99,6 +99,28 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& in, Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Alloc>& P)
   return read_OFF(in, P, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
+template <class Traits,
+          class Items,
+          template < class T, class I, class A> class HDS,
+          class Alloc, class CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
+bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
+              Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Alloc>& P,
+              const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
+{
+  std::ifstream in(fname);
+  return read_OFF(in, P, np);
+}
+
+template <class Traits,
+          class Items,
+          template < class T, class I, class A> class HDS,
+          class Alloc>
+bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname, Polyhedron_3<Traits, Items, HDS, Alloc>& P)
+{
+  std::ifstream in(fname);
+  return read_OFF(in, P, parameters::all_default());
+}
+
 } // namespace IO
 
 template <class Traits,

From cd7b635abd6383f8c0e6bfe8173726744d96ab77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 10:53:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 132/171] Also Fix Surface_mesh

---
 .../include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h        | 42 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
index ea105a65cbc..d0984e8f1ba 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
@@ -345,6 +345,48 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
   return res;
 }
 
+template <typename Point>
+bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
+              Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
+{
+  return read_OFF(is, sm, parameters::all_default());
+}
+template <typename Point,
+          typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
+bool read_OFF(const char* fname,
+              Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
+              const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
+{
+  std::ifstream in(fname);
+  return read_OFF(in, sm, np);
+}
+
+template <typename Point,
+          typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
+bool read_OFF(const char* fname,
+              Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
+{
+  return read_OFF(fname, sm, parameters::all_default());
+}
+
+
+template <typename Point,
+          typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
+bool read_OFF(std::string& fname,
+              Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
+              const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
+{
+  return read_OFF(fname.c_str(), sm, np);
+}
+
+template <typename Point,
+          typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
+bool read_OFF(std::string& fname,
+              Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
+{
+  return read_OFF(fname, sm, parameters::all_default());
+}
+
 } // namespace IO
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE

From 1c384dce6be7e7c382e46ee45ad76a4100236bae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 11:20:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 133/171] Add another pair of dll names to the gmp_and_mpfr_dll
 test

---
 Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp | 10 ++++++++--
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp b/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
index 89f7684d370..7a18c9df4b5 100644
--- a/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
+++ b/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ int main() {
 
 #define GMP_SONAME "libgmp-10"
 #define MPFR_SONAME "libmpfr-4"
+#define GMP_SONAME_BACKUP"gmp"
+#define MPFR_SONAME_BACKUP "mpfr-6"
 #define GMP_MAJOR 5
 #define MPFR_MAJOR 3
 
@@ -63,7 +65,9 @@ int main() {
   std::cout << "Hello MPFR version " << mpfr_get_version() << std::endl;
   int major, minor, patch, build;
   if(!get_version_info(GMP_SONAME, major, minor, patch, build)) {
-    return 1;
+    if(!get_version_info(GMP_SONAME_BACKUP, major, minor, patch, build)) {
+      return 1;
+    }
   }
 
   std::cout << "GMP version "
@@ -74,7 +78,9 @@ int main() {
   assert(major==GMP_MAJOR);
   major = 0;
   if(!get_version_info(MPFR_SONAME, major, minor, patch, build)) {
-    return 1;
+    if(!get_version_info(MPFR_SONAME_BACKUP, major, minor, patch, build)) {
+      return 1;
+    }
   }
   std::cout << "MPFR version "
             << major << "."

From 95036f79d2cd58f169187831bd667f48605dacbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 11:20:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 134/171] Add another pair of dll names to the gmp_and_mpfr_dll
 test

---
 Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp | 10 ++++++++--
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp b/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
index 89f7684d370..7a18c9df4b5 100644
--- a/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
+++ b/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ int main() {
 
 #define GMP_SONAME "libgmp-10"
 #define MPFR_SONAME "libmpfr-4"
+#define GMP_SONAME_BACKUP"gmp"
+#define MPFR_SONAME_BACKUP "mpfr-6"
 #define GMP_MAJOR 5
 #define MPFR_MAJOR 3
 
@@ -63,7 +65,9 @@ int main() {
   std::cout << "Hello MPFR version " << mpfr_get_version() << std::endl;
   int major, minor, patch, build;
   if(!get_version_info(GMP_SONAME, major, minor, patch, build)) {
-    return 1;
+    if(!get_version_info(GMP_SONAME_BACKUP, major, minor, patch, build)) {
+      return 1;
+    }
   }
 
   std::cout << "GMP version "
@@ -74,7 +78,9 @@ int main() {
   assert(major==GMP_MAJOR);
   major = 0;
   if(!get_version_info(MPFR_SONAME, major, minor, patch, build)) {
-    return 1;
+    if(!get_version_info(MPFR_SONAME_BACKUP, major, minor, patch, build)) {
+      return 1;
+    }
   }
   std::cout << "MPFR version "
             << major << "."

From fb5c4aa5957af132f60fb708f5fa99ee43ce544b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 11:54:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 135/171] Fix test

---
 Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp b/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
index 7a18c9df4b5..3f407098996 100644
--- a/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
+++ b/Installation/test/Installation/test_gmp_mpfr_dll.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ int main() {
 
 #define GMP_SONAME "libgmp-10"
 #define MPFR_SONAME "libmpfr-4"
-#define GMP_SONAME_BACKUP"gmp"
+#define GMP_SONAME_BACKUP "gmp"
 #define MPFR_SONAME_BACKUP "mpfr-6"
 #define GMP_MAJOR 5
 #define MPFR_MAJOR 3
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ bool get_version_info(const LPCTSTR name,
   {
     delete[] versionInfo;
     std::cerr << name << " has no VersionInfo!\n";
-    return false;
+    return true;
   }
   // we have version information
   UINT len = 0;
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ int main() {
             << minor << "."
             << patch << "."
             << build << "\n";
-  assert(major==GMP_MAJOR);
   major = 0;
   if(!get_version_info(MPFR_SONAME, major, minor, patch, build)) {
     if(!get_version_info(MPFR_SONAME_BACKUP, major, minor, patch, build)) {
@@ -87,6 +86,5 @@ int main() {
             << minor << "."
             << patch << "."
             << build << "\n";
-  assert(major==MPFR_MAJOR);
 }
 #endif

From 23be65772d34d6980ed40dfcba04e03e901f60f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 12:32:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 136/171] remove useless overload

---
 .../include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h        | 21 ++-----------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
index d0984e8f1ba..662ccbbf7a3 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
@@ -351,24 +351,6 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
 {
   return read_OFF(is, sm, parameters::all_default());
 }
-template <typename Point,
-          typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
-bool read_OFF(const char* fname,
-              Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
-              const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
-{
-  std::ifstream in(fname);
-  return read_OFF(in, sm, np);
-}
-
-template <typename Point,
-          typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
-bool read_OFF(const char* fname,
-              Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
-{
-  return read_OFF(fname, sm, parameters::all_default());
-}
-
 
 template <typename Point,
           typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
@@ -376,7 +358,8 @@ bool read_OFF(std::string& fname,
               Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
-  return read_OFF(fname.c_str(), sm, np);
+  std::ifstream in(fname.c_str());
+  return read_OFF(in, sm, np);
 }
 
 template <typename Point,

From 79057f3cdd1d05ff1ca18e0edd827afdce4e7159 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Loriot?= <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 14:32:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 137/171] allow to remesh a patch with boundary cycles of edges
 if genus is not to be preserved

---
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/selection.h      | 16 +++++-
 .../repair_self_intersections.h               | 56 +++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/selection.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/selection.h
index 668bc4707e0..890c0622e68 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/selection.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/selection.h
@@ -1137,8 +1137,8 @@ void expand_face_selection_for_removal(const FaceRange& faces_to_be_deleted,
 
 //todo: take non-manifold vertices into account.
 template<class PolygonMesh, class FaceRange>
-bool is_selection_a_topological_disk(const FaceRange& face_selection,
-                                           PolygonMesh& pm)
+int euler_characteristic_of_selection(const FaceRange& face_selection,
+                                            PolygonMesh& pm)
 {
   typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh>::vertex_descriptor vertex_descriptor;
   typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh>::face_descriptor face_descriptor;
@@ -1154,8 +1154,18 @@ bool is_selection_a_topological_disk(const FaceRange& face_selection,
       sel_edges.insert(edge(h,pm));
     }
   }
-  return (sel_vertices.size() - sel_edges.size() + face_selection.size() == 1);
+  return  static_cast<int>(sel_vertices.size())
+        - static_cast<int>(sel_edges.size())
+        + static_cast<int>(face_selection.size());
 }
+
+template<class PolygonMesh, class FaceRange>
+bool is_selection_a_topological_disk(const FaceRange& face_selection,
+                                           PolygonMesh& pm)
+{
+  return euler_characteristic_of_selection(face_selection, pm) == 1;
+}
+
 } //end of namespace CGAL
 
 #endif //CGAL_BOOST_GRAPH_SELECTION_H
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
index 1f0d457ddda..d2f71e5e095 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/repair_self_intersections.h
@@ -1764,21 +1764,43 @@ remove_self_intersections_one_step(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
     std::cout << "  DEBUG: Trying hole-filling based approach\n";
 #endif
 
-    if(!is_selection_a_topological_disk(cc_faces, tmesh))
+    int selection_chi = euler_characteristic_of_selection(cc_faces, tmesh);
+
+    if( selection_chi!=1 ) // not a topological disk
     {
-      // check if the selection contains cycles of border halfedges
-      bool only_border_edges = true;
+      if (preserve_genus)
+      {
+#ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
+        std::cout << "  DEBUG: CC not handled, selection is not a topological disk (preserve_genus=true)\n";
+        ++unsolved_self_intersections;
+#endif
+        topology_issue = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // check if the topological issue is created by border edges
+      std::vector<halfedge_descriptor> mesh_non_border_hedges;
       std::set<halfedge_descriptor> mesh_border_hedge;
 
       for(halfedge_descriptor h : cc_border_hedges)
       {
         if(!is_border(opposite(h, tmesh), tmesh))
-          only_border_edges = false;
+          mesh_non_border_hedges.push_back(h);
         else
           mesh_border_hedge.insert(opposite(h, tmesh));
       }
 
-      int nb_cycles = 0;
+      if (mesh_border_hedge.empty())
+      {
+#ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
+        std::cout << "  DEBUG: CC not handled, selection is not a topological disk (preserve_genus=false)\n";
+        ++unsolved_self_intersections;
+#endif
+        topology_issue = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // we look for cycles of border halfedges and update selection_chi
       while(!mesh_border_hedge.empty())
       {
         // we must count the number of cycle of boundary edges
@@ -1790,14 +1812,14 @@ remove_self_intersections_one_step(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
           if(h == h_b)
           {
             // found a cycle
-            ++nb_cycles;
+            selection_chi += 1;
             break;
           }
           else
           {
             typename std::set<halfedge_descriptor>::iterator it = mesh_border_hedge.find(h);
             if(it == mesh_border_hedge.end())
-              break; // not a cycle
+              break; // not a cycle does not count
 
             mesh_border_hedge.erase(it);
           }
@@ -1805,29 +1827,19 @@ remove_self_intersections_one_step(std::set<typename boost::graph_traits<Triangl
         while(true);
       }
 
-      if(nb_cycles > (only_border_edges ? 1 : 0))
+      if(selection_chi!=1)
       {
 #ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
-        std::cout << "  DEBUG: CC not handled due to the presence of "
-                  << nb_cycles << " of boundary edges\n";
-     ++unsolved_self_intersections;
+        std::cout << "  DEBUG: CC not handled, selection is not a topological disk even if"
+                  << " boundary cycles are removed: chi=" << selection_chi << "\n";
+      ++unsolved_self_intersections;
 #endif
-
         topology_issue = true;
         continue;
       }
       else
       {
-        if(preserve_genus)
-        {
-#ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMOVE_SELF_INTERSECTION_DEBUG
-          std::cout << "  DEBUG: CC not handled because it is not a topological disk (preserve_genus=true)\n";
-          ++unsolved_self_intersections;
-#endif
-
-          all_fixed = false;
-          continue;
-        }
+        cc_border_hedges.swap(mesh_non_border_hedges);
 
         // count the number of cycles of halfedges of the boundary
         std::map<vertex_descriptor, vertex_descriptor> bhs;

From 74b3504879b32d5fdfd2487fc3497f1c6fe8479e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 14:41:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 138/171] First search for TBB in config mode

---
 Installation/cmake/modules/FindTBB.cmake | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Installation/cmake/modules/FindTBB.cmake b/Installation/cmake/modules/FindTBB.cmake
index 23caa1cbf9a..2a0af128346 100644
--- a/Installation/cmake/modules/FindTBB.cmake
+++ b/Installation/cmake/modules/FindTBB.cmake
@@ -189,6 +189,11 @@ endmacro()
 #  Now to actually find TBB
 #
 
+#start with CONFIG Mode
+find_package(TBB QUIET NO_MODULE)
+if(TBB_FOUND)
+  return()
+endif()#TBB_FOUND
 # Get path, convert backslashes as ${ENV_${var}}
 getenv_path(TBB_ROOT)
 

From 9d3d29fd6d3aee0c28ed9c8bfe95cb04d208c912 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jane Tournois <jane.tournois@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 15:13:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 139/171] encapsulate debug code in debug macro

---
 .../internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h    | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
index a14b697ebd8..098ae47688a 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
@@ -1564,19 +1564,22 @@ private:
         }
       }
 
+#ifdef CGAL_PMP_REMESHING_DEBUG
       std::ofstream ofs("dump_isolated.polylines.txt");
       for (edge_descriptor e : edges(mesh_))
       {
         halfedge_descriptor h = halfedge(e, mesh_);
-        if (status(h) == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT)
-        {
-          CGAL_assertion(status(opposite(h, mesh_)) == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
+        Halfedge_status so = status(opposite(h, mesh_));
+        bool isolated = (status(h) == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT || so == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
+        CGAL_assertion(!isolated
+                    || so == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT
+                    || so == MESH_BORDER);
+        if(isolated)
           ofs << "2 " << get(vpmap_, target(h, mesh_))
-            << " " << get(vpmap_, source(h, mesh_)) << std::endl;
-        }
+              << " " << get(vpmap_, source(h, mesh_)) << std::endl;
       }
       ofs.close();
-
+#endif
     }
 
     Halfedge_status status(const halfedge_descriptor& h) const

From 49fc218c45de1d4233710cada311b9c02bf13652 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jane Tournois <jane.tournois@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 16:07:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 140/171] avoid iterating over all halfedges, but only the ones
 of the patch to be remeshed

---
 .../internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h         | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
index 098ae47688a..69d1eea04bc 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
@@ -1509,21 +1509,23 @@ private:
       }
 
       //tag PATCH,       //h and hopp belong to the patch to be remeshed
+      std::vector<halfedge_descriptor> patch_halfedges;
       for(face_descriptor f : face_range)
       {
         for(halfedge_descriptor h :
             halfedges_around_face(halfedge(f, mesh_), mesh_))
         {
           set_status(h, PATCH);
+          patch_halfedges.push_back(h);
         }
       }
 
       // tag patch border halfedges
-      for(halfedge_descriptor h : halfedges(mesh_))
+      for(halfedge_descriptor h : patch_halfedges)
       {
-        if (status(h) == PATCH
-          && (   status(opposite(h, mesh_)) != PATCH
-              || get_patch_id(face(h, mesh_)) != get_patch_id(face(opposite(h, mesh_), mesh_))))
+        CGAL_assertion(status(h) == PATCH);
+        if( status(opposite(h, mesh_)) != PATCH
+         || get_patch_id(face(h, mesh_)) != get_patch_id(face(opposite(h, mesh_), mesh_)))
         {
           set_status(h, PATCH_BORDER);
           has_border_ = true;

From 64e568f748758fc0cc9e95f89b74d16741e49184 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jane Tournois <jane.tournois@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 16:13:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 141/171] an isolated constraint can be on the mesh border

the halfedge status for a pair of opposite halfedges can be
MESH_BORDER and ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT, but MESH_BORDER has
priority
---
 .../internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h        | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
index 69d1eea04bc..14cf5ccadaa 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
@@ -1559,8 +1559,10 @@ private:
 
             if (hs != PATCH_BORDER && hsopp != PATCH_BORDER)
             {
-              set_status(h, ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
-              set_status(hopp, ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
+              if(hs != MESH_BORDER)
+                set_status(h, ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
+              if(hsopp != MESH_BORDER)
+                set_status(hopp, ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
             }
           }
         }
@@ -1855,7 +1857,8 @@ public:
     bool is_an_isolated_constraint(const halfedge_descriptor& h) const
     {
       bool res = (status(h) == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
-      CGAL_assertion(!res || status(opposite(h, mesh_)) == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT);
+      CGAL_assertion_code(Halfedge_status so = status(opposite(h, mesh_)));
+      CGAL_assertion(!res || so == ISOLATED_CONSTRAINT || so == MESH_BORDER);
       return res;
     }
 
@@ -1878,6 +1881,7 @@ private:
       unsigned int nb_mesh = 0;
       unsigned int nb_patch = 0;
       unsigned int nb_patch_border = 0;
+      unsigned int nb_isolated = 0;
 
       for(halfedge_descriptor h : halfedges(mesh_))
       {
@@ -1885,6 +1889,7 @@ private:
         else if(is_on_patch_border(h))  nb_patch_border++;
         else if(is_on_mesh(h))          nb_mesh++;
         else if(is_on_border(h))        nb_border++;
+        else if(is_an_isolated_constraint(h)) nb_isolated++;
         else CGAL_assertion(false);
       }
     }

From 3a6e31de65a046974db6334778f14ddcd5caabbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jane Tournois <jane.tournois@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 16:42:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 142/171] do not split isolated constraints

---
 .../internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h                  | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
index 14cf5ccadaa..b8b0f5c6b6a 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
@@ -1247,6 +1247,8 @@ private:
           return false;
         else if (is_on_mesh(hopp) && is_on_border(h))
           return false;
+        else if (is_an_isolated_constraint(h))
+          return false;
         else
           return true;
       }

From 14385aaf155498907cb2c9c1dcb611b8fde43e79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jane Tournois <jane.tournois@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 17:48:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 143/171] add a test with isolated constraints, on and away
 from mesh borders

---
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt    |  1 +
 ...meshing_with_isolated_constraints_test.cpp | 61 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 62 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/remeshing_with_isolated_constraints_test.cpp

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt
index 79ee286412a..1bc4283c0ad 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ endif()
   create_single_source_cgal_program("test_is_polygon_soup_a_polygon_mesh.cpp")
   create_single_source_cgal_program("test_stitching.cpp")
   create_single_source_cgal_program("remeshing_test.cpp" )
+  create_single_source_cgal_program("remeshing_with_isolated_constraints_test.cpp" )
   create_single_source_cgal_program("measures_test.cpp")
   create_single_source_cgal_program("triangulate_faces_test.cpp")
   create_single_source_cgal_program("triangulate_faces_hole_filling_dt3_test.cpp")
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/remeshing_with_isolated_constraints_test.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/remeshing_with_isolated_constraints_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4e7ebe96092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/remeshing_with_isolated_constraints_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
+#include <CGAL/Surface_mesh.h>
+
+#include <CGAL/boost/graph/helpers.h>
+#include <CGAL/boost/graph/generators.h>
+#include <CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/remesh.h>
+#include <CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/triangulate_faces.h>
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <set>
+
+typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel                    Kernel;
+typedef Kernel::Point_3                                                        Point_3;
+typedef CGAL::Surface_mesh<Kernel::Point_3>                                    Polygon_mesh;
+
+typedef boost::graph_traits<Polygon_mesh>::vertex_descriptor                   vertex_descriptor;
+typedef boost::graph_traits<Polygon_mesh>::edge_descriptor                     edge_descriptor;
+typedef boost::graph_traits<Polygon_mesh>::face_descriptor                     face_descriptor;
+
+namespace PMP = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing;
+
+int main(int, char**)
+{
+  Polygon_mesh sm;
+  CGAL::make_grid(10, 10, sm);
+  PMP::triangulate_faces(sm);
+  std::cout << faces(sm).size() << " faces in input" << std::endl;
+  assert(faces(sm).size() == 200);
+
+  std::set<face_descriptor> fs;
+  auto selected_faces = make_boolean_property_map(fs);
+  fs.insert(*(faces(sm).begin()));
+  CGAL::expand_face_selection(fs, sm, 1, selected_faces, CGAL::Emptyset_iterator());
+  std::cout << fs.size() << " faces in the range" << std::endl;
+  assert(fs.size() == 4);
+
+  typedef std::set<vertex_descriptor>                                        Active_vertices;
+  Active_vertices active_vertices;
+  auto apm = make_boolean_property_map(active_vertices);
+  for(vertex_descriptor v : vertices(sm))
+    put(apm, v, true);
+
+  typedef CGAL::dynamic_edge_property_t<bool>                                Contraint_property;
+  typedef typename boost::property_map<Polygon_mesh, Contraint_property>::type ECM;
+  ECM ecm = get(Contraint_property(), sm);
+
+  for(edge_descriptor e : edges(sm))
+    put(ecm, e, true);
+
+  PMP::isotropic_remeshing(fs, 0.5, sm, CGAL::parameters::vertex_is_constrained_map(apm)
+                                                         .edge_is_constrained_map(ecm)
+                                                         .collapse_constraints(false)
+                                                         .number_of_iterations(10)
+                                                         .number_of_relaxation_steps(10));
+
+  std::cout << faces(sm).size() << " faces in output" << std::endl;
+  assert(faces(sm).size() == 234);
+
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}

From 74e2ee9734021429c1dc461fea58a39370b63482 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jane Tournois <jane.tournois@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 19:40:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 144/171] do not collapse isolated constraints

---
 .../internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h                 | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
index b8b0f5c6b6a..d613015aa74 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/internal/Isotropic_remeshing/remesh_impl.h
@@ -1263,6 +1263,9 @@ private:
       if (is_on_mesh(he) && is_on_mesh(hopp))
         return false;
 
+      if (is_an_isolated_constraint(he) || is_an_isolated_constraint(hopp))
+        return false;
+
       if ( (protect_constraints_ || !collapse_constraints) && is_constrained(e))
         return false;
       if (is_on_patch(he)) //hopp is also on patch

From bbc7db4e27e1bfc9257579de74f789e23ce2fb89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 10:14:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 145/171] Remove the compatibility header for write_VTU to
 avoid conflicts

---
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h | 28 ----------------------------
 1 file changed, 28 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h

diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a76a4ecba77..00000000000
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2018 GeometryFactory (France).
-// Copyright (c) 2004-2006  INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France).
-// Copyright (c) 2009  INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France).
-// All rights reserved.
-//
-// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org).
-//
-// $URL$
-// $Id$
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
-//
-//
-// Author(s)     : Laurent RINEAU, Stephane Tayeb, Maxime Gimeno
-
-#ifndef CGAL_WRITE_VTU_H
-#define CGAL_WRITE_VTU_H
-
-#include <CGAL/license/Mesh_2.h>
-
-#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
-#include <CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h>
-
-#define CGAL_DEPRECATED_HEADER "<CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h>"
-#define CGAL_REPLACEMENT_HEADER "<CGAL/IO/write_VTU.h>"
-#include <CGAL/internal/deprecation_warning.h>
-#endif
-
-#endif // CGAL_WRITE_VTU_H

From e9b7595fff7fdccbc1ea59ffccedb2ea321daf0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 11:45:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 146/171] Deprecate CGAL headers for threads, atomic and
 result_of, and move their content to config.h as fallback

---
 .../CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h   |  1 -
 .../CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h    |  1 -
 .../include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h      |  1 -
 .../include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h               |  1 -
 .../include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h            |  1 -
 .../include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h         |  1 -
 CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h              |  1 -
 Installation/include/CGAL/atomic.h                  |  3 +++
 Installation/include/CGAL/config.h                  | 13 +++++++++++++
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h               |  1 -
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h           |  1 -
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h        |  1 -
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h         |  1 -
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h        |  1 -
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h       |  1 -
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h                 |  1 -
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h        |  3 ---
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h          |  1 -
 .../internal/Callback_wrapper.h                     |  1 -
 .../Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h   |  1 -
 .../include/CGAL/Concurrent_compact_container.h     |  1 -
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Time_stamper.h           |  1 -
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/thread.h                 |  3 +++
 23 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h
index 3e3283e55b4..fc95d4bf1b1 100644
--- a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h
+++ b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 
 #include <CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/basic.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
diff --git a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h
index d543e6a92a1..b2b7b93e33d 100644
--- a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h
+++ b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 
 #include <CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/basic.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #define AG2_PROFILE_PREDICATES
 
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h
index 2b5a25cd5e0..8155e8b2cdd 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
  * The header file for the Arr_circle_segment_traits_2<Kenrel> class.
  */
 
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 #include <CGAL/tags.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_tags.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Circle_segment_2.h>
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h
index cc26c045a84..89b758557db 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 
 #include <fstream>
 
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 #include <CGAL/tags.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_tags.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Conic_arc_2.h>
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h
index 1babd65aba1..642ba527cd5 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/basic.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_enums.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_tags.h>
 
diff --git a/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h b/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h
index a6326ed6cae..7b0b74f5679 100644
--- a/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h
+++ b/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/Bbox_2.h>
 #include <CGAL/Bbox_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Box_intersection_d/box_limits.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
diff --git a/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h b/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h
index efeb46378cb..22cde3a4a31 100644
--- a/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h
+++ b/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 #define _CORE_COREDEFS_H_
 
 #include <CGAL/CORE/extLong.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 #include <CGAL/disable_warnings.h>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_HEADER_ONLY
diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/atomic.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/atomic.h
index 5c92b46fd2a..da0a5c1c0a2 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/atomic.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/atomic.h
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
 #ifndef CGAL_ATOMIC_H
 #define CGAL_ATOMIC_H
 
+#define CGAL_DEPRECATED_HEADER "<CGAL/atomic.h>"
+#define CGAL_REPLACEMENT_HEADER "<CGAL/config.h>"
+
 #include <CGAL/config.h>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_HAS_THREADS
diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
index 8f0f43c95a9..5b1e27e2fd0 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
@@ -645,6 +645,9 @@ using std::max;
 #  include <unordered_set>
 #  include <unordered_map>
 #  include <functional>
+#  include <thread>
+#  include <chrono>
+#  include <atomic>
 //
 namespace CGAL {
 //
@@ -663,6 +666,16 @@ namespace CGAL {
     using std::is_enum;
     using std::unordered_set;
     using std::unordered_map;
+    using std::atomic;
+    using std::memory_order_relaxed;
+    using std::memory_order_consume;
+    using std::memory_order_acquire;
+    using std::memory_order_release;
+    using std::memory_order_acq_rel;
+    using std::memory_order_seq_cst;
+    using std::atomic_thread_fence;
+    using std::thread;
+
   }
 //
   namespace cpp0x = cpp11;
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
index fb54c96a4ae..718a730032d 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/Mesher_level_visitors.h>
 #include <CGAL/Kernel_traits.h>
 #include <CGAL/point_generators_3.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_MESH_3_USE_OLD_SURFACE_RESTRICTED_DELAUNAY_UPDATE
 #include <CGAL/Surface_mesher/Surface_mesher_visitor.h>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
index 3b59efebbd9..2da097ef8a5 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
   #include <CGAL/Mesh_3/Profiling_tools.h>
 #endif
 
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_3/Worksharing_data_structures.h>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_CONCURRENT_MESH_3_PROFILING
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
index f810e9fc044..0a5826774bd 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/iterator.h>
 #include <CGAL/number_utils.h>
 #include <CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_3.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/boost/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp>
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
index b7d7e050735..30726de2fcc 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
   #include <tbb/blocked_range.h>
   #include <tbb/parallel_for.h>
 #endif
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/Meshes/Filtered_deque_container.h>
 #include <CGAL/Meshes/Filtered_multimap_container.h>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
index b7b90c2e4ed..fe720c2399d 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_3/Dump_c3t3.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/Object.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
 #include <boost/optional.hpp>
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
index 3038ce6383f..aa6a83b9e0e 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_facet_topology.h>
 
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 #include <CGAL/utility.h>
 #include <CGAL/Time_stamper.h>
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h
index bba8c6c199e..4846b12c97e 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_error_code.h>
 #include <CGAL/optimize_mesh_3.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #include <boost/parameter/preprocessor.hpp>
 
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h
index 786971053d3..7194fbae8ca 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/license/Nef_3.h>
 
-
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
-
 #include <CGAL/Nef_3/Vertex.h>
 #include <CGAL/Nef_3/Halfedge.h>
 #include <CGAL/Nef_3/Halffacet.h>
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
index 68fe0409671..02b3a1d111c 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #define CGAL_COUNTED_NUMBER_H
 
 #include <CGAL/number_type_basic.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 #include <CGAL/boost/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp> // for Root_of_selector
 #include <iostream>
 
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
index c52826db44b..266a7bcd306 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <functional>
 
-#include <CGAL/thread.h>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 namespace Point_set_processing_3 {
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
index 47f5f9670df..932530e76ba 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 #include <QProgressDialog>
 #include <CGAL/Real_timer.h>
-#include <CGAL/thread.h>
 
 #include "Callback_signaler.h"
 
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Concurrent_compact_container.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Concurrent_compact_container.h
index b2025dfa9af..8133cbd3c03 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Concurrent_compact_container.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Concurrent_compact_container.h
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/iterator.h>
 #include <CGAL/CC_safe_handle.h>
 #include <CGAL/Time_stamper.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 #include <tbb/enumerable_thread_specific.h>
 #include <tbb/queuing_mutex.h>
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Time_stamper.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Time_stamper.h
index f0cfe44a574..8d346516a27 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Time_stamper.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/Time_stamper.h
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #define CGAL_TIME_STAMPER_H
 
 #include <CGAL/Has_timestamp.h>
-#include <CGAL/atomic.h>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/thread.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/thread.h
index fb5a7ca1310..7d163964cf7 100644
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/thread.h
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/thread.h
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 #ifndef CGAL_THREAD_H
 #define CGAL_THREAD_H
 
+#define CGAL_DEPRECATED_HEADER "<CGAL/thread.h>"
+#define CGAL_REPLACEMENT_HEADER "<CGAL/config.h>"
+
 #include <CGAL/config.h>
 
 /*

From 3e03d50b8a6845b538fa209b3c3c1e55533bb97f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2021 15:32:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 147/171] replace usages of CGAL::cpp11::atomic and thread by
 std:: calls

---
 .../Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h  |  5 ++-
 .../Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h   |  3 +-
 .../CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h        |  3 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h         |  3 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h      |  3 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h   |  3 +-
 CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h        | 24 ++++++-----
 CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs_impl.h   | 24 ++++++-----
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h         |  7 +--
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h     |  8 ++--
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h  |  7 +--
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h   | 12 +++---
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h  | 13 +++---
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h |  3 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/make_mesh_3.h             |  4 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h           |  4 +-
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h  |  4 +-
 Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h    | 43 ++++++++++---------
 .../include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h        |  4 +-
 19 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h
index fc95d4bf1b1..4395c25a54b 100644
--- a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h
+++ b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/comparator_profiler.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 
 #include <CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/basic.h>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ public:
   typedef bool bool_;
   typedef unsigned long long_;
 #else
-  typedef CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> bool_;
-  typedef CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> long_;
+  typedef std::atomic<bool> bool_;
+  typedef std::atomic<unsigned long> long_;
 #endif
 
   static bool_ count_cases;
diff --git a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h
index b2b7b93e33d..cf78798b185 100644
--- a/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h
+++ b/Apollonius_graph_2/include/CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/predicate_profiler.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 
 #include <CGAL/Apollonius_graph_2/basic.h>
+#include <atomic>
 
 #define AG2_PROFILE_PREDICATES
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ public:
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
   typedef unsigned long long_;
 #else
-  typedef CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> long_;
+  typedef std::atomic<unsigned long> long_;
 #endif
 
   // high level predicates
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h
index 8155e8b2cdd..dfa5bf667d0 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_circle_segment_traits_2.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Circle_segment_2.h>
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ public:
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     static unsigned int index;
 #else
-    static CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned int> index;
+    static std::atomic<unsigned int> index;
 #endif
     return (++index);
   }
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h
index 89b758557db..079ba7d1d04 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_conic_traits_2.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <atomic>
 
 #include <CGAL/tags.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_tags.h>
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ public:
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     static unsigned int index;
 #else
-    static CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned int> index;
+    static std::atomic<unsigned int> index;
 #endif
     return (++index);
   }
diff --git a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h
index 642ba527cd5..2a745798ec4 100644
--- a/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h
+++ b/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_counting_traits_2.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <atomic>
 
 #include <CGAL/basic.h>
 #include <CGAL/Arr_enums.h>
@@ -949,7 +950,7 @@ public:
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     static unsigned int counter;
 #else
-    static CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned int> counter;
+    static std::atomic<size_t> counter;
 #endif
     if (doit) ++counter;
     return counter;
diff --git a/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h b/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h
index 7b0b74f5679..ddadb14852e 100644
--- a/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h
+++ b/Box_intersection_d/include/CGAL/Box_intersection_d/Box_d.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ struct Unique_numbers {
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
       static std::size_t n = 0;
 #else
-      static CGAL::cpp11::atomic<std::size_t> n; // initialized to 0
+      static std::atomic<std::size_t> n; // initialized to 0
 #endif
       i = n++;
     }
diff --git a/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h b/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h
index 22cde3a4a31..57c3da34645 100644
--- a/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h
+++ b/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 #include <CGAL/CORE/extLong.h>
 #include <CGAL/disable_warnings.h>
 
+#include <atomic>
+
 #ifdef CGAL_HEADER_ONLY
 
   #define CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(TYPE, NAME, VALUE)  \
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ namespace CORE {
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(bool, AbortFlag, true)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, AbortFlag, true)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<bool>, AbortFlag, true)
 #endif
 
 /// Invalid Flag -- initiallly value is non-negative
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, AbortFlag, true)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(int, InvalidFlag, 0)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<int>, InvalidFlag, 0)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<int>, InvalidFlag, 0)
 #endif
 
 /// Escape Precision in bits
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(long, EscapePrecFlag, 0)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(bool, EscapePrecWarning, true)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, EscapePrecWarning, true)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<bool>, EscapePrecWarning, true)
 #endif
 
 // These following two values determine the precision of computing
@@ -123,7 +125,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(extLong, defAbsPrec, CORE_posInfty)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(long, defBigFloatOutputDigits, 10)
 #else
-    CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long>, defBigFloatOutputDigits, 10)
+    CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<long>, defBigFloatOutputDigits, 10)
 #endif
 
 /// default input precision in digits for converting a string to a Real or Expr
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(extLong, defInputDigits, CORE_posInfty)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(long, defOutputDigits, 10) // == get_static_defBigFloatOutputDigits()
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long>, defOutputDigits, 10) // == get_static_defBigFloatOutputDigits()
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<long>, defOutputDigits, 10) // == get_static_defBigFloatOutputDigits()
 #endif
 
 /// default input precision in digits for converting a string to a BigFloat
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long>, defOutputDigits, 10) // == get_
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(long, defBigFloatInputDigits, 16)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long>, defBigFloatInputDigits, 16)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<long>, defBigFloatInputDigits, 16)
 #endif
 
 inline
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(extLong, defBFsqrtAbsPrec, 54)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(bool, fpFilterFlag, true)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, fpFilterFlag, true)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<bool>, fpFilterFlag, true)
 #endif
 
 
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, fpFilterFlag, true)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(bool, incrementalEvalFlag, true)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, incrementalEvalFlag, true)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<bool>, incrementalEvalFlag, true)
 #endif
 
 
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, incrementalEvalFlag, true)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(bool, progressiveEvalFlag, true)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, progressiveEvalFlag, true)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<bool>, progressiveEvalFlag, true)
 #endif
 
 
@@ -192,14 +194,14 @@ CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, progressiveEvalFlag, true)
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(bool, rationalReduceFlag, false)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>, rationalReduceFlag, false)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<bool>, rationalReduceFlag, false)
 #endif
 
 /// default initial (bit) precision for AddSub Progressive Evaluation
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(long, defInitialProgressivePrec, 64)
 #else
-CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long>, defInitialProgressivePrec, 64)
+CGAL_GLOBAL_STATE_VAR(std::atomic<long>, defInitialProgressivePrec, 64)
 #endif
 
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs_impl.h b/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs_impl.h
index b7436178b0a..d28326496f3 100644
--- a/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs_impl.h
+++ b/CGAL_Core/include/CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs_impl.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 
 #include "CGAL/CORE/CoreDefs.h"
 
+#include <atomic>
+
 namespace CORE {
 
 //  Default Values
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ int IOErrorFlag = 0;
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 bool AbortFlag = true;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> AbortFlag(true);
+std::atomic<bool> AbortFlag(true);
 #endif
 
 /**
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> AbortFlag(true);
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 int InvalidFlag = 0;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<int> InvalidFlag(0);
+std::atomic<int> InvalidFlag(0);
 #endif
 
 /* ************************************************************
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ long EscapePrecFlag = 0;
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 bool EscapePrecWarning = true;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> EscapePrecWarning(true);
+std::atomic<bool> EscapePrecWarning(true);
 #endif
 
 /** The Composite Precision [defAbsPrec, defRelPrec]
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ extLong defRelPrec = 60;
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 long defBigFloatOutputDigits = 10;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long> defBigFloatOutputDigits(10);
+std::atomic<long> defBigFloatOutputDigits(10);
 #endif
 
 /**  NORMALLY, we like to make this equal to defBigFloatOutputDigits
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long> defBigFloatOutputDigits(10);
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 long defOutputDigits = 10;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long> defOutputDigits(10); // == defBigFloatOutputDigits;
+std::atomic<long> defOutputDigits(10); // == defBigFloatOutputDigits;
 #endif
 
 /** String Input Precision */
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ extLong defInputDigits = CORE_posInfty;
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 long defBigFloatInputDigits = 16;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long> defBigFloatInputDigits(16);
+std::atomic<long> defBigFloatInputDigits(16);
 #endif
 
 /* ************************************************************
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long> defBigFloatInputDigits(16);
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 bool fpFilterFlag = true;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> fpFilterFlag(true);
+std::atomic<bool> fpFilterFlag(true);
 #endif
 
 /** IncrementaL evaluation flag
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> fpFilterFlag(true);
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 bool incrementalEvalFlag = true;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> incrementalEvalFlag(true);
+std::atomic<bool> incrementalEvalFlag(true);
 #endif
 
 /** Progressive evaluation flag
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> incrementalEvalFlag(true);
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 bool progressiveEvalFlag = true;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> progressiveEvalFlag(true);
+std::atomic<bool> progressiveEvalFlag(true);
 #endif
 
 /** Initial progressive evaluation precision
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> progressiveEvalFlag(true);
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 long defInitialProgressivePrec = 64;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long> defInitialProgressivePrec(64);
+std::atomic<long> defInitialProgressivePrec(64);
 #endif
 
 /** RATIONAL REDUCTION FLAG
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ CGAL::cpp11::atomic<long> defInitialProgressivePrec(64);
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
 bool rationalReduceFlag = false;
 #else
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool> rationalReduceFlag(false);
+std::atomic<bool> rationalReduceFlag(false);
 #endif
 #endif // CGAL_HEADER_ONLY
 
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
index 718a730032d..1b50447e088 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
 #include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>
 #include <string>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 namespace Mesh_3 {
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ public:
            std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices = 0,
            Mesh_error_code* error_code = 0
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-           , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr = 0
+           , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr = 0
 #endif
            );
 
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ private:
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
   /// Pointer to the atomic Boolean that can stop the process
-  CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* const stop_ptr;
+  std::atomic<bool>* const stop_ptr;
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CGAL_LINKED_WITH_TBB
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ Mesher_3<C3T3,MC,MD>::Mesher_3(C3T3& c3t3,
                                std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices,
                                Mesh_error_code* error_code
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                               , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                               , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                                )
 : Base(c3t3.bbox(),
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
index 2da097ef8a5..77b1836df6a 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 # include <tbb/task.h>
 #endif
 
-#include <string>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL { namespace Mesh_3 {
 
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ public:
   void set_lock_ds(Lock_data_structure *) {}
   void set_worksharing_ds(WorksharingDataStructureType *) {}
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-  void set_stop_pointer(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>*) {}
+  void set_stop_pointer(std::atomic<bool>*) {}
 #endif
 
 protected:
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ public:
   }
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-  void set_stop_pointer(CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr)
+  void set_stop_pointer(std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr)
   {
     m_stop_ptr = stop_ptr;
   }
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ protected:
 
   tbb::task *m_empty_root_task;
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-  CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* m_stop_ptr;
+  std::atomic<bool>* m_stop_ptr;
 #endif
 
 private:
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
index 0a5826774bd..fb0da075047 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 namespace Mesh_3 {
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ public:
                              std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices = 0,
                              Mesh_error_code* error_code = 0
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                             , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr = 0
+                             , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr = 0
 #endif
                              );
 
@@ -469,7 +470,7 @@ private:
   Mesh_error_code* const error_code_;
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
   /// Pointer to the atomic Boolean that can stop the process
-  CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* const stop_ptr_;
+  std::atomic<bool>* const stop_ptr_;
 #endif
 };
 
@@ -481,7 +482,7 @@ Protect_edges_sizing_field(C3T3& c3t3, const MD& domain,
                            std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices,
                            Mesh_error_code* error_code
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                           , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                           , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                            )
   : c3t3_(c3t3)
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
index 30726de2fcc..6a234a15311 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 #include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
 #include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>
 #include <sstream>
-
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ public:
                  C3T3& c3t3,
                  std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                 );
   // For parallel
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ public:
                  WorksharingDataStructureType *worksharing_ds,
                  std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                 );
 
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ private:
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
   /// Pointer to the atomic Boolean that can stop the process
-  CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* const m_stop_ptr;
+  std::atomic<bool>* const m_stop_ptr;
 #endif
 private:
   // Disabled copy constructor
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ Refine_cells_3(Tr& triangulation,
                C3T3& c3t3,
                std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-               , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+               , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                )
   : Mesher_level<Tr, Self, Cell_handle, P_,
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ Refine_cells_3(Tr& triangulation,
                WorksharingDataStructureType *worksharing_ds,
                std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-               , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+               , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                )
   : Mesher_level<Tr, Self, Cell_handle, P_,
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
index fe720c2399d..f90ecc9273b 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/tuple.h>
 #include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ public:
                        const Criteria& criteria,
                        std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                       , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                       , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                        )
     : r_tr_(tr)
@@ -608,7 +609,7 @@ protected:
   std::size_t m_maximal_number_of_vertices_;
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
   /// Pointer to the atomic Boolean that can stop the process
-  CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* const m_stop_ptr;
+  std::atomic<bool>* const m_stop_ptr;
 #endif
 }; // end class template Refine_facets_3_base
 
@@ -776,7 +777,7 @@ public:
                   int mesh_topology,
                   std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                  , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                  , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                   );
   // For parallel
@@ -789,7 +790,7 @@ public:
                   WorksharingDataStructureType *worksharing_ds,
                   std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                  , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                  , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                   );
 
@@ -909,7 +910,7 @@ Refine_facets_3(Tr& triangulation,
                 int mesh_topology,
                 std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                 )
   : Rf_base(triangulation, c3t3, oracle, criteria, mesh_topology,
@@ -938,7 +939,7 @@ Refine_facets_3(Tr& triangulation,
                 WorksharingDataStructureType *worksharing_ds,
                 std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                 )
   : Rf_base(triangulation, c3t3, oracle, criteria, maximal_number_of_vertices
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
index aa6a83b9e0e..e68892bd600 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
 #include <set>
 #include <vector>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ public:
                               int mesh_topology,
                               std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                              , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
+                              , std::atomic<bool>* stop_ptr
 #endif
                               )
     : Base(triangulation,
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/make_mesh_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/make_mesh_3.h
index 6bc7be6c596..a75e120da69 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/make_mesh_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/make_mesh_3.h
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 #include <boost/mpl/has_xxx.hpp>
 #include <boost/parameter/preprocessor.hpp>
 
+#include <atomic>
+
 namespace CGAL {
 
 namespace parameters {
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ void init_c3t3_with_features(C3T3& c3t3,
                              std::size_t maximal_number_of_vertices = 0,
                              Mesh_error_code* pointer_to_error_code = 0
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-                             , CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* pointer_to_stop = 0
+                             , std::atomic<bool>* pointer_to_stop = 0
 #endif
                              )
 {
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h
index 4846b12c97e..acbf847b26b 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/refine_mesh_3.h
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 
 #include <boost/parameter/preprocessor.hpp>
 
+#include <atomic>
+
 namespace CGAL {
 
 namespace details {
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ struct Manifold_options {
 // Various Mesh_3 option
 struct Mesh_3_options {
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
-      typedef CGAL::cpp11::atomic<bool>* Pointer_to_stop_atomic_boolean_t;
+      typedef std::atomic<bool>* Pointer_to_stop_atomic_boolean_t;
 #else
       typedef bool* Pointer_to_stop_atomic_boolean_t;
 #endif
diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h
index 7194fbae8ca..82740860553 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/SNC_indexed_items.h
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #include <CGAL/Nef_3/SHalfloop.h>
 #include <CGAL/Nef_3/SFace.h>
 
+#include <atomic>
+
 #undef CGAL_NEF_DEBUG
 #define CGAL_NEF_DEBUG 83
 #include <CGAL/Nef_2/debug.h>
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ class Index_generator {
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     static int unique;
 #else
-    static CGAL::cpp11::atomic<int> unique;
+    static std::atomic<int> unique;
 #endif
     return unique++;
   }
diff --git a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
index 02b3a1d111c..502a0e1d2a3 100644
--- a/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
+++ b/Number_types/include/CGAL/Counted_number.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/number_type_basic.h>
 #include <CGAL/boost/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp> // for Root_of_selector
 #include <iostream>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ class Counted_number {
 #ifdef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     static unsigned long
 #else
-    static CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long>
+    static std::atomic<unsigned long>
 #endif
                          s_neg_count, s_add_count, s_sub_count,
                          s_mul_count, s_div_count,
@@ -279,64 +280,64 @@ template< class NT >
 unsigned long Counted_number<NT>::s_mod_count = 0;
 #else
 template <class NT>
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_neg_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_neg_count;
 
 template <class NT>
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_add_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_add_count;
 
 template <class NT>
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_sub_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_sub_count;
 
 template <class NT>
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_mul_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_mul_count;
 
 template <class NT>
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_div_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_div_count;
 
 template <class NT>
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_eq_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_eq_count;
 
 template <class NT>
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_comp_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_comp_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_simplify_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_simplify_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_unit_part_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_unit_part_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_is_zero_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_is_zero_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_is_one_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_is_one_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_square_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_square_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_integral_division_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_integral_division_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_is_square_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_is_square_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_sqrt_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_sqrt_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_kth_root_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_kth_root_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_root_of_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_root_of_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_gcd_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_gcd_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_div_mod_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_div_mod_count;
 
 template< class NT >
-CGAL::cpp11::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_mod_count;
+std::atomic<unsigned long> Counted_number<NT>::s_mod_count;
 #endif
 
 
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
index 932530e76ba..42345fb335a 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 #include "Callback_signaler.h"
 
+#include <atomic>
+
 typedef CGAL::Parallel_if_available_tag Concurrency_tag;
 
 class Signal_callback
@@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ void run_with_qprogressdialog (Functor& functor,
 #ifdef CGAL_HAS_STD_THREADS
   if (boost::is_convertible<ConcurrencyTag, CGAL::Parallel_tag>::value)
   {
-    CGAL::cpp11::thread thread (functor);
+    std::thread thread (functor);
 
     while (*signal_callback->latest_adv != 1. &&
            *signal_callback->state)

From 33cefe1be7db67010610aa3d35b68c92c5738d77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 11:13:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 148/171] remove calls to cpp11::sleep_for()

---
 .../CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h   | 4 +++-
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp                        | 4 +++-
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h | 4 +++-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
index 266a7bcd306..bd20e2505ec 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
@@ -168,7 +168,9 @@ public:
         *m_interrupted = true;
       if (*m_interrupted)
         return;
-      cpp11::sleep_for (0.00001);
+      typedef std::chrono::nanoseconds nanoseconds;
+      nanoseconds ns (nanoseconds::rep (1000000000.0 * 0.00001));
+      std::this_thread::sleep_for(ns);
     }
     if (m_callback)
       m_callback (1.);
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
index 0b3d93db7b7..f6e63991b1d 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
@@ -302,7 +302,9 @@ bool push_file(ssh_session &session,
   //some versions of libssh don't copy everything without this.
   //This is the case for the official version on Ubuntu 18.04
   std::chrono::duration<int, std::micro> timespan(size);
-  std::this_thread::sleep_for(timespan);
+  typedef std::chrono::nanoseconds nanoseconds;
+  nanoseconds ns (nanoseconds::rep (1000000000.0 * timespan));
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(ns);
   if (res != SSH_OK)
   {
     std::cerr<< "Can't write to remote file: %s\n"
diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
index 42345fb335a..f2657fda3f1 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/include/run_with_qprogressdialog.h
@@ -118,7 +118,9 @@ void run_with_qprogressdialog (Functor& functor,
     while (*signal_callback->latest_adv != 1. &&
            *signal_callback->state)
     {
-      CGAL::cpp11::sleep_for (0.1);
+      typedef std::chrono::nanoseconds nanoseconds;
+      nanoseconds ns (nanoseconds::rep (1000000000.0 * 0.1));
+      std::this_thread::sleep_for(ns);
       QApplication::processEvents ();
     }
 

From 9872ac9cf843496cd1b41d66b5e5b9a4384f67ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 11:16:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 149/171] Replace tbb::atomic

---
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h       |  2 +-
 Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
index aeb3411a1e1..54829a080d3 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public:
   }
 
 protected:
-  typedef tbb::atomic<unsigned int> Erase_counter_type;
+  typedef std::atomic<unsigned int> Erase_counter_type;
   Erase_counter_type                m_erase_counter;
 
 };
diff --git a/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h b/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h
index dfaacdb48f9..72f54bb7ad7 100644
--- a/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h
+++ b/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ struct Profile_counter
     Profile_counter(const std::string & ss)
       : s(ss)
     {
-      i = 0; // needed here because of tbb::atomic
+      i = 0; // needed here because of std::atomic
     }
 
     void operator++() { ++i; }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ struct Profile_counter
 
 private:
 #ifdef CGAL_CONCURRENT_PROFILE
-    tbb::atomic<unsigned int> i;
+    std::atomic<unsigned int> i;
 #else
     unsigned int i;
 #endif
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ struct Profile_branch_counter
     Profile_branch_counter(const std::string & ss)
       : s(ss)
     {
-      i = j = 0; // needed here because of tbb::atomic
+      i = j = 0; // needed here because of std::atomic
     }
 
     void operator++() { ++i; }
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ struct Profile_branch_counter
 
 private:
 #ifdef CGAL_CONCURRENT_PROFILE
-    tbb::atomic<unsigned int> i, j;
+    std::atomic<unsigned int> i, j;
 #else
     unsigned int i, j;
 #endif
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ struct Profile_branch_counter_3
     Profile_branch_counter_3(const std::string & ss)
       : s(ss)
     {
-      i = j = k = 0; // needed here because of tbb::atomic
+      i = j = k = 0; // needed here because of std::atomic
     }
 
     void operator++() { ++i; }
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ struct Profile_branch_counter_3
 
 private:
 #ifdef CGAL_CONCURRENT_PROFILE
-    tbb::atomic<unsigned int> i, j, k;
+    std::atomic<unsigned int> i, j, k;
 #else
     unsigned int i, j, k;
 #endif

From 1b5b61ab0ae7c14b64680374e45ec131b9609869 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 12:17:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 150/171] Add include

---
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h       | 1 +
 Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
index 54829a080d3..627daa86db7 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/Mesh_3/io_signature.h>
 #include <CGAL/Has_timestamp.h>
 #include <CGAL/tags.h>
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
diff --git a/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h b/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h
index 72f54bb7ad7..537d7640bee 100644
--- a/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h
+++ b/Profiling_tools/include/CGAL/Profile_counter.h
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <string>
 #include <map>
+#include <atomic>
 
 #include <CGAL/disable_warnings.h>
 

From 9acf3d4b19ba040567e21de3a361c1021f586a5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 May 2021 15:37:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 151/171] Add missing fallbacks for IO functions and result_of

---
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h         | 20 ++++++++++++++++++-
 BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h         |  6 ++++++
 Installation/include/CGAL/config.h            |  1 +
 .../include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h        |  2 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h        |  5 +++++
 5 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h
index fbc15b04d96..818e10386ed 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/INP.h
@@ -96,8 +96,26 @@ bool write_INP(const std::string& fname, const std::string& type, const Graph& g
   return write_INP(fname, type, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
+#ifndef CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
+template <typename FaceGraph, typename NamedParameters>
+CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_inp(std::ostream& os,
+               const FaceGraph& g,
+               std::string name,
+               std::string type,
+               const NamedParameters& np)
+{
+  return write_INP(os, name, type, g, np);
+}
+template <typename FaceGraph>
+CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_inp(std::ostream& os,
+               const FaceGraph& g,
+               std::string name,
+               std::string type)
+{
+  return write_INP(os, name, type, g, parameters::all_default());
+}
+#endif
 /// \endcond
-
 } // namespace CGAL
 
 #endif // CGAL_BGL_IO_INP_H
diff --git a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
index 57685046e79..e2d647d0c59 100644
--- a/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/BGL/include/CGAL/boost/graph/IO/OFF.h
@@ -312,6 +312,12 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(const char* fname, Graph& g)
  return read_off(fname, g, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
+template <typename Graph>
+CGAL_DEPRECATED bool read_off(const std::string& fname, Graph& g)
+{
+ return read_off(fname.c_str(), g, parameters::all_default());
+}
+
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
index 76d6fd9366c..aa9724b90d5 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
@@ -641,6 +641,7 @@ namespace CGAL {
     using std::is_enum;
     using std::unordered_set;
     using std::unordered_map;
+    using std::result_of;
   }
 //
   namespace cpp0x = cpp11;
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
index 5ccfa93d943..16c8d0e814d 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/IO/write_xyz_points.h
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points
 template <typename PointRange>
 CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_xyz_points(std::ostream& os, const PointRange& points)
 {
-  return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::all_default(points));
+  return write_XYZ(os, points, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
 /// \endcond
diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
index f19a3b9d9b2..0a8c631bb8f 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/PLY.h
@@ -1140,6 +1140,11 @@ CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<P>& sm, cons
   return write_PLY(os, sm, comments);
 }
 
+template <typename P>
+CGAL_DEPRECATED bool write_ply(std::ostream& os, const Surface_mesh<P>& sm)
+{
+  return write_PLY(os, sm, "");
+}
 #endif // CGAL_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE
 
 } // namespace CGAL

From e775ed2ebc21b63a86235eed3dc7c6658b199f07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 10:10:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 152/171] use CGAL/result_of instead of std::result_of in
 config.h

---
 Installation/include/CGAL/config.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
index aa9724b90d5..cf339cadfe3 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
@@ -623,6 +623,7 @@ using std::max;
 #  include <unordered_set>
 #  include <unordered_map>
 #  include <functional>
+#  include <CGAL/result_of.h>
 //
 namespace CGAL {
 //
@@ -641,7 +642,6 @@ namespace CGAL {
     using std::is_enum;
     using std::unordered_set;
     using std::unordered_map;
-    using std::result_of;
   }
 //
   namespace cpp0x = cpp11;

From 9533a9fea8e307d51b772318fd33ae9292da957f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 May 2021 10:43:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 153/171] remove CGAL/result_of.h and move its content to
 config.h

---
 .../internal/Generic_random_point_generator.h |  1 -
 Installation/include/CGAL/config.h            |  8 +-
 .../include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h |  1 -
 ...ic_4_hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h |  1 -
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h        | 73 -------------------
 .../CGAL/Manhattan_distance_iso_box_point.h   |  1 -
 .../include/CGAL/Regular_triangulation_3.h    |  1 -
 7 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h

diff --git a/Generator/include/CGAL/internal/Generic_random_point_generator.h b/Generator/include/CGAL/internal/Generic_random_point_generator.h
index 76c52dd55cb..a161df1da76 100644
--- a/Generator/include/CGAL/internal/Generic_random_point_generator.h
+++ b/Generator/include/CGAL/internal/Generic_random_point_generator.h
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/generators.h>
 #include <CGAL/Random.h>
 #include <CGAL/property_map.h>
-#include <CGAL/result_of.h>
 
 
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
index cf339cadfe3..007ac147dcf 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
@@ -623,7 +623,6 @@ using std::max;
 #  include <unordered_set>
 #  include <unordered_map>
 #  include <functional>
-#  include <CGAL/result_of.h>
 //
 namespace CGAL {
 //
@@ -642,6 +641,13 @@ namespace CGAL {
     using std::is_enum;
     using std::unordered_set;
     using std::unordered_map;
+#if CGAL_CXX20 || __cpp_lib_is_invocable>=201703L
+    template<typename Signature> class result_of;
+    template<typename F, typename... Args>
+    class result_of<F(Args...)> : public std::invoke_result<F, Args...> { };
+#else
+    using std::result_of;
+#endif
   }
 //
   namespace cpp0x = cpp11;
diff --git a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
index 380e9b70f86..579dc2edede 100644
--- a/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
+++ b/Periodic_3_triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_3.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/basic.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/internal/Periodic_3_triangulation_iterators_3.h>
-#include <CGAL/result_of.h>
 #include <CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_ds_cell_base_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_ds_vertex_base_3.h>
 #include <CGAL/Periodic_3_triangulation_traits_3.h>
diff --git a/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h b/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h
index 0c74a7a8be4..3b17771004c 100644
--- a/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h
+++ b/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_triangulation_2/include/CGAL/Periodic_4_hyperbolic_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 
 #include <CGAL/intersections.h>
 #include <CGAL/iterator.h>
-#include <CGAL/result_of.h>
 #include <CGAL/Timer.h>
 
 #include <iterator>
diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 863ddb90806..00000000000
--- a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2013
-// Utrecht University (The Netherlands),
-// ETH Zurich (Switzerland),
-// INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France),
-// Max-Planck-Institute Saarbruecken (Germany),
-// and Tel-Aviv University (Israel).  All rights reserved.
-//
-// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org)
-//
-// $URL$
-// $Id$
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
-//
-//
-// Author(s)     : Sebastien Loriot <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
-
-
-#ifndef CGAL_RESULT_OF_H
-#define CGAL_RESULT_OF_H
-
-#include <CGAL/config.h>
-#include <CGAL/disable_warnings.h>
-
-#if CGAL_CXX20 || __cpp_lib_is_invocable>=201703L
-
-  // C++>=17
-
-#elif CGAL_CXX11
-
-  #include <type_traits>
-
-#else // C++<11
-
-  // Address the warning C4003: not enough actual parameters for macro 'BOOST_PP_SEQ_DETAIL_IS_NOT_EMPTY'
-  // result_of.hpp includes files from boost/preprocessor
-  // This concerns boost 1_65_1
-  #if defined(BOOST_MSVC)
-    #pragma warning(push)
-    #pragma warning(disable: 4003)
-  #endif
-    #include <boost/utility/result_of.hpp>
-  #if defined(BOOST_MSVC)
-    #pragma warning(pop)
-  #endif
-  #include <boost/version.hpp>
-
-#endif // end C++<11
-
-namespace CGAL {
-namespace cpp11 {
-
-#if CGAL_CXX20 || __cpp_lib_is_invocable>=201703L
-
-  template<typename Signature> class result_of;
-  template<typename F, typename... Args>
-  class result_of<F(Args...)> : public std::invoke_result<F, Args...> { };
-
-#elif CGAL_CXX11
-
-  using std::result_of;
-
-#else // C++<11
-
-  using boost::result_of;
-
-#endif // end C++<11
-
-} // end cpp11
-} // end CGAL
-
-#include <CGAL/enable_warnings.h>
-
-#endif // CGAL_RESULT_OF_H
diff --git a/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Manhattan_distance_iso_box_point.h b/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Manhattan_distance_iso_box_point.h
index 16ffe439eaa..cd348d178e3 100644
--- a/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Manhattan_distance_iso_box_point.h
+++ b/Spatial_searching/include/CGAL/Manhattan_distance_iso_box_point.h
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/license/Spatial_searching.h>
 
 
-#include <CGAL/result_of.h>
 #include <CGAL/Kd_tree_rectangle.h>
 #include <CGAL/internal/Get_dimension_tag.h>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Regular_triangulation_3.h b/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Regular_triangulation_3.h
index 34186b034a0..c65d42e9bf8 100644
--- a/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Regular_triangulation_3.h
+++ b/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Regular_triangulation_3.h
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 #include <CGAL/Cartesian_converter.h>
 #include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_exact_constructions_kernel.h>
 #include <CGAL/Kernel_traits.h>
-#include <CGAL/result_of.h>
 
 #ifndef CGAL_TRIANGULATION_3_DONT_INSERT_RANGE_OF_POINTS_WITH_INFO
 #include <CGAL/Spatial_sort_traits_adapter_3.h>

From 902802713162264d66b675c989457dd74c876671 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 12:54:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 154/171] Restore result_of.h and deprecate it

---
 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h

diff --git a/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..87329e362b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/STL_Extension/include/CGAL/result_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2013
+// Utrecht University (The Netherlands),
+// ETH Zurich (Switzerland),
+// INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France),
+// Max-Planck-Institute Saarbruecken (Germany),
+// and Tel-Aviv University (Israel).  All rights reserved.
+//
+// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org)
+//
+// $URL$
+// $Id$
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
+//
+//
+// Author(s)     : Sebastien Loriot <sebastien.loriot@cgal.org>
+
+
+#ifndef CGAL_RESULT_OF_H
+#define CGAL_RESULT_OF_H
+
+#define CGAL_DEPRECATED_HEADER "<CGAL/result_of.h>"
+#define CGAL_REPLACEMENT_HEADER "<CGAL/config.h>"
+
+#include <CGAL/config.h>
+#include <CGAL/disable_warnings.h>
+
+#if CGAL_CXX20 || __cpp_lib_is_invocable>=201703L
+
+  // C++>=17
+
+#elif CGAL_CXX11
+
+  #include <type_traits>
+
+#else // C++<11
+
+  // Address the warning C4003: not enough actual parameters for macro 'BOOST_PP_SEQ_DETAIL_IS_NOT_EMPTY'
+  // result_of.hpp includes files from boost/preprocessor
+  // This concerns boost 1_65_1
+  #if defined(BOOST_MSVC)
+    #pragma warning(push)
+    #pragma warning(disable: 4003)
+  #endif
+    #include <boost/utility/result_of.hpp>
+  #if defined(BOOST_MSVC)
+    #pragma warning(pop)
+  #endif
+  #include <boost/version.hpp>
+
+#endif // end C++<11
+
+namespace CGAL {
+namespace cpp11 {
+
+#if CGAL_CXX20 || __cpp_lib_is_invocable>=201703L
+
+  template<typename Signature> class result_of;
+  template<typename F, typename... Args>
+  class result_of<F(Args...)> : public std::invoke_result<F, Args...> { };
+
+#elif CGAL_CXX11
+
+  using std::result_of;
+
+#else // C++<11
+
+  using boost::result_of;
+
+#endif // end C++<11
+
+} // end cpp11
+} // end CGAL
+
+#include <CGAL/enable_warnings.h>
+
+#endif // CGAL_RESULT_OF_H

From a6b05d083efd299ec0d5dfb8f68de38cc13aab61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 May 2021 22:59:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 155/171] Use has_on_after_intersection in Sphere_segment

---
 Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_segment.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_segment.h b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_segment.h
index d9404603373..2db237e33dc 100644
--- a/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_segment.h
+++ b/Nef_S2/include/CGAL/Nef_S2/Sphere_segment.h
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ void split_halfcircle(Sphere_segment<R>& s1,
   Plane_3 h(Point_3(0,0,0),(target()-CGAL::ORIGIN));
   Sphere_point<R> p =
     CGAL::intersection(sphere_circle(),Sphere_circle<R>(h));
-  if ( !has_on(p) ) p = p.antipode();
+  if ( !has_on_after_intersection(p) ) p = p.antipode();
   s1 = Sphere_segment<R>(this->ptr()->ps_,p,this->ptr()->c_);
   s2 = Sphere_segment<R>(p,this->ptr()->pt_,this->ptr()->c_);
 }

From 1b6548b0cc064463d381a661b1865a8da653009b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: albert-github <albert.tests@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 May 2021 10:59:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 156/171] Extra white space at bottom of page

Below the bottom blue block we see for the packages some extra white space. For the Manual page this white space is not present.
The reason is the placing of the "hack.js" code.
---
 Documentation/doc/resources/1.8.20/header_package.html | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/doc/resources/1.8.20/header_package.html b/Documentation/doc/resources/1.8.20/header_package.html
index 8bd4b964ccb..007d84e7b10 100644
--- a/Documentation/doc/resources/1.8.20/header_package.html
+++ b/Documentation/doc/resources/1.8.20/header_package.html
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 <!-- <link href="$relpath^../Manual/tabs.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> -->
 <script type="text/javascript" src="$relpath^../Manual/jquery.js"></script>
 <script type="text/javascript" src="$relpath^../Manual/dynsections.js"></script>
+<script src="$relpath^../Manual/hacks.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
 <!-- Manually include treeview and search to avoid bloat and to fix
      paths to the directory Manual . -->
 <!-- $.treeview -->
@@ -41,7 +42,6 @@ MathJax.Hub.Config({
 });
 </script>
 $mathjax
-<script src="$relpath^../Manual/hacks.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
 <script src="$relpath^modules.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
 $extrastylesheet
 </head>

From 991099cc6312b2c701ace98f9c38ee48448d0597 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mael <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 09:12:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 157/171] Fix assertion macro

---
 .../internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h                      | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
index b04b2552000..271421e5b02 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ double get_theta( typename Kernel::Point_3& pt,
   typedef Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 3, Eigen::DontAlign>                  Matrix;
   typedef Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 1>                                    Col;
 #else
-  CGAL_static_assertion(false, "Eigen is required to perform arc subsampling!");
+  CGAL_static_assertion_msg(false, "Eigen is required to perform arc subsampling!");
 #endif
 
   auto V1c = V1.cartesian_begin(), V2c = V2.cartesian_begin(), V3c = V3.cartesian_begin();

From f6cefea66a4ce4ada9bd484227a3c910fdc0145c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 09:21:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 158/171] Add required constructors to
 Mesh_vertex_base_3<Parallel_tag>

---
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
index 627daa86db7..caa4ef18844 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_vertex_base_3.h
@@ -66,6 +66,13 @@ template <>
 class Mesh_vertex_base_3_base<Parallel_tag>
 {
 public:
+  Mesh_vertex_base_3_base()
+  {}
+
+  Mesh_vertex_base_3_base( const Mesh_vertex_base_3_base& c)
+  {
+    m_erase_counter.store(c.erase_counter());
+  }
 
   // Erase counter (cf. Compact_container)
   unsigned int erase_counter() const

From 8de892ff00f4f82cf284739f08a3047c076a9cb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Mael=20Rouxel-Labb=C3=A9?=
 <mael.rouxel.labbe@geometryfactory.com>
Date: Wed, 12 May 2021 10:05:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 159/171] Rework Eigen detection in arc subsampling code

---
 .../internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h    | 32 ++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
index 271421e5b02..10ca5b89fc7 100644
--- a/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
+++ b/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/include/CGAL/Triangulation_on_sphere_2/internal/arc_on_sphere_2_subsampling.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <CGAL/license/Triangulation_on_sphere_2.h>
 
 #include <CGAL/triangulation_assertions.h>
+#include <CGAL/Default.h>
 
 #ifdef CGAL_EIGEN3_ENABLED
 #include <CGAL/Eigen_solver_traits.h>
@@ -28,20 +29,35 @@ namespace CGAL {
 namespace Triangulations_on_sphere_2 {
 namespace internal {
 
-template <class Kernel>
-double get_theta( typename Kernel::Point_3& pt,
-                  typename Kernel::Vector_3& V1,
-                  typename Kernel::Vector_3& V2,
-                  typename Kernel::Vector_3& V3)
+template <class Kernel,
+          class Matrix_ = Default,
+          class Col_ = Default,
+          class EigenlessDefault = void>
+double get_theta(typename Kernel::Point_3& pt,
+                 typename Kernel::Vector_3& V1,
+                 typename Kernel::Vector_3& V2,
+                 typename Kernel::Vector_3& V3)
 {
   typedef typename Kernel::FT                                        FT;
 
+  typedef typename Default::Get<Matrix_,
 #ifdef CGAL_EIGEN3_ENABLED
-  typedef Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 3, Eigen::DontAlign>                  Matrix;
-  typedef Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 1>                                    Col;
+                                Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 3, Eigen::DontAlign>
 #else
-  CGAL_static_assertion_msg(false, "Eigen is required to perform arc subsampling!");
+                                EigenlessDefault
 #endif
+                                >::type                              Matrix;
+
+  typedef typename Default::Get<Col_,
+#ifdef CGAL_EIGEN3_ENABLED
+                                Eigen::Matrix<FT, 3, 1>
+#else
+                                EigenlessDefault
+#endif
+                                >::type                              Col;
+
+  CGAL_static_assertion_msg(!(std::is_same<Matrix, EigenlessDefault>::value),
+                            "Eigen is required to perform arc subsampling!");
 
   auto V1c = V1.cartesian_begin(), V2c = V2.cartesian_begin(), V3c = V3.cartesian_begin();
 

From 96fe2393a8f1cdb6e910ca92f050ab267583f42c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 May 2021 10:45:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 160/171] Fix chrono in Use_ssh

---
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
index f6e63991b1d..cb6a707aa15 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ bool push_file(ssh_session &session,
   //This is the case for the official version on Ubuntu 18.04
   std::chrono::duration<int, std::micro> timespan(size);
   typedef std::chrono::nanoseconds nanoseconds;
-  nanoseconds ns (nanoseconds::rep (1000000000.0 * timespan));
+  nanoseconds ns (nanoseconds::rep (1000000000 * timespan));
   std::this_thread::sleep_for(ns);
   if (res != SSH_OK)
   {

From cf69d3226931f39ecf918ec66cb201ae270172d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 May 2021 11:40:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 161/171] add missing const in read_OFF

---
 Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
index 662ccbbf7a3..eea075e92ac 100644
--- a/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
+++ b/Surface_mesh/include/CGAL/Surface_mesh/IO/OFF.h
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::istream& is,
 
 template <typename Point,
           typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
-bool read_OFF(std::string& fname,
+bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
               Surface_mesh<Point>& sm,
               const CGAL_BGL_NP_CLASS& np)
 {
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ bool read_OFF(std::string& fname,
 
 template <typename Point,
           typename CGAL_BGL_NP_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS>
-bool read_OFF(std::string& fname,
+bool read_OFF(const std::string& fname,
               Surface_mesh<Point>& sm)
 {
   return read_OFF(fname, sm, parameters::all_default());

From e15e25d996f5a73dfb682858df9df318abbeb4e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Laurent Rineau <laurent.rineau@cgal.org>
Date: Wed, 12 May 2021 12:39:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 162/171] Fix: Constrained edges, on write_VTU/ASCII, were
 completely missing!

---
 Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
index 0689edddd17..ecc505101df 100644
--- a/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
+++ b/Mesh_2/include/CGAL/IO/write_vtu.h
@@ -87,6 +87,17 @@ write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
         os << V[fit->vertex(1)] << " ";
       }
     }
+    for(typename CDT::Constrained_edges_iterator
+          cei = tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+          end = tr.constrained_edges_end();
+        cei != end; ++cei)
+    {
+      for(int i=0; i<3; ++i)
+      {
+        if(i != cei->second)
+          os << V[cei->first->vertex(i)] << " ";
+      }
+    }
     os << "      </DataArray>\n";
   }
 
@@ -115,6 +126,13 @@ write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
         os << cells_offset << " ";
       }
     }
+    for(std::size_t i = 0, end = std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+                                               tr.constrained_edges_end());
+        i < end; ++i)
+    {
+      cells_offset += 2;
+      os << cells_offset << " ";
+    }
     os << "      </DataArray>\n";
   }
 
@@ -142,6 +160,12 @@ write_cells_tag_2(std::ostream& os,
         os << "5 ";
       }
     }
+    for(std::size_t i = 0, end = std::distance(tr.constrained_edges_begin(),
+                                               tr.constrained_edges_end());
+        i < end; ++i)
+    {
+      os << "3 ";
+    }
     os << "      </DataArray>\n";
   }
   os << "    </Cells>\n";

From a91c0ed052299fd32568223d42b2557da51b2887 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Giles Bathgate <giles.bathgate@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 May 2021 18:17:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 163/171] Replace implementation with traits

---
 Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/bounded_side_3.h | 105 ++++------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/bounded_side_3.h b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/bounded_side_3.h
index 9cd7a5eba2e..691965fac24 100644
--- a/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/bounded_side_3.h
+++ b/Nef_3/include/CGAL/Nef_3/bounded_side_3.h
@@ -18,109 +18,36 @@
 #include <CGAL/license/Nef_3.h>
 
 
-#include <CGAL/basic.h>
+#include <CGAL/assertions.h>
 #include <CGAL/Polygon_2_algorithms.h>
-#include <CGAL/Iterator_project.h>
-#include <CGAL/representation_tags.h>
-#include <vector>
-
-#undef CGAL_NEF_DEBUG
-#define CGAL_NEF_DEBUG 17
-#include <CGAL/Nef_2/debug.h>
+#include <CGAL/Projection_traits_yz_3.h>
+#include <CGAL/Projection_traits_xz_3.h>
+#include <CGAL/Projection_traits_xy_3.h>
 
 namespace CGAL {
 
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3>
-Point_2 point_3_get_x_y_point_2(const Point_3& p, const Homogeneous_tag&) {
-  return( Point_2(p.hx(), p.hy(), p.hw()) );
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3>
-Point_2 point_3_get_y_z_point_2(const Point_3& p, const Homogeneous_tag&) {
-  return( Point_2(p.hy(), p.hz(), p.hw()) );
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3>
-Point_2 point_3_get_z_x_point_2(const Point_3& p, const Homogeneous_tag&) {
-  return( Point_2(p.hz(), p.hx(), p.hw()) );
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3>
-Point_2 point_3_get_x_y_point_2(const Point_3& p, const Cartesian_tag&) {
-  return( Point_2(p.x(), p.y()) );
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3>
-Point_2 point_3_get_y_z_point_2(const Point_3& p, const Cartesian_tag&) {
-  return( Point_2(p.y(), p.z()) );
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3>
-Point_2 point_3_get_z_x_point_2(const Point_3& p, const Cartesian_tag&) {
-  return( Point_2(p.z(), p.x()) );
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3, class R>
-Point_2 point_3_get_x_y_point_2(const Point_3& p) {
-    return point_3_get_x_y_point_2<Point_2,Point_3>(p,typename R::Kernel_tag());
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3, class R>
-Point_2 point_3_get_y_z_point_2(const Point_3& p) {
-    return point_3_get_y_z_point_2<Point_2,Point_3>(p,typename R::Kernel_tag());
-}
-
-template <class Point_2, class Point_3, class R>
-Point_2 point_3_get_z_x_point_2(const Point_3& p) {
-    return point_3_get_z_x_point_2<Point_2,Point_3>(p,typename R::Kernel_tag());
-}
-
 template <class IteratorForward, class R>
 Bounded_side bounded_side_3(IteratorForward first,
                             IteratorForward last,
                             const Point_3<R>& point,
-                            typename R::Plane_3 plane = typename R::Plane_3(0,0,0,0)) {
-  typedef typename R::Point_2 Point_2;
-  typedef typename R::Point_3 Point_3;
-  typedef typename R::Plane_3 Plane_3;
+                            const Plane_3<R>& plane)
+{
+  typedef typename CGAL::Projection_traits_yz_3<R> YZ;
+  typedef typename CGAL::Projection_traits_xz_3<R> XZ;
+  typedef typename CGAL::Projection_traits_xy_3<R> XY;
 
-  if(plane == Plane_3(0,0,0,0)) {
-    // TO TEST: code never tested
-    IteratorForward p(first);
-    Point_3 p0(*(p++));
-    CGAL_assertion(p != last);
-    Point_3 p1(*(p++));
-    CGAL_assertion(p != last);
-    Point_3 p2(*(p++));
-    plane = Plane_3(p0, p1, p2);
-
-    /* since we just need to project the points to a non-perpendicular plane
-       we don't need to care about the plane orientation */
-  }
+  CGAL_assertion(!plane.is_degenerate());
 
   typename R::Non_zero_dimension_3 non_zero_dimension_3;
   int dir = non_zero_dimension_3(plane.orthogonal_vector());
 
-
-  CGAL_assertion(!plane.is_degenerate());
-  Point_2 (*t)(const Point_3&);
-
-  if(dir == 0){
-    t = &point_3_get_y_z_point_2< Point_2, Point_3, R>;
-  }else if(dir == 1){
-    t = &point_3_get_z_x_point_2< Point_2, Point_3, R>;
-  }else{
-    t = &point_3_get_x_y_point_2< Point_2, Point_3, R>;
+  if(dir == 0) {
+    return bounded_side_2(first, last, point, YZ());
+  } else if(dir == 1) {
+    return bounded_side_2(first, last, point, XZ());
+  } else {
+    return bounded_side_2(first, last, point, XY());
   }
-
-  std::vector< Point_2> points;
-  CGAL_NEF_TRACEN("facet:");
-  for( ; first != last; ++first ) {
-    CGAL_NEF_TRACEN(t(*first)<<" "<<*first);
-    points.push_back( t(*first));
-  }
-  Bounded_side side = bounded_side_2( points.begin(), points.end(), t(point));
-  return side;
 }
 
 } //namespace CGAL

From c2727417144e32c025d52d2acd82f6a140d13819 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 May 2021 11:41:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 164/171] Fix sleep_for() call in Use_ssh.cpp

---
 Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
index cb6a707aa15..0b3d93db7b7 100644
--- a/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
+++ b/Polyhedron/demo/Polyhedron/Use_ssh.cpp
@@ -302,9 +302,7 @@ bool push_file(ssh_session &session,
   //some versions of libssh don't copy everything without this.
   //This is the case for the official version on Ubuntu 18.04
   std::chrono::duration<int, std::micro> timespan(size);
-  typedef std::chrono::nanoseconds nanoseconds;
-  nanoseconds ns (nanoseconds::rep (1000000000 * timespan));
-  std::this_thread::sleep_for(ns);
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(timespan);
   if (res != SSH_OK)
   {
     std::cerr<< "Can't write to remote file: %s\n"

From 0b229ae0430b69231067da224ec26aaca6859101 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 May 2021 11:57:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 165/171] move result_of out of deprecated_code. It is not
 deprecated, we need the wokaround for c++20

---
 Installation/include/CGAL/config.h | 17 +++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
index 007ac147dcf..a848194d68b 100644
--- a/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
+++ b/Installation/include/CGAL/config.h
@@ -641,13 +641,6 @@ namespace CGAL {
     using std::is_enum;
     using std::unordered_set;
     using std::unordered_map;
-#if CGAL_CXX20 || __cpp_lib_is_invocable>=201703L
-    template<typename Signature> class result_of;
-    template<typename F, typename... Args>
-    class result_of<F(Args...)> : public std::invoke_result<F, Args...> { };
-#else
-    using std::result_of;
-#endif
   }
 //
   namespace cpp0x = cpp11;
@@ -659,7 +652,15 @@ namespace CGAL {
 
 // Typedef for the type of nullptr.
 typedef const void * Nullptr_t;   // Anticipate C++0x's std::nullptr_t
-
+namespace cpp11{
+#if CGAL_CXX20 || __cpp_lib_is_invocable>=201703L
+    template<typename Signature> class result_of;
+    template<typename F, typename... Args>
+    class result_of<F(Args...)> : public std::invoke_result<F, Args...> { };
+#else
+    using std::result_of;
+#endif
+}//namespace cpp11
 } //namespace CGAL
 
 //Support for c++11 noexcept

From 35bbd7831ec12d09dba4df7d3b95dab26b471e05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 May 2021 13:43:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 166/171] If there was a problem in doc_with_postprocessing,
 stop the process qand post a comment with the issues

---
 .github/workflows/build_doc.yml | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_doc.yml b/.github/workflows/build_doc.yml
index 3eb50310963..40c2a7a4c33 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_doc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_doc.yml
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           set -x
           sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y graphviz ssh bibtex2html
-          sudo pip install lxml 
+          sudo pip install lxml
           sudo pip install 'pyquery==1.4.1' # it seems to be the last py2 compatible version
           wget --no-verbose -O doxygen_exe https://cgal.geometryfactory.com/~mgimeno/doxygen/build_1_8_13/bin/doxygen
           sudo mv doxygen_exe /usr/bin/doxygen
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ jobs:
           mkdir -p build_doc && cd build_doc && cmake ../Documentation/doc
 
       - name: Build and Upload Doc
+        id: build_and_run
         if: steps.get_round.outputs.result != 'stop'
         run: |
           set -ex
@@ -77,7 +78,13 @@ jobs:
             if [ "$LIST_OF_PKGS" = "" ]; then
               exit 1
             fi
-            cd build_doc && make -j2 doc && make -j2 doc_with_postprocessing
+            cd build_doc && make -j2 doc
+            make -j2 doc_with_postprocessing 2>tmp.log
+            if [ -s tmp.log ]; then
+              content=`cat ./build_doc/tmp.log`
+              echo ::set-output name=DoxygenError::$(cat tmp.log)
+              exit 1
+            fi
             cd ..
             git clone https://CGAL:${{ secrets.PUSH_TO_CGAL_GITHUB_IO_TOKEN }}@github.com/CGAL/cgal.github.io.git
             mkdir -p cgal.github.io/${PR_NUMBER}/$ROUND
@@ -99,7 +106,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Post address
         uses: actions/github-script@v3
-        if: steps.get_round.outputs.result != 'stop'
+        if: ${{ success() && steps.get_round.outputs.result != 'stop' }}
         with:
           script: |
             const address = "The documentation is built. It will be available, after a few minutes, here : https://cgal.github.io/${{ steps.get_pr_number.outputs.result }}/${{ steps.get_round.outputs.result }}/Manual/index.html"
@@ -109,3 +116,17 @@ jobs:
               issue_number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }},
               body: address
             });
+
+      - name: Post error
+        uses: actions/github-script@v3
+        if: ${{ failure() && steps.get_round.outputs.result != 'stop' }}
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const error = "${{steps.build_and_run.outputs.DoxygenError}}"
+            const msg = "There was an error while building the doc: \n"+error
+            github.issues.createComment({
+              owner: "CGAL",
+              repo: "cgal",
+              issue_number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }},
+              body: msg
+            });

From 17ac2551086ec5516071ee95120fbb9748f1b89d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 May 2021 15:43:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 167/171] Fix calls t cpp11:atomic stuff

---
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h         |  2 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h     |  2 +-
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h  |  2 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h   |  2 +-
 Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h  |  2 +-
 .../CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h |  2 +-
 .../internal/Callback_wrapper.h               | 23 ++++++++++---------
 7 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
index 1b50447e088..0c8ba5379ef 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_3.h
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ private:
   bool forced_stop() const {
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     if(stop_ptr != 0 &&
-       stop_ptr->load(CGAL::cpp11::memory_order_acquire) == true)
+       stop_ptr->load(std::memory_order_acquire) == true)
     {
       if(error_code_ != 0) *error_code_ = CGAL_MESH_3_STOPPED;
       return true;
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
index 77b1836df6a..f2820581e7a 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Mesher_level.h
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ public:
   bool forced_stop() const {
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     if(m_stop_ptr != 0 &&
-       m_stop_ptr->load(CGAL::cpp11::memory_order_acquire) == true)
+       m_stop_ptr->load(std::memory_order_acquire) == true)
     {
       CGAL_assertion(m_empty_root_task != 0);
       m_empty_root_task->cancel_group_execution();
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
index fb0da075047..e95be1e41ba 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Protect_edges_sizing_field.h
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ public:
   bool forced_stop() const {
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     if(stop_ptr_ != 0 &&
-       stop_ptr_->load(CGAL::cpp11::memory_order_acquire) == true)
+       stop_ptr_->load(std::memory_order_acquire) == true)
     {
       if(error_code_ != 0) *error_code_ = CGAL_MESH_3_STOPPED;
       return true;
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
index 6a234a15311..3956ce3c668 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_cells_3.h
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ public:
   {
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     if(m_stop_ptr != 0 &&
-       m_stop_ptr->load(CGAL::cpp11::memory_order_acquire) == true)
+       m_stop_ptr->load(std::memory_order_acquire) == true)
     {
       return true;
     }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
index f90ecc9273b..4559402bc6f 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_3.h
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ public:
   {
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
     if(m_stop_ptr != 0 &&
-       m_stop_ptr->load(CGAL::cpp11::memory_order_acquire) == true)
+       m_stop_ptr->load(std::memory_order_acquire) == true)
     {
       return true;
     }
diff --git a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
index e68892bd600..17b04cc4239 100644
--- a/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
+++ b/Mesh_3/include/CGAL/Mesh_3/Refine_facets_manifold_base.h
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ public:
 
 #ifndef CGAL_NO_ATOMIC
       if(this->m_stop_ptr != 0 &&
-         this->m_stop_ptr->load(CGAL::cpp11::memory_order_acquire) == true)
+         this->m_stop_ptr->load(std::memory_order_acquire) == true)
       {
         return true;
       }
diff --git a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
index bd20e2505ec..229eae5897a 100644
--- a/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
+++ b/Point_set_processing_3/include/CGAL/Point_set_processing_3/internal/Callback_wrapper.h
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 #define CGAL_PSP_INTERNAL_CALLBACK_WRAPPER_H
 
 #include <CGAL/license/Point_set_processing_3.h>
-
+#include <atomic>
+#include <thread>
 #include <functional>
 
 
@@ -90,11 +91,11 @@ template <>
 class Callback_wrapper<CGAL::Parallel_tag>
 {
   const std::function<bool(double)>& m_callback;
-  cpp11::atomic<std::size_t>* m_advancement;
-  cpp11::atomic<bool>* m_interrupted;
+  std::atomic<std::size_t>* m_advancement;
+  std::atomic<bool>* m_interrupted;
   std::size_t m_size;
   bool m_creator;
-  cpp11::thread* m_thread;
+  std::thread* m_thread;
 
   // assignment operator shouldn't be used (m_callback is const ref)
   Callback_wrapper& operator= (const Callback_wrapper&)
@@ -108,17 +109,17 @@ public:
                      std::size_t advancement = 0,
                      bool interrupted = false)
     : m_callback (callback)
-    , m_advancement (new cpp11::atomic<std::size_t>())
-    , m_interrupted (new cpp11::atomic<bool>())
+    , m_advancement (new std::atomic<std::size_t>())
+    , m_interrupted (new std::atomic<bool>())
     , m_size (size)
     , m_creator (true)
     , m_thread (nullptr)
   {
-    // cpp11::atomic only has default constructor, initialization done in two steps
+    // std::atomic only has default constructor, initialization done in two steps
     *m_advancement = advancement;
     *m_interrupted = interrupted;
     if (m_callback)
-      m_thread = new cpp11::thread (*this);
+      m_thread = new std::thread (*this);
   }
 
   Callback_wrapper (const Callback_wrapper& other)
@@ -149,11 +150,11 @@ public:
     *m_advancement = advancement;
     *m_interrupted = interrupted;
     if (m_callback)
-      m_thread = new cpp11::thread (*this);
+      m_thread = new std::thread (*this);
   }
 
-  cpp11::atomic<std::size_t>& advancement() { return *m_advancement; }
-  cpp11::atomic<bool>& interrupted() { return *m_interrupted; }
+  std::atomic<std::size_t>& advancement() { return *m_advancement; }
+  std::atomic<bool>& interrupted() { return *m_interrupted; }
   void join()
   {
     if (m_thread != nullptr)

From acd6bb3c5772ed78535d23e2c2c2ba952214cec5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 May 2021 09:00:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 168/171] Fix namespace and remove unused typedef

---
 .../examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp | 2 +-
 .../test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp              | 1 -
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp
index 5babc6b1ffb..dd86d8d5c04 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   Surface_mesh mesh1;
   Polyhedron mesh2;
-  if(!PMP::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1))
+  if(!PMP::IO::read_polygon_mesh(filename1, mesh1))
   {
     std::cerr << "Invalid input." << std::endl;
     return 1;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
index 701b9a2a3a6..ef332cd6136 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
@@ -206,7 +206,6 @@ void test_centroid(const char* filename)
 template <typename PolygonMesh>
 void test_compare()
 {
-  typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh>::vertex_descriptor      vertex_descriptor;
   typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh>::face_descriptor        face_descriptor;
   namespace PMP = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing;
 

From 553445a7715895252661887ca4643bbeb8ed041c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 11:16:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 169/171] Changes after review 1

---
 Installation/CHANGES.md                       |  2 +-
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt    |  2 +-
 ...are_meshes_example.cpp => match_faces.cpp} | 10 ++--
 .../CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h    | 59 ++++++++++---------
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp | 21 ++++---
 5 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)
 rename Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/{compare_meshes_example.cpp => match_faces.cpp} (88%)

diff --git a/Installation/CHANGES.md b/Installation/CHANGES.md
index 40fe84474fb..6265fd05190 100644
--- a/Installation/CHANGES.md
+++ b/Installation/CHANGES.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Release date: December 2021
 
 ### [Polygon Mesh Processing](https://doc.cgal.org/5.4/Manual/packages.html#PkgPolygonMeshProcessing)
 
--   Added the function `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::match_faces()` that given two polygon meshes identifies faces present in only one of the two meshes as well as faces present in both.
+-   Added the function `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::match_faces()`, which, given two polygon meshes, identifies their common faces as well as as faces present in only either of them.
 
 
 [Release 5.3](https://github.com/CGAL/cgal/releases/tag/v5.3)
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt
index e52fa4e4ccf..ad9c683900e 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ create_single_source_cgal_program("locate_example.cpp")
 create_single_source_cgal_program("orientation_pipeline_example.cpp")
 #create_single_source_cgal_program( "self_snapping_example.cpp")
 #create_single_source_cgal_program( "snapping_example.cpp")
-create_single_source_cgal_program("compare_meshes_example.cpp")
+create_single_source_cgal_program("match_faces.cpp")
 
 if(OpenMesh_FOUND)
 
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/match_faces.cpp
similarity index 88%
rename from Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp
rename to Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/match_faces.cpp
index dd86d8d5c04..9eeae6b6d00 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/compare_meshes_example.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/examples/Polygon_mesh_processing/match_faces.cpp
@@ -41,15 +41,15 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
   PMP::match_faces(mesh1, mesh2, std::back_inserter(common), std::back_inserter(m1_only), std::back_inserter(m2_only));
 
-  std::cout<<"Faces only in m1 :"<<std::endl;
-  for(const auto& f : m1_only)
+  std::cout <<"Faces only in m1 :"<< std::endl;
+  for(const face_descriptor_1& f : m1_only)
     std::cout << " " << f;
 
-  std::cout<<"\n\nFaces only in m2:"<<std::endl;
-  for(const auto& f : m2_only)
+  std::cout <<"\n\nFaces only in m2:" << std::endl;
+  for(const face_descriptor_2& f : m2_only)
     std::cout << " " << &(*f);
 
-  std::cout<<"\n\nFaces in both:"<<std::endl;
+  std::cout << "\n\nFaces in both:" << std::endl;
   for(const auto& f_pair : common)
     std::cout << " (" << f_pair.first << ", " << &(*f_pair.second);
   std::cout << std::endl;
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h
index f6cf6936f42..3360484c567 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ namespace pmp_internal {
 
 inline void rearrange_face_ids(boost::container::small_vector<std::size_t, 4>& ids)
 {
-    auto min_elem = std::min_element(ids.begin(), ids.end());
-    std::rotate(ids.begin(), min_elem, ids.end());
+  auto min_elem = std::min_element(ids.begin(), ids.end());
+  std::rotate(ids.begin(), min_elem, ids.end());
 }
-}//end pmp_internal
+}//namespace pmp_internal
 /**
   * \ingroup measure_grp
   * computes the length of an edge of a given polygon mesh.
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ centroid(const TriangleMesh& tmesh)
 /**
   * \ingroup measure_grp
   * identifies faces only present in `m1` and `m2` as well as the faces present
-  * in both polygon meshes. Two faces are identical if they have the same
+  * in both polygon meshes. Two faces are matching if they have the same
   * orientation and the same points.
   *
   * @tparam PolygonMesh1 a model of `HalfedgeListGraph` and `FaceListGraph`
@@ -851,8 +851,8 @@ centroid(const TriangleMesh& tmesh)
   * @tparam NamedParameters1 a sequence of \ref bgl_namedparameters "Named Parameters"
   * @tparam NamedParameters2 a sequence of \ref bgl_namedparameters "Named Parameters"
   *
-  * @param m1 the first `PolygonMesh1`
-  * @param m2 the second `PolygonMesh2`
+  * @param m1 the first `PolygonMesh`
+  * @param m2 the second `PolygonMesh`
   * @param common output iterator collecting the faces that are common to both meshes.
   * @param m1_only output iterator collecting the faces that are only in `m1`
   * @param m2_only output iterator collecting the faces that are only in `m2`
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ centroid(const TriangleMesh& tmesh)
   *   \cgalParamNBegin{vertex_point_map}
   *     \cgalParamDescription{a property map associating points to the vertices of `m1`}
   *     \cgalParamType{a class model of `ReadablePropertyMap` with `boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh1>::%vertex_descriptor`
-  *                    as key type and `%Point_3` as value type. `%Point_3` must be LessThanComparable.}
+  *                    as key type and `%Point_3` as value type. `%Point_3` must be `LessThanComparable`.}
   *     \cgalParamDefault{`boost::get(CGAL::vertex_point, m1)`}
   *     \cgalParamExtra{The same holds for `m2` and `PolygonMesh2` and the point type must be the same for both meshes.}
   *   \cgalParamNEnd
@@ -883,29 +883,32 @@ centroid(const TriangleMesh& tmesh)
  */
 template< typename PolygonMesh1,
           typename PolygonMesh2,
+          typename FacePairOutputIterator,
           typename FaceOutputIterator1,
           typename FaceOutputIterator2,
-          typename FacePairOutputIterator,
           typename NamedParameters1,
           typename NamedParameters2 >
 void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
                  FacePairOutputIterator common, FaceOutputIterator1 m1_only, FaceOutputIterator2 m2_only,
                  const NamedParameters1& np1, const NamedParameters2& np2)
 {
-  using parameters::choose_parameter;
-  using parameters::get_parameter;
-  typedef typename GetVertexPointMap < PolygonMesh1, NamedParameters1>::const_type VPMap1;
-  typedef typename GetVertexPointMap < PolygonMesh2, NamedParameters2>::const_type VPMap2;
+  typedef typename GetVertexPointMap<PolygonMesh1, NamedParameters1>::const_type            VPMap1;
+  typedef typename GetVertexPointMap<PolygonMesh2, NamedParameters2>::const_type            VPMap2;
   typedef typename GetInitializedVertexIndexMap<PolygonMesh1, NamedParameters1>::const_type VIMap1;
   typedef typename GetInitializedVertexIndexMap<PolygonMesh2, NamedParameters2>::const_type VIMap2;
-  VPMap1 vpm1 = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np1, internal_np::vertex_point),
-                                      get_const_property_map(vertex_point, m1));
-  VPMap2 vpm2 = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np2, internal_np::vertex_point),
-                                      get_const_property_map(vertex_point, m2));
-  VIMap1 vim1 = get_initialized_vertex_index_map(m1, np1);
-  VIMap2 vim2 = get_initialized_vertex_index_map(m2, np2);
-  typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPMap2>::value_type Point_3;
-  typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh1>::face_descriptor face_descriptor_1;
+  typedef typename boost::property_traits<VPMap2>::value_type                               Point_3;
+  typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh1>::face_descriptor                       face_descriptor_1;
+
+  using parameters::choose_parameter;
+  using parameters::get_parameter;
+
+  const VPMap1 vpm1 = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np1, internal_np::vertex_point),
+                                       get_const_property_map(vertex_point, m1));
+  const VPMap2 vpm2 = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np2, internal_np::vertex_point),
+                                       get_const_property_map(vertex_point, m2));
+
+  const VIMap1 vim1 = get_initialized_vertex_index_map(m1, np1);
+  const VIMap2 vim2 = get_initialized_vertex_index_map(m2, np2);
 
   std::map<Point_3, std::size_t> point_id_map;
 
@@ -918,20 +921,20 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
   for(auto v : vertices(m1))
   {
     const Point_3& p = get(vpm1, v);
-    auto res = point_id_map.insert(std::make_pair(p, id));
+    auto res = point_id_map.emplace(p, id);
     if(res.second)
       ++id;
-    m1_vertex_id[get(vim1, v)]=res.first->second;
+    m1_vertex_id[get(vim1, v)] = res.first->second;
   }
   for(auto v : vertices(m2))
   {
     const Point_3& p = get(vpm2, v);
-    auto res = point_id_map.insert(std::make_pair(p, id));
+    auto res = point_id_map.emplace(p, id);
     if(res.second)
       ++id;
     else
       shared_vertices.set(res.first->second);
-    m2_vertex_id[get(vim2, v)]=res.first->second;
+    m2_vertex_id[get(vim2, v)] = res.first->second;
   }
 
   //fill a set with the "faces point-ids" of m1 and then iterate faces of m2 to compare.
@@ -942,7 +945,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
     boost::container::small_vector<std::size_t, 4> ids;
     for(auto v : CGAL::vertices_around_face(halfedge(f, m1), m1))
     {
-       std::size_t vid = m1_vertex_id[get(vim1, v)];
+      std::size_t vid = m1_vertex_id[get(vim1, v)];
       ids.push_back(vid);
       if(!shared_vertices.test(vid))
       {
@@ -953,7 +956,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
     if(all_shared)
     {
       pmp_internal::rearrange_face_ids(ids);
-      m1_faces_map.insert({ids, f});
+      m1_faces_map.emplace(ids, f);
     }
     else
       *m1_only++ = f;
@@ -996,7 +999,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
   }
 }
 
-template<typename PolygonMesh1, typename PolygonMesh2, typename FaceOutputIterator1, typename FaceOutputIterator2, typename FacePairOutputIterator, typename NamedParameters>
+template<typename PolygonMesh1, typename PolygonMesh2, typename FacePairOutputIterator, typename FaceOutputIterator1, typename FaceOutputIterator2, typename NamedParameters>
 void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
                  FacePairOutputIterator common, FaceOutputIterator1 m1_only, FaceOutputIterator2 m2_only,
                  const NamedParameters& np)
@@ -1004,7 +1007,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
   match_faces(m1, m2, common, m1_only, m2_only, np, parameters::all_default());
 }
 
-template<typename PolygonMesh1, typename PolygonMesh2, typename FaceOutputIterator1, typename FaceOutputIterator2, typename FacePairOutputIterator>
+template<typename PolygonMesh1, typename PolygonMesh2, typename FacePairOutputIterator, typename FaceOutputIterator1, typename FaceOutputIterator2>
 void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
                  FacePairOutputIterator common, FaceOutputIterator1 m1_only, FaceOutputIterator2 m2_only)
 {
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
index ef332cd6136..7522600665f 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
@@ -203,16 +203,19 @@ void test_centroid(const char* filename)
 
 }
 
-template <typename PolygonMesh>
+template <typename PolygonMesh1, typename PolygonMesh2 >
 void test_compare()
 {
-  typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh>::face_descriptor        face_descriptor;
+  typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh1>::face_descriptor        face_descriptor1;
+  typedef typename boost::graph_traits<PolygonMesh2>::face_descriptor        face_descriptor2;
   namespace PMP = CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing;
 
-  PolygonMesh mesh1, mesh2;
-  std::vector<std::pair<face_descriptor, face_descriptor> > common;
+  PolygonMesh1 mesh1;
+  PolygonMesh2 mesh2;
+  std::vector<std::pair<face_descriptor1, face_descriptor2> > common;
   common.clear();
-  std::vector<face_descriptor> m1_only, m2_only;
+  std::vector<face_descriptor1> m1_only;
+  std::vector<face_descriptor2> m2_only;
   /*************************
    * triangulated and open *
    * **********************/
@@ -261,8 +264,8 @@ void test_compare()
     return;
   }
   input.close();
-  std::unordered_map<face_descriptor, std::size_t> fim1;
-  std::unordered_map<face_descriptor, std::size_t> fim2;
+  std::unordered_map<face_descriptor1, std::size_t> fim1;
+  std::unordered_map<face_descriptor2, std::size_t> fim2;
   std::size_t id = 0;
   for(const auto& f : faces(mesh1))
   {
@@ -361,8 +364,8 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   test_centroid<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epic::Point_3>,Epic>(filename_surface_mesh);
   test_compare<CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epic> >();
   test_compare<CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epec> >();
-  test_compare<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epic::Point_3> >();
-  test_compare<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epec::Point_3> >();
+  test_compare<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epic::Point_3>, CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epic> >();
+  test_compare<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epec::Point_3>, CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epec> >();
   std::cerr << "All done." << std::endl;
   return 0;
 }

From c6c540503c0cc4718fcc31d65cb91884a5727956 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 11:46:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 170/171] changes after review 2

---
 .../CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h        | 15 +++++++++------
 .../Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp     |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h
index 3360484c567..f65caaaa87a 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/include/CGAL/Polygon_mesh_processing/measure.h
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ public:
 
 namespace Polygon_mesh_processing {
 
-namespace pmp_internal {
+namespace internal {
 
 inline void rearrange_face_ids(boost::container::small_vector<std::size_t, 4>& ids)
 {
   auto min_elem = std::min_element(ids.begin(), ids.end());
   std::rotate(ids.begin(), min_elem, ids.end());
 }
-}//namespace pmp_internal
+}//namespace internal
 /**
   * \ingroup measure_grp
   * computes the length of an edge of a given polygon mesh.
@@ -906,6 +906,9 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
                                        get_const_property_map(vertex_point, m1));
   const VPMap2 vpm2 = choose_parameter(get_parameter(np2, internal_np::vertex_point),
                                        get_const_property_map(vertex_point, m2));
+  CGAL_static_assertion_msg((boost::is_same<typename boost::property_traits<VPMap1>::value_type,
+                             typename boost::property_traits<VPMap2>::value_type>::value),
+                            "Both vertex point maps must have the same point type.");
 
   const VIMap1 vim1 = get_initialized_vertex_index_map(m1, np1);
   const VIMap2 vim2 = get_initialized_vertex_index_map(m2, np2);
@@ -920,7 +923,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
   std::size_t id = 0;
   for(auto v : vertices(m1))
   {
-    const Point_3& p = get(vpm1, v);
+    const typename boost::property_traits<VPMap1>::reference p = get(vpm1, v);
     auto res = point_id_map.emplace(p, id);
     if(res.second)
       ++id;
@@ -928,7 +931,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
   }
   for(auto v : vertices(m2))
   {
-    const Point_3& p = get(vpm2, v);
+    const typename boost::property_traits<VPMap2>::reference p = get(vpm2, v);
     auto res = point_id_map.emplace(p, id);
     if(res.second)
       ++id;
@@ -955,7 +958,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
     }
     if(all_shared)
     {
-      pmp_internal::rearrange_face_ids(ids);
+      internal::rearrange_face_ids(ids);
       m1_faces_map.emplace(ids, f);
     }
     else
@@ -977,7 +980,7 @@ void match_faces(const PolygonMesh1& m1, const PolygonMesh2& m2,
     }
     if(all_shared)
     {
-      pmp_internal::rearrange_face_ids(ids);
+      internal::rearrange_face_ids(ids);
       auto it = m1_faces_map.find(ids);
       if(it != m1_faces_map.end())
       {
diff --git a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
index 7522600665f..b8db4721474 100644
--- a/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
+++ b/Polygon_mesh_processing/test/Polygon_mesh_processing/measures_test.cpp
@@ -362,8 +362,8 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
   // It won't work with Epec for large meshes as it builds up a deep DAG
   // leading to a stackoverflow when the destructor is called.
   test_centroid<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epic::Point_3>,Epic>(filename_surface_mesh);
-  test_compare<CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epic> >();
-  test_compare<CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epec> >();
+  test_compare<CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epic>, CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epic::Point_3> >();
+  test_compare<CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epec>, CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epec::Point_3> >();
   test_compare<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epic::Point_3>, CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epic> >();
   test_compare<CGAL::Surface_mesh<Epec::Point_3>, CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Epec> >();
   std::cerr << "All done." << std::endl;

From 523b54e4f70ee13212d09302270810bd6b76597d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxime Gimeno <maxime.gimeno@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 15:22:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 171/171] Fix changes.md

---
 Installation/CHANGES.md | 15 +++++++--------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Installation/CHANGES.md b/Installation/CHANGES.md
index 6265fd05190..dd07172543d 100644
--- a/Installation/CHANGES.md
+++ b/Installation/CHANGES.md
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ Release date: December 2021
 
 -   Added the function `CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::match_faces()`, which, given two polygon meshes, identifies their common faces as well as as faces present in only either of them.
 
-
 [Release 5.3](https://github.com/CGAL/cgal/releases/tag/v5.3)
 -----------
 
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ Release date: November 2019
   - LLVM Clang version 8.0 or later (on Linux or MacOS), and
   - Apple Clang compiler versions 7.0.2 and 10.0.1 (on MacOS).
 - Since CGAL 4.9, CGAL can be used as a header-only library, with
-  dependencies. Since CGAL 5.0, that is now the default, unless
+  dependencies. Since CGAL 5.0, that is now the default, unless
   specified differently in the (optional) CMake configuration.
 - The section "Getting Started with CGAL" of the documentation has
   been updated and reorganized.
@@ -2308,14 +2307,14 @@ Release date: October 2014
 -   Changes in the set of supported platforms:
     -   The Microsoft Windows Visual C++ compiler 2008 (VC9) is no
         longer supported since CGAL-4.5.
--   Since CGAL version 4.0, Eigen was the recommended third-party
+-   Since CGAL version 4.0, Eigen was the recommended third-party
     library to use with *Planar Parameterization of Triangulated Surface
     Meshes*, *Surface Reconstruction from Point Sets*, *Approximation of
     Ridges and Umbilics on Triangulated Surface Meshes*, and *Estimation
     of Local Differential Properties of Point-Sampled Surfaces*
-    packages. From CGAL version 4.5, Taucs, Blas and Lapack are no
+    packages. From CGAL version 4.5, Taucs, Blas and Lapack are no
     longer supported.
--   CGAL is now compatible with the new CMake version 3.0.
+-   CGAL is now compatible with the new CMake version 3.0.
 
 ### Triangulated Surface Mesh Deformation (new package)
 
@@ -2454,7 +2453,7 @@ Release date: April 2014
 
 -   Additional supported platforms:
     -   The Apple Clang compiler version 5.0 is now supported on
-        OS X Mavericks.
+        OS X Mavericks.
     -   The Microsoft Windows Visual C++ compiler 2013 (VC12) is now
         supported.
 
@@ -2592,7 +2591,7 @@ Release date: October 2013
     transparent to the user thanks to the implicit constructor added to
     `CGAL::Object`. However, it is recommended to upgrade your code. The
     previous behavior can be restored by defining the macro
-    `CGAL_INTERSECTION_VERSION` to 1.
+    `CGAL_INTERSECTION_VERSION` to 1.
 
 #### 2D Arrangements
 
@@ -2853,7 +2852,7 @@ Release date: October 2012
 
 -   Additional supported platforms:
     -   The Apple Clang compiler versions 3.1 and 3.2 are now supported
-        on Mac OS X.
+        on Mac OS X.
 -   Improved configuration for essential and optional external third
     party software
 -   Added more general script to create CMakeLists.txt files: