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cgal/Surface_modeling/include/CGAL/Deform_mesh.h

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// Copyright (c) 2011 GeometryFactory
// All rights reserved.
//
// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org); you may redistribute it under
// the terms of the Q Public License version 1.0.
// See the file LICENSE.QPL distributed with CGAL.
//
// Licensees holding a valid commercial license may use this file in
// accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the software.
//
// This file is provided AS IS with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING THE
// WARRANTY OF DESIGN, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// $URL:$
// $Id:$
//
// Author(s) : Yin Xu, Andreas Fabri
#ifndef CGAL_DEFORM_MESH_H
#define CGAL_DEFORM_MESH_H
#include <CGAL/internal/Surface_modeling/Weights.h>
#include <CGAL/internal/Surface_modeling/Spokes_and_rims_iterator.h>
#include <CGAL/trace.h>
#include <CGAL/Timer.h>
#include <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Polyhedron_3.h>
#include <CGAL/boost/graph/properties_Polyhedron_3.h>
#include <CGAL/boost/graph/halfedge_graph_traits_Polyhedron_3.h>
#include <CGAL/FPU_extension.h>
#include <Eigen/Eigen>
#include <Eigen/SVD>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include "boost/tuple/tuple.hpp"
namespace CGAL {
/// \ingroup PkgSurfaceModeling,
///@brief Deformation algorithm type
enum Deformation_type
{
ORIGINAL_ARAP, /**< use original as-rigid-as possible algorithm */
SPOKES_AND_RIMS /**< use spokes and rims version of as-rigid-as possible algorithm */
};
/**
* \ingroup PkgSurfaceModeling
* @brief Class providing the functionalities for deforming a triangulated surface mesh
*
* @tparam Polyhedron_ model of HalfedgeGraph
* @tparam SparseLinearAlgebraTraitsWithPreFactor_d_ sparse linear solver for square sparse linear systems (link to concept?)
* @tparam VertexIndexMap_ model of <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/property_map/doc/ReadWritePropertyMap.html">`ReadWritePropertyMap`</a> with Deform_mesh::vertex_descriptor as key and `unsigned int` as value type
* @tparam EdgeIndexMap_ model of <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/property_map/doc/ReadWritePropertyMap.html">`ReadWritePropertyMap`</a> with Deform_mesh::edge_descriptor as key and `unsigned int` as value type
* @tparam deformation_type non-type template parameter from ::Deformation_type for selecting deformation algorithm
*/
template <
class Polyhedron_,
class SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d_,
class VertexIndexMap_,
class EdgeIndexMap_,
Deformation_type deformation_type = SPOKES_AND_RIMS
>
class Deform_mesh
{
//Typedefs
public:
/// \name Types from template parameters
/// @{
// typedefed template parameters, main reason is doxygen creates autolink to typedefs but not template parameters
typedef Polyhedron_ Polyhedron; /**< model of HalfedgeGraph */
typedef SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d_ SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d; /**< sparse linear solver for square sparse linear systems */
typedef VertexIndexMap_ VertexIndexMap; /**< model of <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/property_map/doc/ReadWritePropertyMap.html">`ReadWritePropertyMap`</a> with Deform_mesh::vertex_descriptor as key and `unsigned int` as value type */
typedef EdgeIndexMap_ EdgeIndexMap; /**< model of <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/property_map/doc/ReadWritePropertyMap.html">`ReadWritePropertyMap`</a> with Deform_mesh::edge_descriptor as key and `unsigned int` as value type */
/// @}
typedef typename boost::graph_traits<Polyhedron>::vertex_descriptor vertex_descriptor; /**< The type for vertex representative objects */
typedef typename boost::graph_traits<Polyhedron>::edge_descriptor edge_descriptor; /**< The type for edge representative objects */
typedef typename Polyhedron::Traits::Vector_3 Vector; /**<The type for Vector_3 from Polyhedron traits */
typedef typename Polyhedron::Traits::Point_3 Point; /**<The type for Point_3 from Polyhedron traits */
private:
typedef Deform_mesh<Polyhedron, SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d, VertexIndexMap, EdgeIndexMap, deformation_type> Self;
// Repeat Polyhedron types
typedef typename boost::graph_traits<Polyhedron>::vertex_iterator vertex_iterator;
typedef typename boost::graph_traits<Polyhedron>::edge_iterator edge_iterator;
typedef typename boost::graph_traits<Polyhedron>::in_edge_iterator in_edge_iterator;
typedef typename boost::graph_traits<Polyhedron>::out_edge_iterator out_edge_iterator;
typedef internal::Spokes_and_rims_iterator<Polyhedron> Rims_iterator;
// Handle container types
typedef std::vector<vertex_descriptor> Handle_container;
typedef std::list<Handle_container> Handle_group_container;
public:
/** The type for returned handle group representative from Deform_mesh::create_handle_group()*/
typedef typename Handle_group_container::iterator Handle_group;
/** Const version of Handle_group*/
typedef typename Handle_group_container::const_iterator Const_handle_group;
/** The type for iterating over handles */
typedef typename Handle_container::iterator Handle_iterator;
/** Const version of Handle_iterator*/
typedef typename Handle_container::const_iterator Const_handle_iterator;
// Data members.
public:
Polyhedron& polyhedron; /**< Source triangulated surface mesh for modeling */
private:
std::vector<Point> original; // original positions of roi (size: ros + boundary_of_ros)
std::vector<Point> solution; // storing position of ros vertices during iterations (size: ros + boundary_of_ros)
VertexIndexMap vertex_index_map; // storing indices of ros vertices
EdgeIndexMap edge_index_map; // storing indices of ros related edges
std::vector<vertex_descriptor> ros; // region of solution, including roi and hard constraints on boundary of roi
std::vector<bool> is_roi; // (size: ros)
std::vector<bool> is_hdl; // (size: ros)
std::vector<double> edge_weight; // weight of edges only those who are incident to ros
std::vector<Eigen::Matrix3d> rot_mtr; // rotation matrices of ros vertices (size: ros)
SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d m_solver; // linear sparse solver
unsigned int iterations; // number of maximal iterations
double tolerance; // tolerance of convergence
bool need_preprocess; // is there any need to call preprocess() function
Handle_group_container handle_group_list; // user specified handles
private:
Deform_mesh(const Self& s) { }
// Public methods
public:
/// \name Preprocess Section
/// @{
/**
* The constructor for deformation object
*
* @pre is there anyway to add @a polyhedron.is_pure_triangle() in halfedgegraph
* @param polyhedron triangulated surface mesh for modeling
* @param vertex_index_map vertex index map for associating ids with region of interest vertices
* @param edge_index_map edge index map for associating ids with region of interest edges
* @param iterations see explanations set_iterations(unsigned int iterations)
* @param tolerance see explanations set_tolerance(double tolerance)
*/
Deform_mesh(Polyhedron& polyhedron,
VertexIndexMap vertex_index_map,
EdgeIndexMap edge_index_map,
unsigned int iterations = 5,
double tolerance = 1e-4)
: polyhedron(polyhedron), vertex_index_map(vertex_index_map), edge_index_map(edge_index_map),
iterations(iterations), tolerance(tolerance), need_preprocess(true)
{
// CGAL_precondition(polyhedron.is_pure_triangle());
}
/**
* Clear the internal state of the object, after cleanup the object can be treated as if it is just constructed
*/
void clear()
{
need_preprocess = true;
// clear vertices
ros.clear();
handle_group_list.clear();
// no need to clear vertex index map (or edge) since they are going to be reassigned
// (at least the useful parts will be reassigned)
}
/**
* Create a new empty handle group for inserting handles.
* insert_handle(Handle_group handle_group, vertex_descriptor vd) or insert_handle(Handle_group handle_group, InputIterator begin, InputIterator end)
* can be used for populating a group.
* After inserting vertices, translate() or rotate() can be used for applying transformations on all vertices inside the group.
* @return created handle group representative (returned representative is valid until erase_handle(Handle_group handle_group) is called)
*/
Handle_group create_handle_group()
{
// no need to need_preprocess = true;
handle_group_list.push_back(Handle_container());
return --handle_group_list.end();
}
/**
* Insert the vertex into the handle group
* @param handle_group group to be inserted into
* @param vd vertex to be inserted
*/
void insert_handle(Handle_group handle_group, vertex_descriptor vd)
{
need_preprocess = true;
handle_group->push_back(vd);
}
/**
* Insert vertices in the range to the handle group
* @tparam InputIterator input iterator type which points to vertex descriptors
* @param handle_group group to be inserted in
* @param begin iterators specifying the range of vertices [begin, end)
* @param end iterators specifying the range of vertices [begin, end)
*/
template<class InputIterator>
void insert_handle(Handle_group handle_group, InputIterator begin, InputIterator end)
{
need_preprocess = true;
for( ;begin != end; ++begin)
{
insert_handle(handle_group, *begin);
}
}
/**
* Erase the handle group, and invalidate the representative so that it should not be used anymore.
* @param handle_group group to be erased
*/
void erase_handle(Handle_group handle_group)
{
need_preprocess = true;
handle_group_list.erase(handle_group);
}
/**
* Erase the vertex from the handle group, note that the handle group is not erased even if it becomes empty.
* @param handle_group group to be erased from
* @param vd vertex to be erased
*/
void erase_handle(Handle_group handle_group, vertex_descriptor vd)
{
need_preprocess = true;
typename Handle_container::iterator it
= std::find(handle_group->begin(), handle_group->end(), vd);
if(it != handle_group->end())
{
handle_group->erase(it);
// Although the handle group might get empty, we do not delete it from handle_group
}
}
/**
* Return iterator [begin, end) for handle groups
* @return tuple of [begin, end) as Handle_group
* Note that the returned types are handle group representatives, so there is no need to use
* dereference operator over iterators to obtain representatives.
*/
boost::tuple<Handle_group, Handle_group> handle_groups()
{
return boost::make_tuple(handle_group_list.begin(), handle_group_list.end());
}
/**
* Return iterator [begin, end) for handle groups
* @return tuple of [begin, end) as Const_handle_group
* Note that the returned types are handle group representatives, so there is no need to use
* dereference operator over iterators to obtain representatives.
*/
boost::tuple<Const_handle_group, Const_handle_group> handle_groups() const
{
return boost::make_tuple(handle_group_list.begin(), handle_group_list.end());
}
/**
* Return iterator [begin, end) for handles inside the group
* @param handle_group group containing the requested handles
* @return tuple of [begin, end) as Handle_iterator
* Use dereference operator to reach vertex_descriptors.
*/
boost::tuple<Handle_iterator, Handle_iterator> handles(Handle_group handle_group)
{
return boost::make_tuple(handle_group->begin(), handle_group->end());
}
/**
* Return iterator [begin, end) for handles inside the group
* @param handle_group group containing the requested handles
* @return tuple of [begin, end) as Const_handle_iterator
* Use dereference operator to reach vertex_descriptors.
*/
boost::tuple<Const_handle_iterator, Const_handle_iterator> handles(Handle_group handle_group) const
{
return boost::make_tuple(handle_group->begin(), handle_group->end());
}
/**
* Return iterator [begin, end) for handles inside the group
* @param handle_group group containing the requested handles
* @return tuple of [begin, end) as Const_handle_iterator
* Use dereference operator to reach vertex_descriptors.
*/
boost::tuple<Const_handle_iterator, Const_handle_iterator> handles(Const_handle_group handle_group) const
{
return boost::make_tuple(handle_group->begin(), handle_group->end());
}
/**
* Insert vertices in the range to region of interest
* @tparam InputIterator input iterator type which points to vertex descriptors
* @param begin iterators specifying the range of vertices [begin, end)
* @param end iterators specifying the range of vertices [begin, end)
*/
template<class InputIterator>
void insert_roi(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end)
{
need_preprocess = true;
for( ;begin != end; ++begin)
{
insert_roi(*begin);
}
}
/**
* Insert the vertex to region of interest
* @param vd vertex to be inserted
*/
void insert_roi(vertex_descriptor vd)
{
need_preprocess = true;
ros.push_back(vd);
}
/**
* Erease the vertex from region of interest
* @param vd vertex to be erased
*/
void erase_roi(vertex_descriptor vd)
{
need_preprocess = true;
typename std::vector<vertex_descriptor>::iterator it = std::find(ros.begin(), ros.end(), vd);
if(it != ros.end())
{
ros.erase(it);
}
}
/**
* Necessary precomputation work before beginning deformation.
* It needs to be called after insertion of vertices as handles or roi is done.
* For edge weights cotangent weights are used by default.
* @return true if Laplacian matrix factorization is successful.
* A common reason for failure is that the system is rank deficient,
* which happens if there is no path between a free vertex and a handle vertex (i.e. both fixed and user-inserted).
* @see Deform_mesh::preprocess(WeightCalculator weight_calculator) for using custom weights
*/
bool preprocess()
{
if(deformation_type == SPOKES_AND_RIMS)
{
return preprocess(internal::Single_cotangent_weight<Polyhedron>());
}
else
{
return preprocess(internal::Cotangent_weight<Polyhedron>());
}
}
/**
* see explanations in preprocess()
* @tparam WeightCalculator model of SurfaceModelingWeightCalculator
* @param weight_calculator function object or pointer for weight calculation
* @return true if Laplacian matrix factorization is successful
*/
template<class WeightCalculator>
bool preprocess(WeightCalculator weight_calculator)
{
need_preprocess = false;
region_of_solution();
compute_edge_weight(weight_calculator); // compute_edge_weight() should be called after region_of_solution()
// Assemble linear system A*X=B
typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Matrix A(ros.size()); // matrix is definite positive, and not necessarily symmetric
assemble_laplacian(A);
// Pre-factorizing the linear system A*X=B
double D;
return m_solver.pre_factor(A, D);
}
/// @} Preprocess Section
/// \name Utilities
/// @{
/**
* Set the number of iterations used in deform()
*/
void set_iterations(unsigned int iterations)
{
this->iterations = iterations;
}
/// @brief Set the tolerance of convergence used in deform().
/// Set to zero if energy based termination is not required, which also eliminates energy calculation effort in each iteration.
///
/// tolerance > \f$|energy(m_i) - energy(m_{i-1})| / energy(m_i)\f$ will be used as a termination criterium.
void set_tolerance(double tolerance)
{
this->tolerance = tolerance;
}
/// @} Utilities
/// \name Deform Section
/// @{
/**
* Translate the handle group by translation,
* in other words every handle vertex in the handle_group is translated from its original position
* (i.e. position of the vertex at the time of the call Deform_mesh::preprocess()).
* @param handle_group representative of the handle group which is subject to translation
* @param translation translation vector
*/
void translate(Handle_group handle_group, const Vector& translation)
{
if(need_preprocess) { preprocess(); }
for(typename Handle_container::iterator it = handle_group->begin();
it != handle_group->end(); ++it)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(*it);
solution[v_id] = original[v_id] + translation;
}
}
/**
* Rotate the handle group around rotation center by quaternion then translate it by translation
* from its original position (i.e. position of the vertex at the time of the call Deform_mesh::preprocess()).
* @tparam Quaternion model of SurfaceModelingQuaternion
* @tparam Vect model of SurfaceModelingVect
* @param handle_group representative of the handle group which is subject to rotation
* @param rotation_center center of rotation
* @param quat rotation holder quaternion
* @param translation post translation vector
*/
template <typename Quaternion, typename Vect>
void rotate(Handle_group handle_group, const Point& rotation_center, const Quaternion& quat, const Vect& translation)
{
if(need_preprocess) { preprocess(); }
for(typename Handle_container::iterator it = handle_group->begin();
it != handle_group->end(); ++it)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(*it);
Point p = CGAL::ORIGIN + ( original[v_id] - rotation_center);
Vect v = quat * Vect(p.x(),p.y(),p.z());
p = Point(v[0], v[1], v[2]) + (rotation_center - CGAL::ORIGIN);
p = p + Vector(translation[0],translation[1],translation[2]);
solution[v_id] = p;
}
}
/*
* Rotate the handle group around center of original positions of handles in the group by quaternion then translate it by translation
* from its original position (i.e. position of the vertex at the time of the call Deform_mesh::preprocess()).
* @tparam Quaternion model of SurfaceModelingQuaternion
* @tparam Vect model of SurfaceModelingVect
* @param handle_group representative of the handle group which is subject to rotation
* @param quat rotation holder quaternion
* @param translation post translation vector
*/
//template <typename Quaternion, typename Vect>
//void rotate(Handle_group handle_group, const Quaternion& quat, const Vect& translation)
//{
// Point center_acc(0, 0, 0);
// for(typename Handle_container::iterator it = handle_group->begin();
// it != handle_group->end(); ++it)
// {
// center_acc = center_acc + (original[id(*it)] - CGAL::ORIGIN);
// }
// std::size_t handles_size = handle_group->size();
// Point center(center_acc.x() / handles_size, center_acc.y() / handles_size, center_acc.z() / handles_size);
// rotate(handle_group, center, quat, translation);
//}
/**
* Assign the target position for the handle vertex
* @param vd handle vertex to be assigned target position
* @param target_position constrained position
*/
void assign(vertex_descriptor vd, const Point& target_position)
{
if(need_preprocess) { preprocess(); }
solution[id(vd)] = target_position;
}
/**
* Deformation on roi vertices.
* @see set_iterations(unsigned int iterations), set_tolerance(double tolerance), deform(unsigned int iterations, double tolerance)
*/
void deform()
{
deform(iterations, tolerance);
}
/**
* Deformation on roi vertices.
* Instant values for iterations and tolerance can be used as one-time parameters.
* @param iterations number of iterations for optimization procedure
* @param tolerance tolerance of convergence (see explanations set_tolerance(double tolerance))
*/
void deform(unsigned int iterations, double tolerance)
{
// CGAL_precondition(!need_preprocess || !"preprocess() need to be called before deforming!");
if(need_preprocess) { preprocess(); }
// Note: no energy based termination occurs at first iteration
// because comparing energy of original model (before deformation) and deformed model (deformed_1_iteration)
// simply does not make sense, comparison is meaningful between deformed_(i)_iteration & deformed_(i+1)_iteration
double energy_this = 0; // initial value is not important, because we skip first iteration
double energy_last;
// iterations
for ( unsigned int ite = 0; ite < iterations; ++ite)
{
// main steps of optimization
update_solution();
optimal_rotations_svd();
// energy based termination
if(tolerance > 0.0 && (ite + 1) < iterations) // if tolerance <= 0 then don't compute energy
{ // also no need compute energy if this iteration is the last iteration
energy_last = energy_this;
energy_this = energy();
if(energy_this < 0)
{
std::cout << "Negative energy" << std::endl;
}
if(ite != 0) // skip first iteration
{
double energy_dif = std::abs((energy_last - energy_this) / energy_this);
if ( energy_dif < tolerance ) { break; }
}
}
}
// copy solution to target mesh
assign_solution();
}
/// @} Deform Section
private:
/// Compute cotangent weights of all edges
template<class WeightCalculator>
void compute_edge_weight(WeightCalculator weight_calculator)
{
if(deformation_type == SPOKES_AND_RIMS)
{
compute_edge_weight_spokes_and_rims(weight_calculator);
}
else
{
compute_edge_weight_arap(weight_calculator);
}
}
template<class WeightCalculator>
void compute_edge_weight_arap(WeightCalculator weight_calculator)
{
std::set<edge_descriptor> have_id; // edges which has assigned ids (and also weights are calculated)
// iterate over ros vertices and calculate weights for edges which are incident to ros
std::size_t next_edge_id = 0;
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ros.size(); i++)
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[i];
in_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::in_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
if(have_id.insert(*e).second)
{ // we haven't assigned an id yet, also no weights calculated
put(edge_index_map, *e, next_edge_id++);
double wij = weight_calculator(*e, polyhedron); // edge(pi - pj)
edge_weight.push_back(wij);
}
}// end of edge loop
}// end of ros loop
}
template<class WeightCalculator>
void compute_edge_weight_spokes_and_rims(WeightCalculator weight_calculator)
{
std::set<edge_descriptor> have_id; // edges which has assigned ids (and also weights are calculated)
// iterate over ros vertices and calculate weights for edges which are incident to ros
std::size_t next_edge_id = 0;
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ros.size(); i++)
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[i];
out_edge_iterator e_begin, e_end;
boost::tie(e_begin, e_end) = boost::out_edges(vi, polyhedron);
for (Rims_iterator rims_it(e_begin, polyhedron); rims_it.get_iterator() != e_end; ++rims_it )
{
edge_descriptor active_edge = rims_it.get_descriptor();
if(have_id.insert(active_edge).second)
{ // we haven't assigned an id yet, also no weights calculated
put(edge_index_map, active_edge, next_edge_id++);
double wji = weight_calculator(active_edge, polyhedron); // edge(pj - pi)
edge_weight.push_back(wji);
edge_descriptor opp = CGAL::opposite_edge(active_edge, polyhedron);
put(edge_index_map, opp, next_edge_id++);
have_id.insert(opp);
double wij = weight_calculator(opp, polyhedron); // edge(pi - pj)
edge_weight.push_back(wij);
}
}// end of edge loop
}// end of ros loop
}
/// Assigns id to one rign neighbor of vd, and also push them into push_vector
void assign_id_to_one_ring(vertex_descriptor vd,
std::size_t& next_id,
std::vector<vertex_descriptor>& push_vector,
std::set<vertex_descriptor>& have_id)
{
in_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::in_edges(vd, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
vertex_descriptor vt = boost::source(*e, polyhedron);
if(have_id.insert(vt).second) // neighboring vertex which is outside of roi and not visited previously (i.e. need an id)
{
put(vertex_index_map, vt, next_id++);
push_vector.push_back(vt);
}
}
}
/// Find region of solution, including roi and hard constraints, which is the 1-ring vertices out roi
void region_of_solution()
{
// Important: at this point ros contains the roi vertices only.
// copy roi vertices to roi vector
std::vector<vertex_descriptor> roi; // we can remove this temp, but I try to simplify things below
roi.insert(roi.end(), ros.begin(), ros.end());
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// assign id to vertices inside: roi, boundary of roi (roi + boundary of roi = ros),
// and boundary of ros
// keep in mind that id order does not have to be compatible with ros order
std::set<vertex_descriptor> have_id; // keep vertices which are assigned an id
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < roi.size(); i++) // assign id to all roi vertices
{
put(vertex_index_map, roi[i], i);
}
have_id.insert(roi.begin(), roi.end()); // mark roi vertices since they have ids now
// now assign an id to vertices on boundary of roi
std::size_t next_ros_index = roi.size();
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < roi.size(); i++)
{
assign_id_to_one_ring(roi[i], next_ros_index, ros, have_id);
}
std::vector<vertex_descriptor> outside_ros;
// boundary of ros also must have ids because in SVD calculation,
// one-ring neighbor of ROS vertices are reached.
for(std::size_t i = roi.size(); i < ros.size(); i++)
{
assign_id_to_one_ring(ros[i], next_ros_index, outside_ros, have_id);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// initialize the rotation matrices (size: ros)
rot_mtr.resize(ros.size());
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < rot_mtr.size(); i++)
{
rot_mtr[i].setIdentity();
}
// initialize solution and original (size: ros + boundary_of_ros)
// for simplifying coding effort, I also put boundary of ros into solution and original
// because boundary of ros vertices are reached in optimal_rotations_svd() and energy()
solution.resize(ros.size() + outside_ros.size());
original.resize(ros.size() + outside_ros.size());
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < ros.size(); i++)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(ros[i]);
solution[v_id] = ros[i]->point();
original[v_id] = ros[i]->point();
}
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < outside_ros.size(); ++i)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(outside_ros[i]);
original[v_id] = outside_ros[i]->point();
solution[v_id] = outside_ros[i]->point();
}
// initialize flag vectors of roi, handle, ros
is_roi.assign(ros.size(), false);
is_hdl.assign(ros.size(), false);
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < roi.size(); i++)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(roi[i]);
is_roi[v_id] = true;
}
for(typename Handle_group_container::iterator it_group = handle_group_list.begin();
it_group != handle_group_list.end(); ++it_group)
{
for(typename Handle_container::iterator it_vertex = it_group->begin();
it_vertex != it_group->end(); ++it_vertex)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(*it_vertex);
is_hdl[v_id] = true;
}
}
}
/// Assemble Laplacian matrix A of linear system A*X=B
void assemble_laplacian(typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Matrix& A)
{
if(deformation_type == SPOKES_AND_RIMS)
{
assemble_laplacian_spokes_and_rims(A);
}
else
{
assemble_laplacian_arap(A);
}
}
/// Construct matrix that corresponds to left-hand side of eq:lap_ber in user manual
/// Also constraints are integrated as eq:lap_energy_system in user manual
void assemble_laplacian_arap(typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Matrix& A)
{
/// assign cotangent Laplacian to ros vertices
for(std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++)
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
if ( is_roi[vi_id] && !is_hdl[vi_id] ) // vertices of ( roi - hdl )
{
double diagonal = 0;
in_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::in_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
vertex_descriptor vj = boost::source(*e, polyhedron);
double wij = edge_weight[id(*e)]; // edge(pi - pj)
double wji = edge_weight[id(CGAL::opposite_edge(*e, polyhedron))]; // edge(pi - pj)
double total_weight = wij + wji;
A.set_coef(vi_id, id(vj), -total_weight, true); // off-diagonal coefficient
diagonal += total_weight;
}
// diagonal coefficient
A.set_coef(vi_id, vi_id, diagonal, true);
}
else
{
A.set_coef(vi_id, vi_id, 1.0, true);
}
}
}
/// Construct matrix that corresponds to left-hand side of eq:lap_ber_rims in user manual
/// Also constraints are integrated as eq:lap_energy_system in user manual
void assemble_laplacian_spokes_and_rims(typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Matrix& A)
{
/// assign cotangent Laplacian to ros vertices
for(std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++)
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
if ( is_roi[vi_id] && !is_hdl[vi_id] ) // vertices of ( roi - hdl ): free vertices
{
double diagonal = 0;
out_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::out_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
double total_weight = 0;
// an edge contribute to energy only if it is part of an incident triangle
// (i.e it should not be a border edge)
if(!boost::get(CGAL::edge_is_border, polyhedron, *e))
{
double wji = edge_weight[id(*e)]; // edge(pj - pi)
total_weight += wji;
}
edge_descriptor opp = CGAL::opposite_edge(*e, polyhedron);
if(!boost::get(CGAL::edge_is_border, polyhedron, opp))
{
double wij = edge_weight[id(opp)]; // edge(pi - pj)
total_weight += wij;
}
// place coefficient to matrix
vertex_descriptor vj = boost::target(*e, polyhedron);
A.set_coef(vi_id, id(vj), -total_weight, true); // off-diagonal coefficient
diagonal += total_weight;
}
// diagonal coefficient
A.set_coef(vi_id, vi_id, diagonal, true);
}
else // constrained vertex
{
A.set_coef(vi_id, vi_id, 1.0, true);
}
}
}
/// Local step of iterations, computing optimal rotation matrices using SVD decomposition, stable
void optimal_rotations_svd()
{
if(deformation_type == SPOKES_AND_RIMS)
{
optimal_rotations_svd_spokes_and_rims();
}
else
{
optimal_rotations_svd_arap();
}
}
void optimal_rotations_svd_arap()
{
Eigen::Matrix3d cov; // covariance matrix
Eigen::JacobiSVD<Eigen::Matrix3d> svd; // SVD solver
// only accumulate ros vertices
for ( std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++ )
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
// compute covariance matrix (user manual eq:cov_matrix)
cov.setZero();
in_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::in_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
vertex_descriptor vj = boost::source(*e, polyhedron);
std::size_t vj_id = id(vj);
Eigen::Vector3d pij = sub_to_col(original[vi_id], original[vj_id]);
Eigen::RowVector3d qij = sub_to_row(solution[vi_id], solution[vj_id]);
double wij = edge_weight[id(*e)];
cov += wij * (pij * qij);
}
// svd decomposition
svd.compute( cov, Eigen::ComputeFullU | Eigen::ComputeFullV );
const Eigen::Matrix3d& u = svd.matrixU();
const Eigen::Matrix3d& v = svd.matrixV();
// extract rotation matrix
rot_mtr[vi_id] = v*u.transpose();
// checking negative determinant of r
if ( rot_mtr[vi_id].determinant() < 0 ) // changing the sign of column corresponding to smallest singular value
{
Eigen::Matrix3d u_m = u;
u_m.col(2) *= -1; // singular values are always sorted in decresing order so use column 2
rot_mtr[vi_id] = v*u_m.transpose(); // re-extract rotation matrix
}
}
}
void optimal_rotations_svd_spokes_and_rims()
{
Eigen::Matrix3d cov; // covariance matrix
Eigen::JacobiSVD<Eigen::Matrix3d> svd; // SVD solver
// only accumulate ros vertices
for ( std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++ )
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
// compute covariance matrix
cov.setZero();
//iterate through all triangles
out_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::out_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
if(boost::get(CGAL::edge_is_border, polyhedron, *e)) { continue; } // no facet
// iterate edges around facet
edge_descriptor edge_around_facet = *e;
do
{
vertex_descriptor v1 = boost::target(edge_around_facet, polyhedron);
vertex_descriptor v2 = boost::source(edge_around_facet, polyhedron);
std::size_t v1_id = id(v1); std::size_t v2_id = id(v2);
Eigen::Vector3d p12 = sub_to_col(original[v1_id], original[v2_id]);
Eigen::RowVector3d q12 = sub_to_row(solution[v1_id], solution[v2_id]);
double w12 = edge_weight[id(edge_around_facet)];
cov += w12 * (p12 * q12);
} while( (edge_around_facet = CGAL::next_edge(edge_around_facet, polyhedron)) != *e);
}
// svd decomposition
svd.compute( cov, Eigen::ComputeFullU | Eigen::ComputeFullV );
const Eigen::Matrix3d& u = svd.matrixU();
const Eigen::Matrix3d& v = svd.matrixV();
// extract rotation matrix
rot_mtr[vi_id] = v*u.transpose();
// checking negative determinant of r
if ( rot_mtr[vi_id].determinant() < 0 ) // changing the sign of column corresponding to smallest singular value
{
Eigen::Matrix3d u_m = u;
u_m.col(2) *= -1; // singular values are always sorted in decresing order so use column 2
rot_mtr[vi_id] = v*u_m.transpose(); // re-extract rotation matrix
}
}
}
/// Global step of iterations, updating solution
void update_solution()
{
if(deformation_type == SPOKES_AND_RIMS)
{
update_solution_spokes_and_rims();
}
else
{
update_solution_arap();
}
}
// calculate right-hand side of eq:lap_ber in user manual and solve the system
void update_solution_arap()
{
typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Vector X(ros.size()), Bx(ros.size());
typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Vector Y(ros.size()), By(ros.size());
typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Vector Z(ros.size()), Bz(ros.size());
// assemble right columns of linear system
for ( std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++ )
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
if ( is_roi[vi_id] && !is_hdl[vi_id] )
{// free vertices
Eigen::Vector3d xyz; xyz.setZero(); // sum of right-hand side of eq:lap_ber in user manual
in_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::in_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
vertex_descriptor vj = boost::source(*e, polyhedron);
std::size_t vj_id = id(vj);
Eigen::Vector3d pij = sub_to_col(original[vi_id], original[vj_id]);
double wij = edge_weight[id(*e)];
double wji = edge_weight[id(CGAL::opposite_edge(*e, polyhedron))];
xyz += (wij*rot_mtr[vi_id] + wji*rot_mtr[vj_id]) * pij;
}
Bx[vi_id] = xyz(0,0); By[vi_id] = xyz(1,0); Bz[vi_id] = xyz(2,0);
}
else
{// constrained vertex
Bx[vi_id] = solution[vi_id].x(); By[vi_id] = solution[vi_id].y(); Bz[vi_id] = solution[vi_id].z();
}
}
// solve "A*X = B".
m_solver.linear_solver(Bx, X); m_solver.linear_solver(By, Y); m_solver.linear_solver(Bz, Z);
// copy to solution
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ros.size(); i++)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(ros[i]);
Point p(X[v_id], Y[v_id], Z[v_id]);
solution[v_id] = p;
}
}
// calculate right-hand side of eq:lap_ber_rims in user manual and solve the system
void update_solution_spokes_and_rims()
{
typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Vector X(ros.size()), Bx(ros.size());
typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Vector Y(ros.size()), By(ros.size());
typename SparseLinearAlgebraTraits_d::Vector Z(ros.size()), Bz(ros.size());
// assemble right columns of linear system
for ( std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++ )
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
if ( is_roi[vi_id] && !is_hdl[vi_id] )
{// free vertices
Eigen::Vector3d xyz; xyz.setZero(); // sum of right-hand side of eq:lap_ber_rims in user manual
out_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::out_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
vertex_descriptor vj = boost::target(*e, polyhedron);
std::size_t vj_id = id(vj);
Eigen::Vector3d pij = sub_to_col(original[vi_id], original[vj_id]);
if(!boost::get(CGAL::edge_is_border, polyhedron, *e))
{
vertex_descriptor vn = boost::target(CGAL::next_edge(*e, polyhedron), polyhedron); // opp vertex of e_ij
double wji = edge_weight[id(*e)] / 3.0; // edge(pj - pi)
xyz += wji*(rot_mtr[vi_id] + rot_mtr[vj_id] + rot_mtr[id(vn)])*pij;
}
edge_descriptor opp = CGAL::opposite_edge(*e, polyhedron);
if(!boost::get(CGAL::edge_is_border, polyhedron, opp))
{
vertex_descriptor vm = boost::target(CGAL::next_edge(opp, polyhedron), polyhedron); // other opp vertex of e_ij
double wij = edge_weight[id(opp)] / 3.0; // edge(pi - pj)
xyz += wij*(rot_mtr[vi_id] + rot_mtr[vj_id] + rot_mtr[id(vm)])*pij;
}
}
Bx[vi_id] = xyz(0,0); By[vi_id] = xyz(1,0); Bz[vi_id] = xyz(2,0);
}
else
{// constrained vertices
Bx[vi_id] = solution[vi_id].x(); By[vi_id] = solution[vi_id].y(); Bz[vi_id] = solution[vi_id].z();
}
}
// solve "A*X = B".
m_solver.linear_solver(Bx, X); m_solver.linear_solver(By, Y); m_solver.linear_solver(Bz, Z);
// copy to solution
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ros.size(); i++)
{
std::size_t v_id = id(ros[i]);
Point p(X[v_id], Y[v_id], Z[v_id]);
solution[v_id] = p;
}
}
/// Assign solution to target mesh
void assign_solution()
{
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < ros.size(); ++i){
std::size_t v_id = id(ros[i]);
if(is_roi[v_id])
{
ros[i]->point() = solution[v_id];
}
}
}
/// Compute modeling energy
double energy() const
{
if(deformation_type == SPOKES_AND_RIMS)
{
return energy_spokes_and_rims();
}
else
{
return energy_arap();
}
}
double energy_arap() const
{
double sum_of_energy = 0;
// only accumulate ros vertices
for( std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++ )
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
in_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::in_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
vertex_descriptor vj = boost::source(*e, polyhedron);
std::size_t vj_id = id(vj);
Eigen::Vector3d pij = sub_to_col(original[vi_id], original[vj_id]);
Eigen::Vector3d qij = sub_to_col(solution[vi_id], solution[vj_id]);
double wij = edge_weight[id(*e)];
sum_of_energy += wij * (qij - rot_mtr[vi_id]*pij).squaredNorm();
}
}
return sum_of_energy;
}
double energy_spokes_and_rims() const
{
double sum_of_energy = 0;
// only accumulate ros vertices
for( std::size_t k = 0; k < ros.size(); k++ )
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[k];
std::size_t vi_id = id(vi);
//iterate through all triangles
out_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::out_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
if(boost::get(CGAL::edge_is_border, polyhedron, *e)) { continue; } // no facet
// iterate edges around facet
edge_descriptor edge_around_facet = *e;
do
{
vertex_descriptor v1 = boost::target(edge_around_facet, polyhedron);
vertex_descriptor v2 = boost::source(edge_around_facet, polyhedron);
std::size_t v1_id = id(v1); std::size_t v2_id = id(v2);
Eigen::Vector3d p12 = sub_to_col(original[v1_id], original[v2_id]);
Eigen::Vector3d q12 = sub_to_col(solution[v1_id], solution[v2_id]);
double w12 = edge_weight[id(edge_around_facet)];
sum_of_energy += w12 * (q12 - rot_mtr[vi_id]*p12).squaredNorm();
} while( (edge_around_facet = CGAL::next_edge(edge_around_facet, polyhedron)) != *e);
}
}
return sum_of_energy;
}
/// p1 - p2, return Eigen Column Vector
Eigen::Vector3d sub_to_col(const Point& p1, const Point& p2) const
{
return Eigen::Vector3d(p1.x() - p2.x(), p1.y() - p2.y(), p1.z() - p2.z());
}
/// p1 - p2, return Eigen Row Vector
Eigen::RowVector3d sub_to_row(const Point& p1, const Point& p2) const
{
return Eigen::RowVector3d(p1.x() - p2.x(), p1.y() - p2.y(), p1.z() - p2.z());
}
/// shorthand of get(vertex_index_map, v)
std::size_t id(vertex_descriptor v) const
{
return get(vertex_index_map, v);
}
/// shorthand of get(edge_index_map, e)
std::size_t id(edge_descriptor e) const
{
return get(edge_index_map, e);
}
#ifdef CGAL_DEFORM_EXPERIMENTAL // Experimental stuff, needs further testing
double norm_1(const Eigen::Matrix3d& X)
{
double sum = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
{
for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ )
{
sum += abs(X(i,j));
}
}
return sum;
}
double norm_inf(const Eigen::Matrix3d& X)
{
double max_abs = abs(X(0,0));
for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
{
for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ )
{
double new_abs = abs(X(i,j));
if ( new_abs > max_abs )
{
max_abs = new_abs;
}
}
}
return max_abs;
}
// polar decomposition using Newton's method, with warm start, stable but slow
// not used, need to be investigated later
void polar_newton(const Eigen::Matrix3d& A, Eigen::Matrix3d &U, double tole)
{
Eigen::Matrix3d X = A;
Eigen::Matrix3d Y;
double alpha, beta, gamma;
do
{
Y = X.inverse();
alpha = sqrt( norm_1(X) * norm_inf(X) );
beta = sqrt( norm_1(Y) * norm_inf(Y) );
gamma = sqrt(beta/alpha);
X = 0.5*( gamma*X + Y.transpose()/gamma );
} while ( abs(gamma-1) > tole );
U = X;
}
// polar decomposition using Eigen, 5 times faster than SVD
template<typename Mat>
void polar_eigen(const Mat& A, Mat& R, bool& SVD)
{
typedef typename Mat::Scalar Scalar;
typedef Eigen::Matrix<typename Mat::Scalar,3,1> Vec;
const Scalar th = std::sqrt(Eigen::NumTraits<Scalar>::dummy_precision());
Eigen::SelfAdjointEigenSolver<Mat> eig;
feclearexcept(FE_UNDERFLOW);
eig.computeDirect(A.transpose()*A);
if(fetestexcept(FE_UNDERFLOW) || eig.eigenvalues()(0)/eig.eigenvalues()(2)<th)
{
// The computation of the eigenvalues might have diverged.
// Fallback to an accurate SVD based decomposiiton method.
Eigen::JacobiSVD<Mat> svd;
svd.compute(A, Eigen::ComputeFullU | Eigen::ComputeFullV );
const Mat& u = svd.matrixU(); const Mat& v = svd.matrixV();
R = u*v.transpose();
SVD = true;
return;
}
Vec S = eig.eigenvalues().cwiseSqrt();
R = A * eig.eigenvectors() * S.asDiagonal().inverse()
* eig.eigenvectors().transpose();
SVD = false;
if(std::abs(R.squaredNorm()-3.) > th)
{
// The computation of the eigenvalues might have diverged.
// Fallback to an accurate SVD based decomposiiton method.
Eigen::JacobiSVD<Mat> svd;
svd.compute(A, Eigen::ComputeFullU | Eigen::ComputeFullV );
const Mat& u = svd.matrixU(); const Mat& v = svd.matrixV();
R = u*v.transpose();
SVD = true;
return;
}
}
// Local step of iterations, computing optimal rotation matrices using Polar decomposition
void optimal_rotations_polar()
{
Eigen::Matrix3d u, v; // orthogonal matrices
Eigen::Vector3d w; // singular values
Eigen::Matrix3d cov; // covariance matrix
Eigen::Matrix3d r;
Eigen::JacobiSVD<Eigen::Matrix3d> svd; // SVD solver, for non-positive covariance matrices
int num_svd = 0;
bool SVD = false;
// only accumulate ros vertices
for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < ros.size(); i++ )
{
vertex_descriptor vi = ros[i];
// compute covariance matrix
cov.setZero();
in_edge_iterator e, e_end;
for (boost::tie(e,e_end) = boost::in_edges(vi, polyhedron); e != e_end; e++)
{
vertex_descriptor vj = boost::source(*e, polyhedron);
Vector pij = original[get(vertex_index_map, vi)] - original[get(vertex_index_map, vj)];
Vector qij = solution[get(vertex_index_map, vi)] - solution[get(vertex_index_map, vj)];
double wij = edge_weight[get(edge_index_map, *e)];
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++)
{
cov(j, k) += wij*pij[j]*qij[k];
}
}
}
// svd decomposition
if (cov.determinant() > 0)
{
polar_eigen<Eigen::Matrix3d> (cov, r, SVD);
//polar_newton(cov, r, 1e-4);
if(SVD)
num_svd++;
r.transposeInPlace(); // the optimal rotation matrix should be transpose of decomposition result
}
else
{
svd.compute( cov, Eigen::ComputeFullU | Eigen::ComputeFullV );
u = svd.matrixU(); v = svd.matrixV(); w = svd.singularValues();
r = v*u.transpose();
num_svd++;
}
// checking negative determinant of covariance matrix
if ( r.determinant() < 0 ) // back to SVD method
{
if (cov.determinant() > 0)
{
svd.compute( cov, Eigen::ComputeFullU | Eigen::ComputeFullV );
u = svd.matrixU(); v = svd.matrixV(); w = svd.singularValues();
num_svd++;
}
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
int j0 = j;
int j1 = (j+1)%3;
int j2 = (j1+1)%3;
if ( w[j0] <= w[j1] && w[j0] <= w[j2] ) // smallest singular value as j0
{
u(0, j0) = - u(0, j0);
u(1, j0) = - u(1, j0);
u(2, j0) = - u(2, j0);
break;
}
}
// re-extract rotation matrix
r = v*u.transpose();
}
rot_mtr[i] = r;
}
double svd_percent = (double)(num_svd)/ros.size();
CGAL_TRACE_STREAM << svd_percent*100 << "% percentage SVD decompositions;";
CGAL_TRACE_STREAM << num_svd << " SVD decompositions\n";
}
#endif
};
} //namespace CGAL
#endif // CGAL_DEFORM_MESH_H
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